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authorKozlov Dmitry <dima@server>2011-08-23 13:32:05 +0400
committerKozlov Dmitry <dima@server>2011-08-23 13:32:05 +0400
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tree983fb590fff7c2098393a3bb2627e73300e6a490 /rfc
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ppp: Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (prefix only)
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+Network Working Group T. Narten
+Request for Comments: 4861 IBM
+Obsoletes: 2461 E. Nordmark
+Category: Standards Track Sun Microsystems
+ W. Simpson
+ Daydreamer
+ H. Soliman
+ Elevate Technologies
+ September 2007
+
+
+ Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)
+
+Status of This Memo
+
+ This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
+ Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
+ improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
+ Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
+ and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
+
+Abstract
+
+ This document specifies the Neighbor Discovery protocol for IP
+ Version 6. IPv6 nodes on the same link use Neighbor Discovery to
+ discover each other's presence, to determine each other's link-layer
+ addresses, to find routers, and to maintain reachability information
+ about the paths to active neighbors.
+
+
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+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+ 1. Introduction ....................................................4
+ 2. Terminology .....................................................4
+ 2.1. General ....................................................4
+ 2.2. Link Types .................................................8
+ 2.3. Addresses ..................................................9
+ 2.4. Requirements ..............................................10
+ 3. Protocol Overview ..............................................10
+ 3.1. Comparison with IPv4 ......................................14
+ 3.2. Supported Link Types ......................................16
+ 3.3. Securing Neighbor Discovery Messages ......................18
+ 4. Message Formats ................................................18
+ 4.1. Router Solicitation Message Format ........................18
+ 4.2. Router Advertisement Message Format .......................19
+ 4.3. Neighbor Solicitation Message Format ......................22
+ 4.4. Neighbor Advertisement Message Format .....................23
+ 4.5. Redirect Message Format ...................................26
+ 4.6. Option Formats ............................................28
+ 4.6.1. Source/Target Link-layer Address ...................28
+ 4.6.2. Prefix Information .................................29
+ 4.6.3. Redirected Header ..................................31
+ 4.6.4. MTU ................................................32
+ 5. Conceptual Model of a Host .....................................33
+ 5.1. Conceptual Data Structures ................................33
+ 5.2. Conceptual Sending Algorithm ..............................36
+ 5.3. Garbage Collection and Timeout Requirements ...............37
+ 6. Router and Prefix Discovery ....................................38
+ 6.1. Message Validation ........................................39
+ 6.1.1. Validation of Router Solicitation Messages .........39
+ 6.1.2. Validation of Router Advertisement Messages ........39
+ 6.2. Router Specification ......................................40
+ 6.2.1. Router Configuration Variables .....................40
+ 6.2.2. Becoming an Advertising Interface ..................45
+ 6.2.3. Router Advertisement Message Content ...............45
+ 6.2.4. Sending Unsolicited Router Advertisements ..........47
+ 6.2.5. Ceasing To Be an Advertising Interface .............47
+ 6.2.6. Processing Router Solicitations ....................48
+ 6.2.7. Router Advertisement Consistency ...................50
+ 6.2.8. Link-local Address Change ..........................50
+ 6.3. Host Specification ........................................51
+ 6.3.1. Host Configuration Variables .......................51
+ 6.3.2. Host Variables .....................................51
+ 6.3.3. Interface Initialization ...........................52
+ 6.3.4. Processing Received Router Advertisements ..........53
+ 6.3.5. Timing out Prefixes and Default Routers ............56
+ 6.3.6. Default Router Selection ...........................56
+ 6.3.7. Sending Router Solicitations .......................57
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
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+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
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+
+ 7. Address Resolution and Neighbor Unreachability Detection .......59
+ 7.1. Message Validation ........................................59
+ 7.1.1. Validation of Neighbor Solicitations ...............59
+ 7.1.2. Validation of Neighbor Advertisements ..............60
+ 7.2. Address Resolution ........................................60
+ 7.2.1. Interface Initialization ...........................61
+ 7.2.2. Sending Neighbor Solicitations .....................61
+ 7.2.3. Receipt of Neighbor Solicitations ..................62
+ 7.2.4. Sending Solicited Neighbor Advertisements ..........63
+ 7.2.5. Receipt of Neighbor Advertisements .................64
+ 7.2.6. Sending Unsolicited Neighbor Advertisements ........66
+ 7.2.7. Anycast Neighbor Advertisements ....................67
+ 7.2.8. Proxy Neighbor Advertisements ......................68
+ 7.3. Neighbor Unreachability Detection .........................68
+ 7.3.1. Reachability Confirmation ..........................69
+ 7.3.2. Neighbor Cache Entry States ........................70
+ 7.3.3. Node Behavior ......................................71
+ 8. Redirect Function ..............................................73
+ 8.1. Validation of Redirect Messages ...........................74
+ 8.2. Router Specification ......................................75
+ 8.3. Host Specification ........................................76
+ 9. Extensibility - Option Processing ..............................76
+ 10. Protocol Constants ............................................78
+ 11. Security Considerations .......................................79
+ 11.1. Threat Analysis ..........................................79
+ 11.2. Securing Neighbor Discovery Messages .....................81
+ 12. Renumbering Considerations ....................................81
+ 13. IANA Considerations ...........................................83
+ 14. References ....................................................84
+ 14.1. Normative References .....................................84
+ 14.2. Informative References ...................................84
+ Appendix A: Multihomed Hosts ......................................87
+ Appendix B: Future Extensions .....................................88
+ Appendix C: State Machine for the Reachability State ..............89
+ Appendix D: Summary of IsRouter Rules .............................91
+ Appendix E: Implementation Issues .................................92
+ Appendix F: Changes from RFC 2461 .................................94
+ Acknowledgments ...................................................95
+
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+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+1. Introduction
+
+ This specification defines the Neighbor Discovery (ND) protocol for
+ Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). Nodes (hosts and routers) use
+ Neighbor Discovery to determine the link-layer addresses for
+ neighbors known to reside on attached links and to quickly purge
+ cached values that become invalid. Hosts also use Neighbor Discovery
+ to find neighboring routers that are willing to forward packets on
+ their behalf. Finally, nodes use the protocol to actively keep track
+ of which neighbors are reachable and which are not, and to detect
+ changed link-layer addresses. When a router or the path to a router
+ fails, a host actively searches for functioning alternates.
+
+ Unless specified otherwise (in a document that covers operating IP
+ over a particular link type) this document applies to all link types.
+ However, because ND uses link-layer multicast for some of its
+ services, it is possible that on some link types (e.g., Non-Broadcast
+ Multi-Access (NBMA) links), alternative protocols or mechanisms to
+ implement those services will be specified (in the appropriate
+ document covering the operation of IP over a particular link type).
+ The services described in this document that are not directly
+ dependent on multicast, such as Redirects, Next-hop determination,
+ Neighbor Unreachability Detection, etc., are expected to be provided
+ as specified in this document. The details of how one uses ND on
+ NBMA links are addressed in [IPv6-NBMA]. In addition, [IPv6-3GPP]
+ and[IPv6-CELL] discuss the use of this protocol over some cellular
+ links, which are examples of NBMA links.
+
+2. Terminology
+
+2.1. General
+
+ IP - Internet Protocol Version 6. The terms IPv4 and IPv6
+ are used only in contexts where necessary to avoid
+ ambiguity.
+
+ ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol for the Internet
+ Protocol Version 6. The terms ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 are
+ used only in contexts where necessary to avoid
+ ambiguity.
+
+ node - a device that implements IP.
+
+ router - a node that forwards IP packets not explicitly
+ addressed to itself.
+
+ host - any node that is not a router.
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]
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+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
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+
+ upper layer - a protocol layer immediately above IP. Examples are
+ transport protocols such as TCP and UDP, control
+ protocols such as ICMP, routing protocols such as OSPF,
+ and Internet-layer (or lower-layer) protocols being
+ "tunneled" over (i.e., encapsulated in) IP such as
+ Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX), AppleTalk, or IP
+ itself.
+
+ link - a communication facility or medium over which nodes can
+ communicate at the link layer, i.e., the layer
+ immediately below IP. Examples are Ethernets (simple
+ or bridged), PPP links, X.25, Frame Relay, or ATM
+ networks as well as Internet-layer (or higher-layer)
+ "tunnels", such as tunnels over IPv4 or IPv6 itself.
+
+ interface - a node's attachment to a link.
+
+ neighbors - nodes attached to the same link.
+
+ address - an IP-layer identifier for an interface or a set of
+ interfaces.
+
+ anycast address
+ - an identifier for a set of interfaces (typically
+ belonging to different nodes). A packet sent to an
+ anycast address is delivered to one of the interfaces
+ identified by that address (the "nearest" one,
+ according to the routing protocol's measure of
+ distance). See [ADDR-ARCH].
+
+ Note that an anycast address is syntactically
+ indistinguishable from a unicast address. Thus, nodes
+ sending packets to anycast addresses don't generally
+ know that an anycast address is being used. Throughout
+ the rest of this document, references to unicast
+ addresses also apply to anycast addresses in those
+ cases where the node is unaware that a unicast address
+ is actually an anycast address.
+
+ prefix - a bit string that consists of some number of initial
+ bits of an address.
+
+ link-layer address
+ - a link-layer identifier for an interface. Examples
+ include IEEE 802 addresses for Ethernet links.
+
+
+
+
+
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+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]
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+ on-link - an address that is assigned to an interface on a
+ specified link. A node considers an address to be on-
+ link if:
+
+ - it is covered by one of the link's prefixes (e.g.,
+ as indicated by the on-link flag in the Prefix
+ Information option), or
+
+ - a neighboring router specifies the address as the
+ target of a Redirect message, or
+
+ - a Neighbor Advertisement message is received for
+ the (target) address, or
+
+ - any Neighbor Discovery message is received from
+ the address.
+
+ off-link - the opposite of "on-link"; an address that is not
+ assigned to any interfaces on the specified link.
+
+ longest prefix match
+ - the process of determining which prefix (if any) in a
+ set of prefixes covers a target address. A target
+ address is covered by a prefix if all of the bits in
+ the prefix match the left-most bits of the target
+ address. When multiple prefixes cover an address, the
+ longest prefix is the one that matches.
+
+ reachability
+ - whether or not the one-way "forward" path to a neighbor
+ is functioning properly. In particular, whether
+ packets sent to a neighbor are reaching the IP layer on
+ the neighboring machine and are being processed
+ properly by the receiving IP layer. For neighboring
+ routers, reachability means that packets sent by a
+ node's IP layer are delivered to the router's IP layer,
+ and the router is indeed forwarding packets (i.e., it
+ is configured as a router, not a host). For hosts,
+ reachability means that packets sent by a node's IP
+ layer are delivered to the neighbor host's IP layer.
+
+ packet - an IP header plus payload.
+
+ link MTU - the maximum transmission unit, i.e., maximum packet
+ size in octets, that can be conveyed in one
+ transmission unit over a link.
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]
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+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
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+ target - an address about which address resolution information
+ is sought, or an address that is the new first hop when
+ being redirected.
+
+ proxy - a node that responds to Neighbor Discovery query
+ messages on behalf of another node. A router acting on
+ behalf of a mobile node that has moved off-link could
+ potentially act as a proxy for the mobile node.
+
+ ICMP destination unreachable indication
+ - an error indication returned to the original sender of
+ a packet that cannot be delivered for the reasons
+ outlined in [ICMPv6]. If the error occurs on a node
+ other than the node originating the packet, an ICMP
+ error message is generated. If the error occurs on the
+ originating node, an implementation is not required to
+ actually create and send an ICMP error packet to the
+ source, as long as the upper-layer sender is notified
+ through an appropriate mechanism (e.g., return value
+ from a procedure call). Note, however, that an
+ implementation may find it convenient in some cases to
+ return errors to the sender by taking the offending
+ packet, generating an ICMP error message, and then
+ delivering it (locally) through the generic error-
+ handling routines.
+
+ random delay
+ - when sending out messages, it is sometimes necessary to
+ delay a transmission for a random amount of time in
+ order to prevent multiple nodes from transmitting at
+ exactly the same time, or to prevent long-range
+ periodic transmissions from synchronizing with each
+ other [SYNC]. When a random component is required, a
+ node calculates the actual delay in such a way that the
+ computed delay forms a uniformly distributed random
+ value that falls between the specified minimum and
+ maximum delay times. The implementor must take care to
+ ensure that the granularity of the calculated random
+ component and the resolution of the timer used are both
+ high enough to ensure that the probability of multiple
+ nodes delaying the same amount of time is small.
+
+ random delay seed
+ - if a pseudo-random number generator is used in
+ calculating a random delay component, the generator
+ should be initialized with a unique seed prior to being
+ used. Note that it is not sufficient to use the
+ interface identifier alone as the seed, since interface
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]
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+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
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+ identifiers will not always be unique. To reduce the
+ probability that duplicate interface identifiers cause
+ the same seed to be used, the seed should be calculated
+ from a variety of input sources (e.g., machine
+ components) that are likely to be different even on
+ identical "boxes". For example, the seed could be
+ formed by combining the CPU's serial number with an
+ interface identifier. Additional information on
+ randomness and random number generation can be found in
+ [RAND].
+
+2.2. Link Types
+
+ Different link layers have different properties. The ones of concern
+ to Neighbor Discovery are:
+
+ multicast capable
+ - a link that supports a native mechanism at the link
+ layer for sending packets to all (i.e., broadcast)
+ or a subset of all neighbors.
+
+ point-to-point - a link that connects exactly two interfaces. A
+ point-to-point link is assumed to have multicast
+ capability and a link-local address.
+
+ non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA)
+ - a link to which more than two interfaces can attach,
+ but that does not support a native form of multicast
+ or broadcast (e.g., X.25, ATM, frame relay, etc.).
+ Note that all link types (including NBMA) are
+ expected to provide multicast service for
+ applications that need it (e.g., using multicast
+ servers). However, it is an issue for further study
+ whether ND should use such facilities or an
+ alternate mechanism that provides the equivalent
+ multicast capability for ND.
+
+ shared media - a link that allows direct communication among a
+ number of nodes, but attached nodes are configured
+ in such a way that they do not have complete prefix
+ information for all on-link destinations. That is,
+ at the IP level, nodes on the same link may not know
+ that they are neighbors; by default, they
+ communicate through a router. Examples are large
+ (switched) public data networks such as Switched
+ Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) and Broadband
+ Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN). Also
+ known as "large clouds". See [SH-MEDIA].
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]
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+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
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+ variable MTU - a link that does not have a well-defined MTU (e.g.,
+ IEEE 802.5 token rings). Many links (e.g.,
+ Ethernet) have a standard MTU defined by the link-
+ layer protocol or by the specific document
+ describing how to run IP over the link layer.
+
+ asymmetric reachability
+ - a link where non-reflexive and/or non-transitive
+ reachability is part of normal operation. (Non-
+ reflexive reachability means packets from A reach B,
+ but packets from B don't reach A. Non-transitive
+ reachability means packets from A reach B, and
+ packets from B reach C, but packets from A don't
+ reach C.) Many radio links exhibit these
+ properties.
+
+2.3. Addresses
+
+ Neighbor Discovery makes use of a number of different addresses
+ defined in [ADDR-ARCH], including:
+
+ all-nodes multicast address
+ - the link-local scope address to reach all nodes,
+ FF02::1.
+
+ all-routers multicast address
+ - the link-local scope address to reach all routers,
+ FF02::2.
+
+ solicited-node multicast address
+ - a link-local scope multicast address that is computed
+ as a function of the solicited target's address. The
+ function is described in [ADDR-ARCH]. The function is
+ chosen so that IP addresses that differ only in the
+ most significant bits, e.g., due to multiple prefixes
+ associated with different providers, will map to the
+ same solicited-node address thereby reducing the number
+ of multicast addresses a node must join at the link
+ layer.
+
+ link-local address
+ - a unicast address having link-only scope that can be
+ used to reach neighbors. All interfaces on routers
+ MUST have a link-local address. Also, [ADDRCONF]
+ requires that interfaces on hosts have a link-local
+ address.
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]
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+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
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+
+ unspecified address
+ - a reserved address value that indicates the lack of an
+ address (e.g., the address is unknown). It is never
+ used as a destination address, but may be used as a
+ source address if the sender does not (yet) know its
+ own address (e.g., while verifying an address is unused
+ during stateless address autoconfiguration [ADDRCONF]).
+ The unspecified address has a value of 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0.
+
+ Note that this specification does not strictly comply with the
+ consistency requirements in [ADDR-SEL] for the scopes of source and
+ destination addresses. It is possible in some cases for hosts to use
+ a source address of a larger scope than the destination address in
+ the IPv6 header.
+
+2.4. Requirements
+
+ The keywords MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD,
+ SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL, when they appear in this
+ document, are to be interpreted as described in [KEYWORDS].
+
+ This document also makes use of internal conceptual variables to
+ describe protocol behavior and external variables that an
+ implementation must allow system administrators to change. The
+ specific variable names, how their values change, and how their
+ settings influence protocol behavior are provided to demonstrate
+ protocol behavior. An implementation is not required to have them in
+ the exact form described here, so long as its external behavior is
+ consistent with that described in this document.
+
+3. Protocol Overview
+
+ This protocol solves a set of problems related to the interaction
+ between nodes attached to the same link. It defines mechanisms for
+ solving each of the following problems:
+
+ Router Discovery: How hosts locate routers that reside on an
+ attached link.
+
+ Prefix Discovery: How hosts discover the set of address prefixes
+ that define which destinations are on-link for an
+ attached link. (Nodes use prefixes to distinguish
+ destinations that reside on-link from those only
+ reachable through a router.)
+
+ Parameter Discovery: How a node learns link parameters (such as the
+ link MTU) or Internet parameters (such as the hop limit
+ value) to place in outgoing packets.
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]
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+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
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+
+ Address Autoconfiguration: Introduces the mechanisms needed in
+ order to allow nodes to configure an address for an
+ interface in a stateless manner. Stateless address
+ autoconfiguration is specified in [ADDRCONF].
+
+ Address resolution: How nodes determine the link-layer address of
+ an on-link destination (e.g., a neighbor) given only the
+ destination's IP address.
+
+ Next-hop determination: The algorithm for mapping an IP destination
+ address into the IP address of the neighbor to which
+ traffic for the destination should be sent. The next-
+ hop can be a router or the destination itself.
+
+ Neighbor Unreachability Detection: How nodes determine that a
+ neighbor is no longer reachable. For neighbors used as
+ routers, alternate default routers can be tried. For
+ both routers and hosts, address resolution can be
+ performed again.
+
+ Duplicate Address Detection: How a node determines whether or not
+ an address it wishes to use is already in use by another
+ node.
+
+ Redirect: How a router informs a host of a better first-hop node
+ to reach a particular destination.
+
+ Neighbor Discovery defines five different ICMP packet types: A pair
+ of Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement messages, a pair of
+ Neighbor Solicitation and Neighbor Advertisements messages, and a
+ Redirect message. The messages serve the following purpose:
+
+ Router Solicitation: When an interface becomes enabled, hosts may
+ send out Router Solicitations that request routers to
+ generate Router Advertisements immediately rather than
+ at their next scheduled time.
+
+ Router Advertisement: Routers advertise their presence together
+ with various link and Internet parameters either
+ periodically, or in response to a Router Solicitation
+ message. Router Advertisements contain prefixes that
+ are used for determining whether another address shares
+ the same link (on-link determination) and/or address
+ configuration, a suggested hop limit value, etc.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]
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+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
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+ Neighbor Solicitation: Sent by a node to determine the link-layer
+ address of a neighbor, or to verify that a neighbor is
+ still reachable via a cached link-layer address.
+ Neighbor Solicitations are also used for Duplicate
+ Address Detection.
+
+ Neighbor Advertisement: A response to a Neighbor Solicitation
+ message. A node may also send unsolicited Neighbor
+ Advertisements to announce a link-layer address change.
+
+ Redirect: Used by routers to inform hosts of a better first hop
+ for a destination.
+
+ On multicast-capable links, each router periodically multicasts a
+ Router Advertisement packet announcing its availability. A host
+ receives Router Advertisements from all routers, building a list of
+ default routers. Routers generate Router Advertisements frequently
+ enough that hosts will learn of their presence within a few minutes,
+ but not frequently enough to rely on an absence of advertisements to
+ detect router failure; a separate Neighbor Unreachability Detection
+ algorithm provides failure detection.
+
+ Router Advertisements contain a list of prefixes used for on-link
+ determination and/or autonomous address configuration; flags
+ associated with the prefixes specify the intended uses of a
+ particular prefix. Hosts use the advertised on-link prefixes to
+ build and maintain a list that is used in deciding when a packet's
+ destination is on-link or beyond a router. Note that a destination
+ can be on-link even though it is not covered by any advertised on-
+ link prefix. In such cases, a router can send a Redirect informing
+ the sender that the destination is a neighbor.
+
+ Router Advertisements (and per-prefix flags) allow routers to inform
+ hosts how to perform Address Autoconfiguration. For example, routers
+ can specify whether hosts should use DHCPv6 and/or autonomous
+ (stateless) address configuration.
+
+ Router Advertisement messages also contain Internet parameters such
+ as the hop limit that hosts should use in outgoing packets and,
+ optionally, link parameters such as the link MTU. This facilitates
+ centralized administration of critical parameters that can be set on
+ routers and automatically propagated to all attached hosts.
+
+ Nodes accomplish address resolution by multicasting a Neighbor
+ Solicitation that asks the target node to return its link-layer
+ address. Neighbor Solicitation messages are multicast to the
+ solicited-node multicast address of the target address. The target
+ returns its link-layer address in a unicast Neighbor Advertisement
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]
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+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
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+ message. A single request-response pair of packets is sufficient for
+ both the initiator and the target to resolve each other's link-layer
+ addresses; the initiator includes its link-layer address in the
+ Neighbor Solicitation.
+
+ Neighbor Solicitation messages can also be used to determine if more
+ than one node has been assigned the same unicast address. The use of
+ Neighbor Solicitation messages for Duplicate Address Detection is
+ specified in [ADDRCONF].
+
+ Neighbor Unreachability Detection detects the failure of a neighbor
+ or the failure of the forward path to the neighbor. Doing so
+ requires positive confirmation that packets sent to a neighbor are
+ actually reaching that neighbor and being processed properly by its
+ IP layer. Neighbor Unreachability Detection uses confirmation from
+ two sources. When possible, upper-layer protocols provide a positive
+ confirmation that a connection is making "forward progress", that is,
+ previously sent data is known to have been delivered correctly (e.g.,
+ new acknowledgments were received recently). When positive
+ confirmation is not forthcoming through such "hints", a node sends
+ unicast Neighbor Solicitation messages that solicit Neighbor
+ Advertisements as reachability confirmation from the next hop. To
+ reduce unnecessary network traffic, probe messages are only sent to
+ neighbors to which the node is actively sending packets.
+
+ In addition to addressing the above general problems, Neighbor
+ Discovery also handles the following situations:
+
+ Link-layer address change - A node that knows its link-layer
+ address has changed can multicast a few (unsolicited)
+ Neighbor Advertisement packets to all nodes to quickly update
+ cached link-layer addresses that have become invalid. Note
+ that the sending of unsolicited advertisements is a
+ performance enhancement only (e.g., unreliable). The
+ Neighbor Unreachability Detection algorithm ensures that all
+ nodes will reliably discover the new address, though the
+ delay may be somewhat longer.
+
+ Inbound load balancing - Nodes with replicated interfaces may want
+ to load balance the reception of incoming packets across
+ multiple network interfaces on the same link. Such nodes
+ have multiple link-layer addresses assigned to the same
+ interface. For example, a single network driver could
+ represent multiple network interface cards as a single
+ logical interface having multiple link-layer addresses.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ Neighbor Discovery allows a router to perform load balancing
+ for traffic addressed to itself by allowing routers to omit
+ the source link-layer address from Router Advertisement
+ packets, thereby forcing neighbors to use Neighbor
+ Solicitation messages to learn link-layer addresses of
+ routers. Returned Neighbor Advertisement messages can then
+ contain link-layer addresses that differ depending on, e.g.,
+ who issued the solicitation. This specification does not
+ define a mechanism that allows hosts to Load-balance incoming
+ packets. See [LD-SHRE].
+
+ Anycast addresses - Anycast addresses identify one of a set of
+ nodes providing an equivalent service, and multiple nodes on
+ the same link may be configured to recognize the same anycast
+ address. Neighbor Discovery handles anycasts by having nodes
+ expect to receive multiple Neighbor Advertisements for the
+ same target. All advertisements for anycast addresses are
+ tagged as being non-Override advertisements. A non-Override
+ advertisement is one that does not update or replace the
+ information sent by another advertisement. These
+ advertisements are discussed later in the context of Neighbor
+ advertisement messages. This invokes specific rules to
+ determine which of potentially multiple advertisements should
+ be used.
+
+ Proxy advertisements - A node willing to accept packets on behalf
+ of a target address that is unable to respond to Neighbor
+ Solicitations can issue non-Override Neighbor Advertisements.
+ Proxy advertisements are used by Mobile IPv6 Home Agents to
+ defend mobile nodes' addresses when they move off-link.
+ However, it is not intended as a general mechanism to handle
+ nodes that, e.g., do not implement this protocol.
+
+3.1. Comparison with IPv4
+
+ The IPv6 Neighbor Discovery protocol corresponds to a combination of
+ the IPv4 protocols Address Resolution Protocol [ARP], ICMP Router
+ Discovery [RDISC], and ICMP Redirect [ICMPv4]. In IPv4 there is no
+ generally agreed upon protocol or mechanism for Neighbor
+ Unreachability Detection, although the Hosts Requirements document
+ [HR-CL] does specify some possible algorithms for Dead Gateway
+ Detection (a subset of the problems Neighbor Unreachability Detection
+ tackles).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ The Neighbor Discovery protocol provides a multitude of improvements
+ over the IPv4 set of protocols:
+
+ Router Discovery is part of the base protocol set; there is no
+ need for hosts to "snoop" the routing protocols.
+
+ Router Advertisements carry link-layer addresses; no additional
+ packet exchange is needed to resolve the router's link-layer
+ address.
+
+ Router Advertisements carry prefixes for a link; there is no need
+ to have a separate mechanism to configure the "netmask".
+
+ Router Advertisements enable Address Autoconfiguration.
+
+ Routers can advertise an MTU for hosts to use on the link,
+ ensuring that all nodes use the same MTU value on links lacking a
+ well-defined MTU.
+
+ Address resolution multicasts are "spread" over 16 million (2^24)
+ multicast addresses, greatly reducing address-resolution-related
+ interrupts on nodes other than the target. Moreover, non-IPv6
+ machines should not be interrupted at all.
+
+ Redirects contain the link-layer address of the new first hop;
+ separate address resolution is not needed upon receiving a
+ redirect.
+
+ Multiple prefixes can be associated with the same link. By
+ default, hosts learn all on-link prefixes from Router
+ Advertisements. However, routers may be configured to omit some
+ or all prefixes from Router Advertisements. In such cases hosts
+ assume that destinations are off-link and send traffic to routers.
+ A router can then issue redirects as appropriate.
+
+ Unlike IPv4, the recipient of an IPv6 redirect assumes that the
+ new next-hop is on-link. In IPv4, a host ignores redirects
+ specifying a next-hop that is not on-link according to the link's
+ network mask. The IPv6 redirect mechanism is analogous to the
+ XRedirect facility specified in [SH-MEDIA]. It is expected to be
+ useful on non-broadcast and shared media links in which it is
+ undesirable or not possible for nodes to know all prefixes for
+ on-link destinations.
+
+ Neighbor Unreachability Detection is part of the base, which
+ significantly improves the robustness of packet delivery in the
+ presence of failing routers, partially failing or partitioned
+ links, or nodes that change their link-layer addresses. For
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ instance, mobile nodes can move off-link without losing any
+ connectivity due to stale ARP caches.
+
+ Unlike ARP, Neighbor Discovery detects half-link failures (using
+ Neighbor Unreachability Detection) and avoids sending traffic to
+ neighbors with which two-way connectivity is absent.
+
+ Unlike in IPv4 Router Discovery, the Router Advertisement messages
+ do not contain a preference field. The preference field is not
+ needed to handle routers of different "stability"; the Neighbor
+ Unreachability Detection will detect dead routers and switch to a
+ working one.
+
+ The use of link-local addresses to uniquely identify routers (for
+ Router Advertisement and Redirect messages) makes it possible for
+ hosts to maintain the router associations in the event of the site
+ renumbering to use new global prefixes.
+
+ By setting the Hop Limit to 255, Neighbor Discovery is immune to
+ off-link senders that accidentally or intentionally send ND
+ messages. In IPv4, off-link senders can send both ICMP Redirects
+ and Router Advertisement messages.
+
+ Placing address resolution at the ICMP layer makes the protocol
+ more media-independent than ARP and makes it possible to use
+ generic IP-layer authentication and security mechanisms as
+ appropriate.
+
+3.2. Supported Link Types
+
+ Neighbor Discovery supports links with different properties. In the
+ presence of certain properties, only a subset of the ND protocol
+ mechanisms are fully specified in this document:
+
+ point-to-point - Neighbor Discovery handles such links just like
+ multicast links. (Multicast can be trivially
+ provided on point-to-point links, and interfaces
+ can be assigned link-local addresses.)
+
+ multicast - Neighbor Discovery operates over multicast capable
+ links as described in this document.
+
+ non-broadcast multiple access (NBMA)
+ - Redirect, Neighbor Unreachability Detection and
+ next-hop determination should be implemented as
+ described in this document. Address resolution,
+ and the mechanism for delivering Router
+ Solicitations and Advertisements on NBMA links are
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ not specified in this document. Note that if
+ hosts support manual configuration of a list of
+ default routers, hosts can dynamically acquire the
+ link-layer addresses for their neighbors from
+ Redirect messages.
+
+ shared media - The Redirect message is modeled after the
+ XRedirect message in [SH-MEDIA] in order to
+ simplify use of the protocol on shared media
+ links.
+
+ This specification does not address shared media
+ issues that only relate to routers, such as:
+
+ - How routers exchange reachability information
+ on a shared media link.
+
+ - How a router determines the link-layer address
+ of a host, which it needs to send redirect
+ messages to the host.
+
+ - How a router determines that it is the first-
+ hop router for a received packet.
+
+ The protocol is extensible (through the definition
+ of new options) so that other solutions might be
+ possible in the future.
+
+ variable MTU - Neighbor Discovery allows routers to specify an
+ MTU for the link, which all nodes then use. All
+ nodes on a link must use the same MTU (or Maximum
+ Receive Unit) in order for multicast to work
+ properly. Otherwise, when multicasting, a sender,
+ which can not know which nodes will receive the
+ packet, could not determine a minimum packet size
+ that all receivers can process (or Maximum Receive
+ Unit).
+
+ asymmetric reachability
+ - Neighbor Discovery detects the absence of
+ symmetric reachability; a node avoids paths to a
+ neighbor with which it does not have symmetric
+ connectivity.
+
+ The Neighbor Unreachability Detection will
+ typically identify such half-links and the node
+ will refrain from using them.
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 17]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ The protocol can presumably be extended in the
+ future to find viable paths in environments that
+ lack reflexive and transitive connectivity.
+
+3.3. Securing Neighbor Discovery Messages
+
+ Neighbor Discovery messages are needed for various functions.
+ Several functions are designed to allow hosts to ascertain the
+ ownership of an address or the mapping between link-layer and IP-
+ layer addresses. Vulnerabilities related to Neighbor Discovery are
+ discussed in Section 11.1. A general solution for securing Neighbor
+ Discovery is outside the scope of this specification and is discussed
+ in [SEND]. However, Section 11.2 explains how and under which
+ constraints IPsec Authentication Header (AH) or Encapsulating
+ Security Payload (ESP) can be used to secure Neighbor Discovery.
+
+4. Message Formats
+
+ This section introduces message formats for all messages used in this
+ specification.
+
+4.1. Router Solicitation Message Format
+
+ Hosts send Router Solicitations in order to prompt routers to
+ generate Router Advertisements quickly.
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Code | Checksum |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Reserved |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Options ...
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
+
+ IP Fields:
+
+ Source Address
+ An IP address assigned to the sending interface, or
+ the unspecified address if no address is assigned
+ to the sending interface.
+
+ Destination Address
+ Typically the all-routers multicast address.
+
+ Hop Limit 255
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 18]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ ICMP Fields:
+
+ Type 133
+
+ Code 0
+
+ Checksum The ICMP checksum. See [ICMPv6].
+
+ Reserved This field is unused. It MUST be initialized to
+ zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
+ receiver.
+ Valid Options:
+
+ Source link-layer address The link-layer address of the sender, if
+ known. MUST NOT be included if the Source Address
+ is the unspecified address. Otherwise, it SHOULD
+ be included on link layers that have addresses.
+
+ Future versions of this protocol may define new option types.
+ Receivers MUST silently ignore any options they do not recognize
+ and continue processing the message.
+
+4.2. Router Advertisement Message Format
+
+ Routers send out Router Advertisement messages periodically, or in
+ response to Router Solicitations.
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Code | Checksum |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Cur Hop Limit |M|O| Reserved | Router Lifetime |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Reachable Time |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Retrans Timer |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Options ...
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
+
+ IP Fields:
+
+ Source Address
+ MUST be the link-local address assigned to the
+ interface from which this message is sent.
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 19]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ Destination Address
+ Typically the Source Address of an invoking Router
+ Solicitation or the all-nodes multicast address.
+
+ Hop Limit 255
+
+ ICMP Fields:
+
+ Type 134
+
+ Code 0
+
+ Checksum The ICMP checksum. See [ICMPv6].
+
+ Cur Hop Limit 8-bit unsigned integer. The default value that
+ should be placed in the Hop Count field of the IP
+ header for outgoing IP packets. A value of zero
+ means unspecified (by this router).
+
+ M 1-bit "Managed address configuration" flag. When
+ set, it indicates that addresses are available via
+ Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol [DHCPv6].
+
+ If the M flag is set, the O flag is redundant and
+ can be ignored because DHCPv6 will return all
+ available configuration information.
+
+ O 1-bit "Other configuration" flag. When set, it
+ indicates that other configuration information is
+ available via DHCPv6. Examples of such information
+ are DNS-related information or information on other
+ servers within the network.
+
+ Note: If neither M nor O flags are set, this indicates that no
+ information is available via DHCPv6.
+
+ Reserved A 6-bit unused field. It MUST be initialized to
+ zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
+ receiver.
+
+ Router Lifetime
+ 16-bit unsigned integer. The lifetime associated
+ with the default router in units of seconds. The
+ field can contain values up to 65535 and receivers
+ should handle any value, while the sending rules in
+ Section 6 limit the lifetime to 9000 seconds. A
+ Lifetime of 0 indicates that the router is not a
+ default router and SHOULD NOT appear on the default
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 20]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ router list. The Router Lifetime applies only to
+ the router's usefulness as a default router; it
+ does not apply to information contained in other
+ message fields or options. Options that need time
+ limits for their information include their own
+ lifetime fields.
+
+ Reachable Time 32-bit unsigned integer. The time, in
+ milliseconds, that a node assumes a neighbor is
+ reachable after having received a reachability
+ confirmation. Used by the Neighbor Unreachability
+ Detection algorithm (see Section 7.3). A value of
+ zero means unspecified (by this router).
+
+ Retrans Timer 32-bit unsigned integer. The time, in
+ milliseconds, between retransmitted Neighbor
+ Solicitation messages. Used by address resolution
+ and the Neighbor Unreachability Detection algorithm
+ (see Sections 7.2 and 7.3). A value of zero means
+ unspecified (by this router).
+
+ Possible options:
+
+ Source link-layer address
+ The link-layer address of the interface from which
+ the Router Advertisement is sent. Only used on
+ link layers that have addresses. A router MAY omit
+ this option in order to enable inbound load sharing
+ across multiple link-layer addresses.
+
+ MTU SHOULD be sent on links that have a variable MTU
+ (as specified in the document that describes how to
+ run IP over the particular link type). MAY be sent
+ on other links.
+
+ Prefix Information
+ These options specify the prefixes that are on-link
+ and/or are used for stateless address
+ autoconfiguration. A router SHOULD include all its
+ on-link prefixes (except the link-local prefix) so
+ that multihomed hosts have complete prefix
+ information about on-link destinations for the
+ links to which they attach. If complete
+ information is lacking, a host with multiple
+ interfaces may not be able to choose the correct
+ outgoing interface when sending traffic to its
+ neighbors.
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 21]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ Future versions of this protocol may define new option types.
+ Receivers MUST silently ignore any options they do not recognize
+ and continue processing the message.
+
+4.3. Neighbor Solicitation Message Format
+
+ Nodes send Neighbor Solicitations to request the link-layer address
+ of a target node while also providing their own link-layer address to
+ the target. Neighbor Solicitations are multicast when the node needs
+ to resolve an address and unicast when the node seeks to verify the
+ reachability of a neighbor.
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Code | Checksum |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Reserved |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ + +
+ | |
+ + Target Address +
+ | |
+ + +
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Options ...
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
+
+ IP Fields:
+
+ Source Address
+ Either an address assigned to the interface from
+ which this message is sent or (if Duplicate Address
+ Detection is in progress [ADDRCONF]) the
+ unspecified address.
+ Destination Address
+ Either the solicited-node multicast address
+ corresponding to the target address, or the target
+ address.
+ Hop Limit 255
+
+ ICMP Fields:
+
+ Type 135
+
+ Code 0
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 22]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ Checksum The ICMP checksum. See [ICMPv6].
+
+ Reserved This field is unused. It MUST be initialized to
+ zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
+ receiver.
+
+ Target Address The IP address of the target of the solicitation.
+ It MUST NOT be a multicast address.
+
+ Possible options:
+
+ Source link-layer address
+ The link-layer address for the sender. MUST NOT be
+ included when the source IP address is the
+ unspecified address. Otherwise, on link layers
+ that have addresses this option MUST be included in
+ multicast solicitations and SHOULD be included in
+ unicast solicitations.
+
+ Future versions of this protocol may define new option types.
+ Receivers MUST silently ignore any options they do not recognize
+ and continue processing the message.
+
+4.4. Neighbor Advertisement Message Format
+
+ A node sends Neighbor Advertisements in response to Neighbor
+ Solicitations and sends unsolicited Neighbor Advertisements in order
+ to (unreliably) propagate new information quickly.
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Code | Checksum |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ |R|S|O| Reserved |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ + +
+ | |
+ + Target Address +
+ | |
+ + +
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Options ...
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 23]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ IP Fields:
+
+ Source Address
+ An address assigned to the interface from which the
+ advertisement is sent.
+ Destination Address
+ For solicited advertisements, the Source Address of
+ an invoking Neighbor Solicitation or, if the
+ solicitation's Source Address is the unspecified
+ address, the all-nodes multicast address.
+
+ For unsolicited advertisements typically the all-
+ nodes multicast address.
+
+ Hop Limit 255
+
+ ICMP Fields:
+
+ Type 136
+
+ Code 0
+
+ Checksum The ICMP checksum. See [ICMPv6].
+
+ R Router flag. When set, the R-bit indicates that
+ the sender is a router. The R-bit is used by
+ Neighbor Unreachability Detection to detect a
+ router that changes to a host.
+
+ S Solicited flag. When set, the S-bit indicates that
+ the advertisement was sent in response to a
+ Neighbor Solicitation from the Destination address.
+ The S-bit is used as a reachability confirmation
+ for Neighbor Unreachability Detection. It MUST NOT
+ be set in multicast advertisements or in
+ unsolicited unicast advertisements.
+
+ O Override flag. When set, the O-bit indicates that
+ the advertisement should override an existing cache
+ entry and update the cached link-layer address.
+ When it is not set the advertisement will not
+ update a cached link-layer address though it will
+ update an existing Neighbor Cache entry for which
+ no link-layer address is known. It SHOULD NOT be
+ set in solicited advertisements for anycast
+ addresses and in solicited proxy advertisements.
+ It SHOULD be set in other solicited advertisements
+ and in unsolicited advertisements.
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 24]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ Reserved 29-bit unused field. It MUST be initialized to
+ zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
+ receiver.
+
+ Target Address
+ For solicited advertisements, the Target Address
+ field in the Neighbor Solicitation message that
+ prompted this advertisement. For an unsolicited
+ advertisement, the address whose link-layer address
+ has changed. The Target Address MUST NOT be a
+ multicast address.
+
+ Possible options:
+
+ Target link-layer address
+ The link-layer address for the target, i.e., the
+ sender of the advertisement. This option MUST be
+ included on link layers that have addresses when
+ responding to multicast solicitations. When
+ responding to a unicast Neighbor Solicitation this
+ option SHOULD be included.
+
+ The option MUST be included for multicast
+ solicitations in order to avoid infinite Neighbor
+ Solicitation "recursion" when the peer node does
+ not have a cache entry to return a Neighbor
+ Advertisements message. When responding to unicast
+ solicitations, the option can be omitted since the
+ sender of the solicitation has the correct link-
+ layer address; otherwise, it would not be able to
+ send the unicast solicitation in the first place.
+ However, including the link-layer address in this
+ case adds little overhead and eliminates a
+ potential race condition where the sender deletes
+ the cached link-layer address prior to receiving a
+ response to a previous solicitation.
+
+ Future versions of this protocol may define new option types.
+ Receivers MUST silently ignore any options they do not recognize
+ and continue processing the message.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 25]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+4.5. Redirect Message Format
+
+ Routers send Redirect packets to inform a host of a better first-hop
+ node on the path to a destination. Hosts can be redirected to a
+ better first-hop router but can also be informed by a redirect that
+ the destination is in fact a neighbor. The latter is accomplished by
+ setting the ICMP Target Address equal to the ICMP Destination
+ Address.
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Code | Checksum |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Reserved |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ + +
+ | |
+ + Target Address +
+ | |
+ + +
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ + +
+ | |
+ + Destination Address +
+ | |
+ + +
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Options ...
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
+
+ IP Fields:
+
+ Source Address
+ MUST be the link-local address assigned to the
+ interface from which this message is sent.
+
+ Destination Address
+ The Source Address of the packet that triggered the
+ redirect.
+
+ Hop Limit 255
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 26]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ ICMP Fields:
+
+ Type 137
+
+ Code 0
+
+ Checksum The ICMP checksum. See [ICMPv6].
+
+ Reserved This field is unused. It MUST be initialized to
+ zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
+ receiver.
+
+ Target Address
+ An IP address that is a better first hop to use for
+ the ICMP Destination Address. When the target is
+ the actual endpoint of communication, i.e., the
+ destination is a neighbor, the Target Address field
+ MUST contain the same value as the ICMP Destination
+ Address field. Otherwise, the target is a better
+ first-hop router and the Target Address MUST be the
+ router's link-local address so that hosts can
+ uniquely identify routers.
+
+ Destination Address
+ The IP address of the destination that is
+ redirected to the target.
+
+ Possible options:
+
+ Target link-layer address
+ The link-layer address for the target. It SHOULD
+ be included (if known). Note that on NBMA links,
+ hosts may rely on the presence of the Target Link-
+ Layer Address option in Redirect messages as the
+ means for determining the link-layer addresses of
+ neighbors. In such cases, the option MUST be
+ included in Redirect messages.
+
+ Redirected Header
+ As much as possible of the IP packet that triggered
+ the sending of the Redirect without making the
+ redirect packet exceed the minimum MTU specified in
+ [IPv6].
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 27]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+4.6. Option Formats
+
+ Neighbor Discovery messages include zero or more options, some of
+ which may appear multiple times in the same message. Options should
+ be padded when necessary to ensure that they end on their natural
+ 64-bit boundaries. All options are of the form:
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length | ... |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ ~ ... ~
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Fields:
+
+ Type 8-bit identifier of the type of option. The
+ options defined in this document are:
+
+ Option Name Type
+
+ Source Link-Layer Address 1
+ Target Link-Layer Address 2
+ Prefix Information 3
+ Redirected Header 4
+ MTU 5
+
+ Length 8-bit unsigned integer. The length of the option
+ (including the type and length fields) in units of
+ 8 octets. The value 0 is invalid. Nodes MUST
+ silently discard an ND packet that contains an
+ option with length zero.
+
+4.6.1. Source/Target Link-layer Address
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length | Link-Layer Address ...
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Fields:
+
+ Type
+ 1 for Source Link-layer Address
+ 2 for Target Link-layer Address
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 28]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ Length The length of the option (including the type and
+ length fields) in units of 8 octets. For example,
+ the length for IEEE 802 addresses is 1
+ [IPv6-ETHER].
+
+ Link-Layer Address
+ The variable length link-layer address.
+
+ The content and format of this field (including
+ byte and bit ordering) is expected to be specified
+ in specific documents that describe how IPv6
+ operates over different link layers. For instance,
+ [IPv6-ETHER].
+
+ Description
+ The Source Link-Layer Address option contains the
+ link-layer address of the sender of the packet. It
+ is used in the Neighbor Solicitation, Router
+ Solicitation, and Router Advertisement packets.
+
+ The Target Link-Layer Address option contains the
+ link-layer address of the target. It is used in
+ Neighbor Advertisement and Redirect packets.
+
+ These options MUST be silently ignored for other
+ Neighbor Discovery messages.
+
+4.6.2. Prefix Information
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length | Prefix Length |L|A| Reserved1 |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Valid Lifetime |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Preferred Lifetime |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Reserved2 |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ + +
+ | |
+ + Prefix +
+ | |
+ + +
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 29]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ Fields:
+
+ Type 3
+
+ Length 4
+
+ Prefix Length 8-bit unsigned integer. The number of leading bits
+ in the Prefix that are valid. The value ranges
+ from 0 to 128. The prefix length field provides
+ necessary information for on-link determination
+ (when combined with the L flag in the prefix
+ information option). It also assists with address
+ autoconfiguration as specified in [ADDRCONF], for
+ which there may be more restrictions on the prefix
+ length.
+
+ L 1-bit on-link flag. When set, indicates that this
+ prefix can be used for on-link determination. When
+ not set the advertisement makes no statement about
+ on-link or off-link properties of the prefix. In
+ other words, if the L flag is not set a host MUST
+ NOT conclude that an address derived from the
+ prefix is off-link. That is, it MUST NOT update a
+ previous indication that the address is on-link.
+
+ A 1-bit autonomous address-configuration flag. When
+ set indicates that this prefix can be used for
+ stateless address configuration as specified in
+ [ADDRCONF].
+
+ Reserved1 6-bit unused field. It MUST be initialized to zero
+ by the sender and MUST be ignored by the receiver.
+
+ Valid Lifetime
+ 32-bit unsigned integer. The length of time in
+ seconds (relative to the time the packet is sent)
+ that the prefix is valid for the purpose of on-link
+ determination. A value of all one bits
+ (0xffffffff) represents infinity. The Valid
+ Lifetime is also used by [ADDRCONF].
+
+ Preferred Lifetime
+ 32-bit unsigned integer. The length of time in
+ seconds (relative to the time the packet is sent)
+ that addresses generated from the prefix via
+ stateless address autoconfiguration remain
+ preferred [ADDRCONF]. A value of all one bits
+ (0xffffffff) represents infinity. See [ADDRCONF].
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 30]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ Note that the value of this field MUST NOT exceed
+ the Valid Lifetime field to avoid preferring
+ addresses that are no longer valid.
+
+ Reserved2 This field is unused. It MUST be initialized to
+ zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
+ receiver.
+
+ Prefix An IP address or a prefix of an IP address. The
+ Prefix Length field contains the number of valid
+ leading bits in the prefix. The bits in the prefix
+ after the prefix length are reserved and MUST be
+ initialized to zero by the sender and ignored by
+ the receiver. A router SHOULD NOT send a prefix
+ option for the link-local prefix and a host SHOULD
+ ignore such a prefix option.
+
+ Description
+ The Prefix Information option provide hosts with
+ on-link prefixes and prefixes for Address
+ Autoconfiguration. The Prefix Information option
+ appears in Router Advertisement packets and MUST be
+ silently ignored for other messages.
+
+4.6.3. Redirected Header
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length | Reserved |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Reserved |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | |
+ ~ IP header + data ~
+ | |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Fields:
+
+ Type 4
+
+ Length The length of the option in units of 8 octets.
+
+ Reserved These fields are unused. They MUST be initialized
+ to zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
+ receiver.
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 31]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ IP header + data
+ The original packet truncated to ensure that the
+ size of the redirect message does not exceed the
+ minimum MTU required to support IPv6 as specified
+ in [IPv6].
+
+ Description
+ The Redirected Header option is used in Redirect
+ messages and contains all or part of the packet
+ that is being redirected.
+
+ This option MUST be silently ignored for other
+ Neighbor Discovery messages.
+
+4.6.4. MTU
+
+ 0 1 2 3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | Type | Length | Reserved |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+ | MTU |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
+
+ Fields:
+
+ Type 5
+
+ Length 1
+
+ Reserved This field is unused. It MUST be initialized to
+ zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
+ receiver.
+
+ MTU 32-bit unsigned integer. The recommended MTU for
+ the link.
+
+ Description
+ The MTU option is used in Router Advertisement
+ messages to ensure that all nodes on a link use the
+ same MTU value in those cases where the link MTU is
+ not well known.
+
+ This option MUST be silently ignored for other
+ Neighbor Discovery messages.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 32]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ In configurations in which heterogeneous
+ technologies are bridged together, the maximum
+ supported MTU may differ from one segment to
+ another. If the bridges do not generate ICMP
+ Packet Too Big messages, communicating nodes will
+ be unable to use Path MTU to dynamically determine
+ the appropriate MTU on a per-neighbor basis. In
+ such cases, routers can be configured to use the
+ MTU option to specify the maximum MTU value that is
+ supported by all segments.
+
+5. Conceptual Model of a Host
+
+ This section describes a conceptual model of one possible data
+ structure organization that hosts (and, to some extent, routers) will
+ maintain in interacting with neighboring nodes. The described
+ organization is provided to facilitate the explanation of how the
+ Neighbor Discovery protocol should behave. This document does not
+ mandate that implementations adhere to this model as long as their
+ external behavior is consistent with that described in this document.
+
+ This model is only concerned with the aspects of host behavior
+ directly related to Neighbor Discovery. In particular, it does not
+ concern itself with such issues as source address selection or the
+ selecting of an outgoing interface on a multihomed host.
+
+5.1. Conceptual Data Structures
+
+ Hosts will need to maintain the following pieces of information for
+ each interface:
+
+ Neighbor Cache
+ - A set of entries about individual neighbors to
+ which traffic has been sent recently. Entries are
+ keyed on the neighbor's on-link unicast IP address
+ and contain such information as its link-layer
+ address, a flag indicating whether the neighbor is
+ a router or a host (called IsRouter in this
+ document), a pointer to any queued packets waiting
+ for address resolution to complete, etc. A
+ Neighbor Cache entry also contains information used
+ by the Neighbor Unreachability Detection algorithm,
+ including the reachability state, the number of
+ unanswered probes, and the time the next Neighbor
+ Unreachability Detection event is scheduled to take
+ place.
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 33]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ Destination Cache
+ - A set of entries about destinations to which
+ traffic has been sent recently. The Destination
+ Cache includes both on-link and off-link
+ destinations and provides a level of indirection
+ into the Neighbor Cache; the Destination Cache maps
+ a destination IP address to the IP address of the
+ next-hop neighbor. This cache is updated with
+ information learned from Redirect messages.
+ Implementations may find it convenient to store
+ additional information not directly related to
+ Neighbor Discovery in Destination Cache entries,
+ such as the Path MTU (PMTU) and round-trip timers
+ maintained by transport protocols.
+
+ Prefix List - A list of the prefixes that define a set of
+ addresses that are on-link. Prefix List entries
+ are created from information received in Router
+ Advertisements. Each entry has an associated
+ invalidation timer value (extracted from the
+ advertisement) used to expire prefixes when they
+ become invalid. A special "infinity" timer value
+ specifies that a prefix remains valid forever,
+ unless a new (finite) value is received in a
+ subsequent advertisement.
+
+ The link-local prefix is considered to be on the
+ prefix list with an infinite invalidation timer
+ regardless of whether routers are advertising a
+ prefix for it. Received Router Advertisements
+ SHOULD NOT modify the invalidation timer for the
+ link-local prefix.
+
+ Default Router List
+ - A list of routers to which packets may be sent.
+ Router list entries point to entries in the
+ Neighbor Cache; the algorithm for selecting a
+ default router favors routers known to be reachable
+ over those whose reachability is suspect. Each
+ entry also has an associated invalidation timer
+ value (extracted from Router Advertisements) used
+ to delete entries that are no longer advertised.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 34]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ Note that the above conceptual data structures can be implemented
+ using a variety of techniques. One possible implementation is to use
+ a single longest-match routing table for all of the above data
+ structures. Regardless of the specific implementation, it is
+ critical that the Neighbor Cache entry for a router is shared by all
+ Destination Cache entries using that router in order to prevent
+ redundant Neighbor Unreachability Detection probes.
+
+ Note also that other protocols (e.g., Mobile IPv6) might add
+ additional conceptual data structures. An implementation is at
+ liberty to implement such data structures in any way it pleases. For
+ example, an implementation could merge all conceptual data structures
+ into a single routing table.
+
+ The Neighbor Cache contains information maintained by the Neighbor
+ Unreachability Detection algorithm. A key piece of information is a
+ neighbor's reachability state, which is one of five possible values.
+ The following definitions are informal; precise definitions can be
+ found in Section 7.3.2.
+
+ INCOMPLETE Address resolution is in progress and the link-layer
+ address of the neighbor has not yet been determined.
+
+ REACHABLE Roughly speaking, the neighbor is known to have been
+ reachable recently (within tens of seconds ago).
+
+ STALE The neighbor is no longer known to be reachable but
+ until traffic is sent to the neighbor, no attempt
+ should be made to verify its reachability.
+
+ DELAY The neighbor is no longer known to be reachable, and
+ traffic has recently been sent to the neighbor.
+ Rather than probe the neighbor immediately, however,
+ delay sending probes for a short while in order to
+ give upper-layer protocols a chance to provide
+ reachability confirmation.
+
+ PROBE The neighbor is no longer known to be reachable, and
+ unicast Neighbor Solicitation probes are being sent to
+ verify reachability.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 35]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+5.2. Conceptual Sending Algorithm
+
+ When sending a packet to a destination, a node uses a combination of
+ the Destination Cache, the Prefix List, and the Default Router List
+ to determine the IP address of the appropriate next hop, an operation
+ known as "next-hop determination". Once the IP address of the next
+ hop is known, the Neighbor Cache is consulted for link-layer
+ information about that neighbor.
+
+ Next-hop determination for a given unicast destination operates as
+ follows. The sender performs a longest prefix match against the
+ Prefix List to determine whether the packet's destination is on- or
+ off-link. If the destination is on-link, the next-hop address is the
+ same as the packet's destination address. Otherwise, the sender
+ selects a router from the Default Router List (following the rules
+ described in Section 6.3.6).
+
+ For efficiency reasons, next-hop determination is not performed on
+ every packet that is sent. Instead, the results of next-hop
+ determination computations are saved in the Destination Cache (which
+ also contains updates learned from Redirect messages). When the
+ sending node has a packet to send, it first examines the Destination
+ Cache. If no entry exists for the destination, next-hop
+ determination is invoked to create a Destination Cache entry.
+
+ Once the IP address of the next-hop node is known, the sender
+ examines the Neighbor Cache for link-layer information about that
+ neighbor. If no entry exists, the sender creates one, sets its state
+ to INCOMPLETE, initiates Address Resolution, and then queues the data
+ packet pending completion of address resolution. For multicast-
+ capable interfaces Address Resolution consists of sending a Neighbor
+ Solicitation message and waiting for a Neighbor Advertisement. When
+ a Neighbor Advertisement response is received, the link-layer
+ addresses is entered in the Neighbor Cache entry and the queued
+ packet is transmitted. The address resolution mechanism is described
+ in detail in Section 7.2.
+
+ For multicast packets, the next-hop is always the (multicast)
+ destination address and is considered to be on-link. The procedure
+ for determining the link-layer address corresponding to a given IP
+ multicast address can be found in a separate document that covers
+ operating IP over a particular link type (e.g., [IPv6-ETHER]).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 36]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ Each time a Neighbor Cache entry is accessed while transmitting a
+ unicast packet, the sender checks Neighbor Unreachability Detection
+ related information according to the Neighbor Unreachability
+ Detection algorithm (Section 7.3). This unreachability check might
+ result in the sender transmitting a unicast Neighbor Solicitation to
+ verify that the neighbor is still reachable.
+
+ Next-hop determination is done the first time traffic is sent to a
+ destination. As long as subsequent communication to that destination
+ proceeds successfully, the Destination Cache entry continues to be
+ used. If at some point communication ceases to proceed, as
+ determined by the Neighbor Unreachability Detection algorithm, next-
+ hop determination may need to be performed again. For example,
+ traffic through a failed router should be switched to a working
+ router. Likewise, it may be possible to reroute traffic destined for
+ a mobile node to a "mobility agent".
+
+ Note that when a node redoes next-hop determination there is no need
+ to discard the complete Destination Cache entry. In fact, it is
+ generally beneficial to retain such cached information as the PMTU
+ and round-trip timer values that may also be kept in the Destination
+ Cache entry.
+
+ Routers and multihomed hosts have multiple interfaces. The remainder
+ of this document assumes that all sent and received Neighbor
+ Discovery messages refer to the interface of appropriate context.
+ For example, when responding to a Router Solicitation, the
+ corresponding Router Advertisement is sent out the interface on which
+ the solicitation was received.
+
+5.3. Garbage Collection and Timeout Requirements
+
+ The conceptual data structures described above use different
+ mechanisms for discarding potentially stale or unused information.
+
+ From the perspective of correctness, there is no need to periodically
+ purge Destination and Neighbor Cache entries. Although stale
+ information can potentially remain in the cache indefinitely, the
+ Neighbor Unreachability Detection algorithm ensures that stale
+ information is purged quickly if it is actually being used.
+
+ To limit the storage needed for the Destination and Neighbor Caches,
+ a node may need to garbage-collect old entries. However, care must
+ be taken to ensure that sufficient space is always present to hold
+ the working set of active entries. A small cache may result in an
+ excessive number of Neighbor Discovery messages if entries are
+ discarded and rebuilt in quick succession. Any Least Recently Used
+ (LRU)-based policy that only reclaims entries that have not been used
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 37]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ in some time (e.g., ten minutes or more) should be adequate for
+ garbage-collecting unused entries.
+
+ A node should retain entries in the Default Router List and the
+ Prefix List until their lifetimes expire. However, a node may
+ garbage-collect entries prematurely if it is low on memory. If not
+ all routers are kept on the Default Router list, a node should retain
+ at least two entries in the Default Router List (and preferably more)
+ in order to maintain robust connectivity for off-link destinations.
+
+ When removing an entry from the Prefix List, there is no need to
+ purge any entries from the Destination or Neighbor Caches. Neighbor
+ Unreachability Detection will efficiently purge any entries in these
+ caches that have become invalid. When removing an entry from the
+ Default Router List, however, any entries in the Destination Cache
+ that go through that router must perform next-hop determination again
+ to select a new default router.
+
+6. Router and Prefix Discovery
+
+ This section describes router and host behavior related to the Router
+ Discovery portion of Neighbor Discovery. Router Discovery is used to
+ locate neighboring routers as well as learn prefixes and
+ configuration parameters related to stateless address
+ autoconfiguration.
+
+ Prefix Discovery is the process through which hosts learn the ranges
+ of IP addresses that reside on-link and can be reached directly
+ without going through a router. Routers send Router Advertisements
+ that indicate whether the sender is willing to be a default router.
+ Router Advertisements also contain Prefix Information options that
+ list the set of prefixes that identify on-link IP addresses.
+
+ Stateless Address Autoconfiguration must also obtain subnet prefixes
+ as part of configuring addresses. Although the prefixes used for
+ address autoconfiguration are logically distinct from those used for
+ on-link determination, autoconfiguration information is piggybacked
+ on Router Discovery messages to reduce network traffic. Indeed, the
+ same prefixes can be advertised for on-link determination and address
+ autoconfiguration by specifying the appropriate flags in the Prefix
+ Information options. See [ADDRCONF] for details on how
+ autoconfiguration information is processed.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 38]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+6.1. Message Validation
+
+6.1.1. Validation of Router Solicitation Messages
+
+ Hosts MUST silently discard any received Router Solicitation
+ Messages.
+
+ A router MUST silently discard any received Router Solicitation
+ messages that do not satisfy all of the following validity checks:
+
+ - The IP Hop Limit field has a value of 255, i.e., the packet
+ could not possibly have been forwarded by a router.
+
+ - ICMP Checksum is valid.
+
+ - ICMP Code is 0.
+
+ - ICMP length (derived from the IP length) is 8 or more octets.
+
+ - All included options have a length that is greater than zero.
+
+ - If the IP source address is the unspecified address, there is no
+ source link-layer address option in the message.
+
+ The contents of the Reserved field, and of any unrecognized options,
+ MUST be ignored. Future, backward-compatible changes to the protocol
+ may specify the contents of the Reserved field or add new options;
+ backward-incompatible changes may use different Code values.
+
+ The contents of any defined options that are not specified to be used
+ with Router Solicitation messages MUST be ignored and the packet
+ processed as normal. The only defined option that may appear is the
+ Source Link-Layer Address option.
+
+ A solicitation that passes the validity checks is called a "valid
+ solicitation".
+
+6.1.2. Validation of Router Advertisement Messages
+
+ A node MUST silently discard any received Router Advertisement
+ messages that do not satisfy all of the following validity checks:
+
+ - IP Source Address is a link-local address. Routers must use
+ their link-local address as the source for Router Advertisement
+ and Redirect messages so that hosts can uniquely identify
+ routers.
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 39]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ - The IP Hop Limit field has a value of 255, i.e., the packet
+ could not possibly have been forwarded by a router.
+
+ - ICMP Checksum is valid.
+
+ - ICMP Code is 0.
+
+ - ICMP length (derived from the IP length) is 16 or more octets.
+
+ - All included options have a length that is greater than zero.
+
+ The contents of the Reserved field, and of any unrecognized options,
+ MUST be ignored. Future, backward-compatible changes to the protocol
+ may specify the contents of the Reserved field or add new options;
+ backward-incompatible changes may use different Code values.
+
+ The contents of any defined options that are not specified to be used
+ with Router Advertisement messages MUST be ignored and the packet
+ processed as normal. The only defined options that may appear are
+ the Source Link-Layer Address, Prefix Information and MTU options.
+
+ An advertisement that passes the validity checks is called a "valid
+ advertisement".
+
+6.2. Router Specification
+
+6.2.1. Router Configuration Variables
+
+ A router MUST allow for the following conceptual variables to be
+ configured by system management. The specific variable names are
+ used for demonstration purposes only, and an implementation is not
+ required to have them, so long as its external behavior is consistent
+ with that described in this document. Default values are specified
+ to simplify configuration in common cases.
+
+ The default values for some of the variables listed below may be
+ overridden by specific documents that describe how IPv6 operates over
+ different link layers. This rule simplifies the configuration of
+ Neighbor Discovery over link types with widely differing performance
+ characteristics.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 40]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ For each interface:
+
+ IsRouter A flag indicating whether routing is enabled on
+ this interface. Enabling routing on the interface
+ would imply that a router can forward packets to or
+ from the interface.
+
+ Default: FALSE
+
+ AdvSendAdvertisements
+ A flag indicating whether or not the router sends
+ periodic Router Advertisements and responds to
+ Router Solicitations.
+
+ Default: FALSE
+
+ Note that AdvSendAdvertisements MUST be FALSE by
+ default so that a node will not accidentally start
+ acting as a router unless it is explicitly
+ configured by system management to send Router
+ Advertisements.
+
+ MaxRtrAdvInterval
+ The maximum time allowed between sending
+ unsolicited multicast Router Advertisements from
+ the interface, in seconds. MUST be no less than 4
+ seconds and no greater than 1800 seconds.
+
+ Default: 600 seconds
+
+ MinRtrAdvInterval
+ The minimum time allowed between sending
+ unsolicited multicast Router Advertisements from
+ the interface, in seconds. MUST be no less than 3
+ seconds and no greater than .75 *
+ MaxRtrAdvInterval.
+
+ Default: 0.33 * MaxRtrAdvInterval If
+ MaxRtrAdvInterval >= 9 seconds; otherwise, the
+ Default is MaxRtrAdvInterval.
+
+ AdvManagedFlag
+ The TRUE/FALSE value to be placed in the "Managed
+ address configuration" flag field in the Router
+ Advertisement. See [ADDRCONF].
+
+ Default: FALSE
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 41]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ AdvOtherConfigFlag
+ The TRUE/FALSE value to be placed in the "Other
+ configuration" flag field in the Router
+ Advertisement. See [ADDRCONF].
+
+ Default: FALSE
+
+ AdvLinkMTU The value to be placed in MTU options sent by the
+ router. A value of zero indicates that no MTU
+ options are sent.
+
+ Default: 0
+
+ AdvReachableTime
+ The value to be placed in the Reachable Time field
+ in the Router Advertisement messages sent by the
+ router. The value zero means unspecified (by this
+ router). MUST be no greater than 3,600,000
+ milliseconds (1 hour).
+
+ Default: 0
+
+ AdvRetransTimer The value to be placed in the Retrans Timer field
+ in the Router Advertisement messages sent by the
+ router. The value zero means unspecified (by this
+ router).
+
+ Default: 0
+
+ AdvCurHopLimit
+ The default value to be placed in the Cur Hop Limit
+ field in the Router Advertisement messages sent by
+ the router. The value should be set to the current
+ diameter of the Internet. The value zero means
+ unspecified (by this router).
+
+ Default: The value specified in the "Assigned
+ Numbers" [ASSIGNED] that was in effect at the time
+ of implementation.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 42]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ AdvDefaultLifetime
+ The value to be placed in the Router Lifetime field
+ of Router Advertisements sent from the interface,
+ in seconds. MUST be either zero or between
+ MaxRtrAdvInterval and 9000 seconds. A value of
+ zero indicates that the router is not to be used as
+ a default router. These limits may be overridden
+ by specific documents that describe how IPv6
+ operates over different link layers. For instance,
+ in a point-to-point link the peers may have enough
+ information about the number and status of devices
+ at the other end so that advertisements are needed
+ less frequently.
+
+ Default: 3 * MaxRtrAdvInterval
+
+ AdvPrefixList
+ A list of prefixes to be placed in Prefix
+ Information options in Router Advertisement
+ messages sent from the interface.
+
+ Default: all prefixes that the router advertises
+ via routing protocols as being on-link for the
+ interface from which the advertisement is sent.
+ The link-local prefix SHOULD NOT be included in the
+ list of advertised prefixes.
+
+ Each prefix has an associated:
+
+ AdvValidLifetime
+ The value to be placed in the Valid
+ Lifetime in the Prefix Information option,
+ in seconds. The designated value of all
+ 1's (0xffffffff) represents infinity.
+ Implementations MAY allow AdvValidLifetime
+ to be specified in two ways:
+
+ - a time that decrements in real time,
+ that is, one that will result in a
+ Lifetime of zero at the specified time
+ in the future, or
+
+ - a fixed time that stays the same in
+ consecutive advertisements.
+
+ Default: 2592000 seconds (30 days), fixed
+ (i.e., stays the same in consecutive
+ advertisements).
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 43]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ AdvOnLinkFlag
+ The value to be placed in the on-link flag
+ ("L-bit") field in the Prefix Information
+ option.
+
+ Default: TRUE
+
+ Stateless address configuration [ADDRCONF] defines
+ additional information associated with each of the
+ prefixes:
+
+ AdvPreferredLifetime
+ The value to be placed in the Preferred
+ Lifetime in the Prefix Information option,
+ in seconds. The designated value of all
+ 1's (0xffffffff) represents infinity. See
+ [ADDRCONF] for details on how this value is
+ used. Implementations MAY allow
+ AdvPreferredLifetime to be specified in two
+ ways:
+
+ - a time that decrements in real time,
+ that is, one that will result in a
+ Lifetime of zero at a specified time in
+ the future, or
+
+ - a fixed time that stays the same in
+ consecutive advertisements.
+
+ Default: 604800 seconds (7 days), fixed
+ (i.e., stays the same in consecutive
+ advertisements). This value MUST NOT be
+ larger than AdvValidLifetime.
+
+ AdvAutonomousFlag
+ The value to be placed in the Autonomous
+ Flag field in the Prefix Information
+ option. See [ADDRCONF].
+
+ Default: TRUE
+
+ The above variables contain information that is placed in outgoing
+ Router Advertisement messages. Hosts use the received information to
+ initialize a set of analogous variables that control their external
+ behavior (see Section 6.3.2). Some of these host variables (e.g.,
+ CurHopLimit, RetransTimer, and ReachableTime) apply to all nodes
+ including routers. In practice, these variables may not actually be
+ present on routers, since their contents can be derived from the
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 44]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ variables described above. However, external router behavior MUST be
+ the same as host behavior with respect to these variables. In
+ particular, this includes the occasional randomization of the
+ ReachableTime value as described in Section 6.3.2.
+
+ Protocol constants are defined in Section 10.
+
+6.2.2. Becoming an Advertising Interface
+
+ The term "advertising interface" refers to any functioning and
+ enabled interface that has at least one unicast IP address assigned
+ to it and whose corresponding AdvSendAdvertisements flag is TRUE. A
+ router MUST NOT send Router Advertisements out any interface that is
+ not an advertising interface.
+
+ An interface may become an advertising interface at times other than
+ system startup. For example:
+
+ - changing the AdvSendAdvertisements flag on an enabled interface
+ from FALSE to TRUE, or
+
+ - administratively enabling the interface, if it had been
+ administratively disabled, and its AdvSendAdvertisements flag is
+ TRUE, or
+
+ - enabling IP forwarding capability (i.e., changing the system
+ from being a host to being a router), when the interface's
+ AdvSendAdvertisements flag is TRUE.
+
+ A router MUST join the all-routers multicast address on an
+ advertising interface. Routers respond to Router Solicitations sent
+ to the all-routers address and verify the consistency of Router
+ Advertisements sent by neighboring routers.
+
+6.2.3. Router Advertisement Message Content
+
+ A router sends periodic as well as solicited Router Advertisements
+ out its advertising interfaces. Outgoing Router Advertisements are
+ filled with the following values consistent with the message format
+ given in Section 4.2:
+
+ - In the Router Lifetime field: the interface's configured
+ AdvDefaultLifetime.
+
+ - In the M and O flags: the interface's configured AdvManagedFlag
+ and AdvOtherConfigFlag, respectively.
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 45]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ - In the Cur Hop Limit field: the interface's configured
+ CurHopLimit.
+
+ - In the Reachable Time field: the interface's configured
+ AdvReachableTime.
+
+ - In the Retrans Timer field: the interface's configured
+ AdvRetransTimer.
+
+ - In the options:
+
+ o Source Link-Layer Address option: link-layer address of the
+ sending interface. This option MAY be omitted to
+ facilitate in-bound load balancing over replicated
+ interfaces.
+
+ o MTU option: the interface's configured AdvLinkMTU value if
+ the value is non-zero. If AdvLinkMTU is zero, the MTU
+ option is not sent.
+
+ o Prefix Information options: one Prefix Information option
+ for each prefix listed in AdvPrefixList with the option
+ fields set from the information in the AdvPrefixList entry
+ as follows:
+
+ - In the "on-link" flag: the entry's AdvOnLinkFlag.
+
+ - In the Valid Lifetime field: the entry's
+ AdvValidLifetime.
+
+ - In the "Autonomous address configuration" flag: the
+ entry's AdvAutonomousFlag.
+
+ - In the Preferred Lifetime field: the entry's
+ AdvPreferredLifetime.
+
+ A router might want to send Router Advertisements without advertising
+ itself as a default router. For instance, a router might advertise
+ prefixes for stateless address autoconfiguration while not wishing to
+ forward packets. Such a router sets the Router Lifetime field in
+ outgoing advertisements to zero.
+
+ A router MAY choose not to include some or all options when sending
+ unsolicited Router Advertisements. For example, if prefix lifetimes
+ are much longer than AdvDefaultLifetime, including them every few
+ advertisements may be sufficient. However, when responding to a
+ Router Solicitation or while sending the first few initial
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 46]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ unsolicited advertisements, a router SHOULD include all options so
+ that all information (e.g., prefixes) is propagated quickly during
+ system initialization.
+
+ If including all options causes the size of an advertisement to
+ exceed the link MTU, multiple advertisements can be sent, each
+ containing a subset of the options.
+
+6.2.4. Sending Unsolicited Router Advertisements
+
+ A host MUST NOT send Router Advertisement messages at any time.
+
+ Unsolicited Router Advertisements are not strictly periodic: the
+ interval between subsequent transmissions is randomized to reduce the
+ probability of synchronization with the advertisements from other
+ routers on the same link [SYNC]. Each advertising interface has its
+ own timer. Whenever a multicast advertisement is sent from an
+ interface, the timer is reset to a uniformly distributed random value
+ between the interface's configured MinRtrAdvInterval and
+ MaxRtrAdvInterval; expiration of the timer causes the next
+ advertisement to be sent and a new random value to be chosen.
+
+ For the first few advertisements (up to
+ MAX_INITIAL_RTR_ADVERTISEMENTS) sent from an interface when it
+ becomes an advertising interface, if the randomly chosen interval is
+ greater than MAX_INITIAL_RTR_ADVERT_INTERVAL, the timer SHOULD be set
+ to MAX_INITIAL_RTR_ADVERT_INTERVAL instead. Using a smaller interval
+ for the initial advertisements increases the likelihood of a router
+ being discovered quickly when it first becomes available, in the
+ presence of possible packet loss.
+
+ The information contained in Router Advertisements may change through
+ actions of system management. For instance, the lifetime of
+ advertised prefixes may change, new prefixes could be added, a router
+ could cease to be a router (i.e., switch from being a router to being
+ a host), etc. In such cases, the router MAY transmit up to
+ MAX_INITIAL_RTR_ADVERTISEMENTS unsolicited advertisements, using the
+ same rules as when an interface becomes an advertising interface.
+
+6.2.5. Ceasing To Be an Advertising Interface
+
+ An interface may cease to be an advertising interface, through
+ actions of system management such as:
+
+ - changing the AdvSendAdvertisements flag of an enabled interface
+ from TRUE to FALSE, or
+
+ - administratively disabling the interface, or
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 47]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ - shutting down the system.
+
+ In such cases, the router SHOULD transmit one or more (but not more
+ than MAX_FINAL_RTR_ADVERTISEMENTS) final multicast Router
+ Advertisements on the interface with a Router Lifetime field of zero.
+ In the case of a router becoming a host, the system SHOULD also
+ depart from the all-routers IP multicast group on all interfaces on
+ which the router supports IP multicast (whether or not they had been
+ advertising interfaces). In addition, the host MUST ensure that
+ subsequent Neighbor Advertisement messages sent from the interface
+ have the Router flag set to zero.
+
+ Note that system management may disable a router's IP forwarding
+ capability (i.e., changing the system from being a router to being a
+ host), a step that does not necessarily imply that the router's
+ interfaces stop being advertising interfaces. In such cases,
+ subsequent Router Advertisements MUST set the Router Lifetime field
+ to zero.
+
+6.2.6. Processing Router Solicitations
+
+ A host MUST silently discard any received Router Solicitation
+ messages.
+
+ In addition to sending periodic, unsolicited advertisements, a router
+ sends advertisements in response to valid solicitations received on
+ an advertising interface. A router MAY choose to unicast the
+ response directly to the soliciting host's address (if the
+ solicitation's source address is not the unspecified address), but
+ the usual case is to multicast the response to the all-nodes group.
+ In the latter case, the interface's interval timer is reset to a new
+ random value, as if an unsolicited advertisement had just been sent
+ (see Section 6.2.4).
+
+ In all cases, Router Advertisements sent in response to a Router
+ Solicitation MUST be delayed by a random time between 0 and
+ MAX_RA_DELAY_TIME seconds. (If a single advertisement is sent in
+ response to multiple solicitations, the delay is relative to the
+ first solicitation.) In addition, consecutive Router Advertisements
+ sent to the all-nodes multicast address MUST be rate limited to no
+ more than one advertisement every MIN_DELAY_BETWEEN_RAS seconds.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 48]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ A router might process Router Solicitations as follows:
+
+ - Upon receipt of a Router Solicitation, compute a random delay
+ within the range 0 through MAX_RA_DELAY_TIME. If the computed
+ value corresponds to a time later than the time the next multicast
+ Router Advertisement is scheduled to be sent, ignore the random
+ delay and send the advertisement at the already-scheduled time.
+
+ - If the router sent a multicast Router Advertisement (solicited or
+ unsolicited) within the last MIN_DELAY_BETWEEN_RAS seconds,
+ schedule the advertisement to be sent at a time corresponding to
+ MIN_DELAY_BETWEEN_RAS plus the random value after the previous
+ advertisement was sent. This ensures that the multicast Router
+ Advertisements are rate limited.
+
+ - Otherwise, schedule the sending of a Router Advertisement at the
+ time given by the random value.
+
+ Note that a router is permitted to send multicast Router
+ Advertisements more frequently than indicated by the
+ MinRtrAdvInterval configuration variable so long as the more frequent
+ advertisements are responses to Router Solicitations. In all cases,
+ however, unsolicited multicast advertisements MUST NOT be sent more
+ frequently than indicated by MinRtrAdvInterval.
+
+ Router Solicitations in which the Source Address is the unspecified
+ address MUST NOT update the router's Neighbor Cache; solicitations
+ with a proper source address update the Neighbor Cache as follows.
+ If the router already has a Neighbor Cache entry for the
+ solicitation's sender, the solicitation contains a Source Link-Layer
+ Address option, and the received link-layer address differs from that
+ already in the cache, then the link-layer address SHOULD be updated
+ in the appropriate Neighbor Cache entry, and its reachability state
+ MUST also be set to STALE. If there is no existing Neighbor Cache
+ entry for the solicitation's sender, the router creates one, installs
+ the link- layer address and sets its reachability state to STALE as
+ specified in Section 7.3.3. If there is no existing Neighbor Cache
+ entry and no Source Link-Layer Address option was present in the
+ solicitation, the router may respond with either a multicast or a
+ unicast router advertisement. Whether or not a Source Link-Layer
+ Address option is provided, if a Neighbor Cache entry for the
+ solicitation's sender exists (or is created) the entry's IsRouter
+ flag MUST be set to FALSE.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 49]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+6.2.7. Router Advertisement Consistency
+
+ Routers SHOULD inspect valid Router Advertisements sent by other
+ routers and verify that the routers are advertising consistent
+ information on a link. Detected inconsistencies indicate that one or
+ more routers might be misconfigured and SHOULD be logged to system or
+ network management. The minimum set of information to check
+ includes:
+
+ - Cur Hop Limit values (except for the unspecified value of zero
+ other inconsistencies SHOULD be logged to system network
+ management).
+
+ - Values of the M or O flags.
+
+ - Reachable Time values (except for the unspecified value of zero).
+
+ - Retrans Timer values (except for the unspecified value of zero).
+
+ - Values in the MTU options.
+
+ - Preferred and Valid Lifetimes for the same prefix. If
+ AdvPreferredLifetime and/or AdvValidLifetime decrement in real
+ time as specified in Section 6.2.1 then the comparison of the
+ lifetimes cannot compare the content of the fields in the Router
+ Advertisement, but must instead compare the time at which the
+ prefix will become deprecated and invalidated, respectively. Due
+ to link propagation delays and potentially poorly synchronized
+ clocks between the routers such comparison SHOULD allow some time
+ skew.
+
+ Note that it is not an error for different routers to advertise
+ different sets of prefixes. Also, some routers might leave some
+ fields as unspecified, i.e., with the value zero, while other routers
+ specify values. The logging of errors SHOULD be restricted to
+ conflicting information that causes hosts to switch from one value to
+ another with each received advertisement.
+
+ Any other action on reception of Router Advertisement messages by a
+ router is beyond the scope of this document.
+
+6.2.8. Link-local Address Change
+
+ The link-local address on a router should rarely change, if ever.
+ Nodes receiving Neighbor Discovery messages use the source address to
+ identify the sender. If multiple packets from the same router
+ contain different source addresses, nodes will assume they come from
+ different routers, leading to undesirable behavior. For example, a
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 50]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ node will ignore Redirect messages that are believed to have been
+ sent by a router other than the current first-hop router. Thus, the
+ source address used in Router Advertisements sent by a particular
+ router must be identical to the target address in a Redirect message
+ when redirecting to that router.
+
+ Using the link-local address to uniquely identify routers on the link
+ has the benefit that the address a router is known by should not
+ change when a site renumbers.
+
+ If a router changes the link-local address for one of its interfaces,
+ it SHOULD inform hosts of this change. The router SHOULD multicast a
+ few Router Advertisements from the old link-local address with the
+ Router Lifetime field set to zero and also multicast a few Router
+ Advertisements from the new link-local address. The overall effect
+ should be the same as if one interface ceases being an advertising
+ interface, and a different one starts being an advertising interface.
+
+6.3. Host Specification
+
+6.3.1. Host Configuration Variables
+
+ None.
+
+6.3.2. Host Variables
+
+ A host maintains certain Neighbor-Discovery-related variables in
+ addition to the data structures defined in Section 5.1. The specific
+ variable names are used for demonstration purposes only, and an
+ implementation is not required to have them, so long as its external
+ behavior is consistent with that described in this document.
+
+ These variables have default values that are overridden by
+ information received in Router Advertisement messages. The default
+ values are used when there is no router on the link or when all
+ received Router Advertisements have left a particular value
+ unspecified.
+
+ The default values in this specification may be overridden by
+ specific documents that describe how IP operates over different link
+ layers. This rule allows Neighbor Discovery to operate over links
+ with widely varying performance characteristics.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 51]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ For each interface:
+
+ LinkMTU The MTU of the link.
+ Default: The valued defined in the specific
+ document that describes how IPv6 operates over
+ the particular link layer (e.g., [IPv6-ETHER]).
+
+ CurHopLimit The default hop limit to be used when sending IP
+ packets.
+
+ Default: The value specified in the "Assigned
+ Numbers" [ASSIGNED] that was in effect at the
+ time of implementation.
+
+ BaseReachableTime
+ A base value used for computing the random
+ ReachableTime value.
+
+ Default: REACHABLE_TIME milliseconds.
+
+ ReachableTime The time a neighbor is considered reachable after
+ receiving a reachability confirmation.
+
+ This value should be a uniformly distributed
+ random value between MIN_RANDOM_FACTOR and
+ MAX_RANDOM_FACTOR times BaseReachableTime
+ milliseconds. A new random value should be
+ calculated when BaseReachableTime changes (due to
+ Router Advertisements) or at least every few
+ hours even if no Router Advertisements are
+ received.
+
+ RetransTimer The time between retransmissions of Neighbor
+ Solicitation messages to a neighbor when
+ resolving the address or when probing the
+ reachability of a neighbor.
+
+ Default: RETRANS_TIMER milliseconds
+
+6.3.3. Interface Initialization
+
+ The host joins the all-nodes multicast address on all multicast-
+ capable interfaces.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 52]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+6.3.4. Processing Received Router Advertisements
+
+ When multiple routers are present, the information advertised
+ collectively by all routers may be a superset of the information
+ contained in a single Router Advertisement. Moreover, information
+ may also be obtained through other dynamic means like DHCPv6. Hosts
+ accept the union of all received information; the receipt of a Router
+ Advertisement MUST NOT invalidate all information received in a
+ previous advertisement or from another source. However, when
+ received information for a specific parameter (e.g., Link MTU) or
+ option (e.g., Lifetime on a specific Prefix) differs from information
+ received earlier, and the parameter/option can only have one value,
+ the most recently received information is considered authoritative.
+
+ A Router Advertisement field (e.g., Cur Hop Limit, Reachable Time,
+ and Retrans Timer) may contain a value denoting that it is
+ unspecified. In such cases, the parameter should be ignored and the
+ host should continue using whatever value it is already using. In
+ particular, a host MUST NOT interpret the unspecified value as
+ meaning change back to the default value that was in use before the
+ first Router Advertisement was received. This rule prevents hosts
+ from continually changing an internal variable when one router
+ advertises a specific value, but other routers advertise the
+ unspecified value.
+
+ On receipt of a valid Router Advertisement, a host extracts the
+ source address of the packet and does the following:
+
+ - If the address is not already present in the host's Default
+ Router List, and the advertisement's Router Lifetime is non-
+ zero, create a new entry in the list, and initialize its
+ invalidation timer value from the advertisement's Router
+ Lifetime field.
+
+ - If the address is already present in the host's Default Router
+ List as a result of a previously received advertisement, reset
+ its invalidation timer to the Router Lifetime value in the newly
+ received advertisement.
+
+ - If the address is already present in the host's Default Router
+ List and the received Router Lifetime value is zero, immediately
+ time-out the entry as specified in Section 6.3.5.
+
+ To limit the storage needed for the Default Router List, a host MAY
+ choose not to store all of the router addresses discovered via
+ advertisements. However, a host MUST retain at least two router
+ addresses and SHOULD retain more. Default router selections are made
+ whenever communication to a destination appears to be failing. Thus,
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 53]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ the more routers on the list, the more likely an alternative working
+ router can be found quickly (e.g., without having to wait for the
+ next advertisement to arrive).
+
+ If the received Cur Hop Limit value is non-zero, the host SHOULD set
+ its CurHopLimit variable to the received value.
+
+ If the received Reachable Time value is non-zero, the host SHOULD set
+ its BaseReachableTime variable to the received value. If the new
+ value differs from the previous value, the host SHOULD re-compute a
+ new random ReachableTime value. ReachableTime is computed as a
+ uniformly distributed random value between MIN_RANDOM_FACTOR and
+ MAX_RANDOM_FACTOR times the BaseReachableTime. Using a random
+ component eliminates the possibility that Neighbor Unreachability
+ Detection messages will synchronize with each other.
+
+ In most cases, the advertised Reachable Time value will be the same
+ in consecutive Router Advertisements, and a host's BaseReachableTime
+ rarely changes. In such cases, an implementation SHOULD ensure that
+ a new random value gets re-computed at least once every few hours.
+
+ The RetransTimer variable SHOULD be copied from the Retrans Timer
+ field, if the received value is non-zero.
+
+ After extracting information from the fixed part of the Router
+ Advertisement message, the advertisement is scanned for valid
+ options. If the advertisement contains a Source Link-Layer Address
+ option, the link-layer address SHOULD be recorded in the Neighbor
+ Cache entry for the router (creating an entry if necessary) and the
+ IsRouter flag in the Neighbor Cache entry MUST be set to TRUE. If no
+ Source Link-Layer Address is included, but a corresponding Neighbor
+ Cache entry exists, its IsRouter flag MUST be set to TRUE. The
+ IsRouter flag is used by Neighbor Unreachability Detection to
+ determine when a router changes to being a host (i.e., no longer
+ capable of forwarding packets). If a Neighbor Cache entry is created
+ for the router, its reachability state MUST be set to STALE as
+ specified in Section 7.3.3. If a cache entry already exists and is
+ updated with a different link-layer address, the reachability state
+ MUST also be set to STALE.
+
+ If the MTU option is present, hosts SHOULD copy the option's value
+ into LinkMTU so long as the value is greater than or equal to the
+ minimum link MTU [IPv6] and does not exceed the maximum LinkMTU value
+ specified in the link-type-specific document (e.g., [IPv6-ETHER]).
+
+ Prefix Information options that have the "on-link" (L) flag set
+ indicate a prefix identifying a range of addresses that should be
+ considered on-link. Note, however, that a Prefix Information option
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 54]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ with the on-link flag set to zero conveys no information concerning
+ on-link determination and MUST NOT be interpreted to mean that
+ addresses covered by the prefix are off-link. The only way to cancel
+ a previous on-link indication is to advertise that prefix with the
+ L-bit set and the Lifetime set to zero. The default behavior (see
+ Section 5.2) when sending a packet to an address for which no
+ information is known about the on-link status of the address is to
+ forward the packet to a default router; the reception of a Prefix
+ Information option with the "on-link" (L) flag set to zero does not
+ change this behavior. The reasons for an address being treated as
+ on-link is specified in the definition of "on-link" in Section 2.1.
+ Prefixes with the on-link flag set to zero would normally have the
+ autonomous flag set and be used by [ADDRCONF].
+
+ For each Prefix Information option with the on-link flag set, a host
+ does the following:
+
+ - If the prefix is the link-local prefix, silently ignore the
+ Prefix Information option.
+
+ - If the prefix is not already present in the Prefix List, and the
+ Prefix Information option's Valid Lifetime field is non-zero,
+ create a new entry for the prefix and initialize its
+ invalidation timer to the Valid Lifetime value in the Prefix
+ Information option.
+
+ - If the prefix is already present in the host's Prefix List as
+ the result of a previously received advertisement, reset its
+ invalidation timer to the Valid Lifetime value in the Prefix
+ Information option. If the new Lifetime value is zero, time-out
+ the prefix immediately (see Section 6.3.5).
+
+ - If the Prefix Information option's Valid Lifetime field is zero,
+ and the prefix is not present in the host's Prefix List,
+ silently ignore the option.
+
+ Stateless address autoconfiguration [ADDRCONF] may in some
+ circumstances use a larger Valid Lifetime of a prefix or ignore it
+ completely in order to prevent a particular denial-of-service attack.
+ However, since the effect of the same denial of service targeted at
+ the on-link prefix list is not catastrophic (hosts would send packets
+ to a default router and receive a redirect rather than sending
+ packets directly to a neighbor), the Neighbor Discovery protocol does
+ not impose such a check on the prefix lifetime values. Similarly,
+ [ADDRCONF] may impose certain restrictions on the prefix length for
+ address configuration purposes. Therefore, the prefix might be
+ rejected by [ADDRCONF] implementation in the host. However, the
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 55]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ prefix length is still valid for on-link determination when combined
+ with other flags in the prefix option.
+
+ Note: Implementations can choose to process the on-link aspects of
+ the prefixes separately from the stateless address
+ autoconfiguration aspects of the prefixes by, e.g., passing a copy
+ of each valid Router Advertisement message to both an "on-link"
+ and an "addrconf" function. Each function can then operate
+ independently on the prefixes that have the appropriate flag set.
+
+6.3.5. Timing out Prefixes and Default Routers
+
+ Whenever the invalidation timer expires for a Prefix List entry, that
+ entry is discarded. No existing Destination Cache entries need be
+ updated, however. Should a reachability problem arise with an
+ existing Neighbor Cache entry, Neighbor Unreachability Detection will
+ perform any needed recovery.
+
+ Whenever the Lifetime of an entry in the Default Router List expires,
+ that entry is discarded. When removing a router from the Default
+ Router list, the node MUST update the Destination Cache in such a way
+ that all entries using the router perform next-hop determination
+ again rather than continue sending traffic to the (deleted) router.
+
+6.3.6. Default Router Selection
+
+ The algorithm for selecting a router depends in part on whether or
+ not a router is known to be reachable. The exact details of how a
+ node keeps track of a neighbor's reachability state are covered in
+ Section 7.3. The algorithm for selecting a default router is invoked
+ during next-hop determination when no Destination Cache entry exists
+ for an off-link destination or when communication through an existing
+ router appears to be failing. Under normal conditions, a router
+ would be selected the first time traffic is sent to a destination,
+ with subsequent traffic for that destination using the same router as
+ indicated in the Destination Cache modulo any changes to the
+ Destination Cache caused by Redirect messages.
+
+ The policy for selecting routers from the Default Router List is as
+ follows:
+
+ 1) Routers that are reachable or probably reachable (i.e., in any
+ state other than INCOMPLETE) SHOULD be preferred over routers
+ whose reachability is unknown or suspect (i.e., in the
+ INCOMPLETE state, or for which no Neighbor Cache entry exists).
+ Further implementation hints on default router selection when
+ multiple equivalent routers are available are discussed in
+ [LD-SHRE].
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 56]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ 2) When no routers on the list are known to be reachable or
+ probably reachable, routers SHOULD be selected in a round-robin
+ fashion, so that subsequent requests for a default router do not
+ return the same router until all other routers have been
+ selected.
+
+ Cycling through the router list in this case ensures that all
+ available routers are actively probed by the Neighbor
+ Unreachability Detection algorithm. A request for a default
+ router is made in conjunction with the sending of a packet to a
+ router, and the selected router will be probed for reachability
+ as a side effect.
+
+6.3.7. Sending Router Solicitations
+
+ When an interface becomes enabled, a host may be unwilling to wait
+ for the next unsolicited Router Advertisement to locate default
+ routers or learn prefixes. To obtain Router Advertisements quickly,
+ a host SHOULD transmit up to MAX_RTR_SOLICITATIONS Router
+ Solicitation messages, each separated by at least
+ RTR_SOLICITATION_INTERVAL seconds. Router Solicitations may be sent
+ after any of the following events:
+
+ - The interface is initialized at system startup time.
+
+ - The interface is reinitialized after a temporary interface
+ failure or after being temporarily disabled by system
+ management.
+
+ - The system changes from being a router to being a host, by
+ having its IP forwarding capability turned off by system
+ management.
+
+ - The host attaches to a link for the first time.
+
+ - The host re-attaches to a link after being detached for some
+ time.
+
+ A host sends Router Solicitations to the all-routers multicast
+ address. The IP source address is set to either one of the
+ interface's unicast addresses or the unspecified address. The Source
+ Link-Layer Address option SHOULD be set to the host's link-layer
+ address, if the IP source address is not the unspecified address.
+
+ Before a host sends an initial solicitation, it SHOULD delay the
+ transmission for a random amount of time between 0 and
+ MAX_RTR_SOLICITATION_DELAY. This serves to alleviate congestion when
+ many hosts start up on a link at the same time, such as might happen
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 57]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ after recovery from a power failure. If a host has already performed
+ a random delay since the interface became (re)enabled (e.g., as part
+ of Duplicate Address Detection [ADDRCONF]), there is no need to delay
+ again before sending the first Router Solicitation message.
+
+ In some cases, the random delay MAY be omitted if necessary. For
+ instance, a mobile node, using [MIPv6], moving to a new link would
+ need to discover such movement as soon as possible to minimize the
+ amount of packet losses resulting from the change in its topological
+ movement. Router Solicitations provide a useful tool for movement
+ detection in Mobile IPv6 as they allow mobile nodes to determine
+ movement to new links. Hence, if a mobile node received link-layer
+ information indicating that movement might have taken place, it MAY
+ send a Router Solicitation immediately, without random delays. The
+ strength of such indications should be assessed by the mobile node's
+ implementation depending on the level of certainty of the link-layer
+ hints, and it is outside the scope of this specification. Note that
+ using this mechanism inappropriately (e.g., based on weak or
+ transient indications) may result in Router Solicitation storms.
+ Furthermore, simultaneous mobility of a large number of mobile nodes
+ that use this mechanism can result in a large number of solicitations
+ sent simultaneously.
+
+ Once the host sends a Router Solicitation, and receives a valid
+ Router Advertisement with a non-zero Router Lifetime, the host MUST
+ desist from sending additional solicitations on that interface, until
+ the next time one of the above events occurs. Moreover, a host
+ SHOULD send at least one solicitation in the case where an
+ advertisement is received prior to having sent a solicitation.
+ Responses to solicited advertisements may contain more information
+ than unsolicited advertisements.
+
+ If a host sends MAX_RTR_SOLICITATIONS solicitations, and receives no
+ Router Advertisements after having waited MAX_RTR_SOLICITATION_DELAY
+ seconds after sending the last solicitation, the host concludes that
+ there are no routers on the link for the purpose of [ADDRCONF].
+ However, the host continues to receive and process Router
+ Advertisements messages in the event that routers appear on the link.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 58]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+7. Address Resolution and Neighbor Unreachability Detection
+
+ This section describes the functions related to Neighbor Solicitation
+ and Neighbor Advertisement messages and includes descriptions of
+ address resolution and the Neighbor Unreachability Detection
+ algorithm.
+
+ Neighbor Solicitation and Advertisement messages are also used for
+ Duplicate Address Detection as specified by [ADDRCONF]. In
+ particular, Duplicate Address Detection sends Neighbor Solicitation
+ messages with an unspecified source address targeting its own
+ "tentative" address. Such messages trigger nodes already using the
+ address to respond with a multicast Neighbor Advertisement indicating
+ that the address is in use.
+
+7.1. Message Validation
+
+7.1.1. Validation of Neighbor Solicitations
+
+ A node MUST silently discard any received Neighbor Solicitation
+ messages that do not satisfy all of the following validity checks:
+
+ - The IP Hop Limit field has a value of 255, i.e., the packet
+ could not possibly have been forwarded by a router.
+
+ - ICMP Checksum is valid.
+
+ - ICMP Code is 0.
+
+ - ICMP length (derived from the IP length) is 24 or more octets.
+
+ - Target Address is not a multicast address.
+
+ - All included options have a length that is greater than zero.
+
+ - If the IP source address is the unspecified address, the IP
+ destination address is a solicited-node multicast address.
+
+ - If the IP source address is the unspecified address, there is no
+ source link-layer address option in the message.
+
+ The contents of the Reserved field, and of any unrecognized options,
+ MUST be ignored. Future, backward-compatible changes to the protocol
+ may specify the contents of the Reserved field or add new options;
+ backward-incompatible changes may use different Code values.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 59]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ The contents of any defined options that are not specified to be used
+ with Neighbor Solicitation messages MUST be ignored and the packet
+ processed as normal. The only defined option that may appear is the
+ Source Link-Layer Address option.
+
+ A Neighbor Solicitation that passes the validity checks is called a
+ "valid solicitation".
+
+7.1.2. Validation of Neighbor Advertisements
+
+ A node MUST silently discard any received Neighbor Advertisement
+ messages that do not satisfy all of the following validity checks:
+
+ - The IP Hop Limit field has a value of 255, i.e., the packet
+ could not possibly have been forwarded by a router.
+
+ - ICMP Checksum is valid.
+
+ - ICMP Code is 0.
+
+ - ICMP length (derived from the IP length) is 24 or more octets.
+
+ - Target Address is not a multicast address.
+
+ - If the IP Destination Address is a multicast address the
+ Solicited flag is zero.
+
+ - All included options have a length that is greater than zero.
+
+ The contents of the Reserved field, and of any unrecognized options,
+ MUST be ignored. Future, backward-compatible changes to the protocol
+ may specify the contents of the Reserved field or add new options;
+ backward-incompatible changes may use different Code values.
+
+ The contents of any defined options that are not specified to be used
+ with Neighbor Advertisement messages MUST be ignored and the packet
+ processed as normal. The only defined option that may appear is the
+ Target Link-Layer Address option.
+
+ A Neighbor Advertisements that passes the validity checks is called a
+ "valid advertisement".
+
+7.2. Address Resolution
+
+ Address resolution is the process through which a node determines the
+ link-layer address of a neighbor given only its IP address. Address
+ resolution is performed only on addresses that are determined to be
+ on-link and for which the sender does not know the corresponding
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 60]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ link-layer address (see Section 5.2). Address resolution is never
+ performed on multicast addresses.
+
+ It is possible that a host may receive a solicitation, a router
+ advertisement, or a Redirect message without a link-layer address
+ option included. These messages MUST NOT create or update neighbor
+ cache entries, except with respect to the IsRouter flag as specified
+ in Sections 6.3.4 and 7.2.5. If a Neighbor Cache entry does not
+ exist for the source of such a message, Address Resolution will be
+ required before unicast communications with that address can begin.
+ This is particularly relevant for unicast responses to solicitations
+ where an additional packet exchange is required for advertisement
+ delivery.
+
+7.2.1. Interface Initialization
+
+ When a multicast-capable interface becomes enabled, the node MUST
+ join the all-nodes multicast address on that interface, as well as
+ the solicited-node multicast address corresponding to each of the IP
+ addresses assigned to the interface.
+
+ The set of addresses assigned to an interface may change over time.
+ New addresses might be added and old addresses might be removed
+ [ADDRCONF]. In such cases the node MUST join and leave the
+ solicited-node multicast address corresponding to the new and old
+ addresses, respectively. Joining the solicited-node multicast
+ address is done using a Multicast Listener Discovery such as [MLD] or
+ [MLDv2] protocols. Note that multiple unicast addresses may map into
+ the same solicited-node multicast address; a node MUST NOT leave the
+ solicited-node multicast group until all assigned addresses
+ corresponding to that multicast address have been removed.
+
+7.2.2. Sending Neighbor Solicitations
+
+ When a node has a unicast packet to send to a neighbor, but does not
+ know the neighbor's link-layer address, it performs address
+ resolution. For multicast-capable interfaces, this entails creating
+ a Neighbor Cache entry in the INCOMPLETE state and transmitting a
+ Neighbor Solicitation message targeted at the neighbor. The
+ solicitation is sent to the solicited-node multicast address
+ corresponding to the target address.
+
+ If the source address of the packet prompting the solicitation is the
+ same as one of the addresses assigned to the outgoing interface, that
+ address SHOULD be placed in the IP Source Address of the outgoing
+ solicitation. Otherwise, any one of the addresses assigned to the
+ interface should be used. Using the prompting packet's source
+ address when possible ensures that the recipient of the Neighbor
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 61]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ Solicitation installs in its Neighbor Cache the IP address that is
+ highly likely to be used in subsequent return traffic belonging to
+ the prompting packet's "connection".
+
+ If the solicitation is being sent to a solicited-node multicast
+ address, the sender MUST include its link-layer address (if it has
+ one) as a Source Link-Layer Address option. Otherwise, the sender
+ SHOULD include its link-layer address (if it has one) as a Source
+ Link-Layer Address option. Including the source link-layer address
+ in a multicast solicitation is required to give the target an address
+ to which it can send the Neighbor Advertisement. On unicast
+ solicitations, an implementation MAY omit the Source Link-Layer
+ Address option. The assumption here is that if the sender has a
+ peer's link-layer address in its cache, there is a high probability
+ that the peer will also have an entry in its cache for the sender.
+ Consequently, it need not be sent.
+
+ While waiting for address resolution to complete, the sender MUST,
+ for each neighbor, retain a small queue of packets waiting for
+ address resolution to complete. The queue MUST hold at least one
+ packet, and MAY contain more. However, the number of queued packets
+ per neighbor SHOULD be limited to some small value. When a queue
+ overflows, the new arrival SHOULD replace the oldest entry. Once
+ address resolution completes, the node transmits any queued packets.
+
+ While awaiting a response, the sender SHOULD retransmit Neighbor
+ Solicitation messages approximately every RetransTimer milliseconds,
+ even in the absence of additional traffic to the neighbor.
+ Retransmissions MUST be rate-limited to at most one solicitation per
+ neighbor every RetransTimer milliseconds.
+
+ If no Neighbor Advertisement is received after MAX_MULTICAST_SOLICIT
+ solicitations, address resolution has failed. The sender MUST return
+ ICMP destination unreachable indications with code 3 (Address
+ Unreachable) for each packet queued awaiting address resolution.
+
+7.2.3. Receipt of Neighbor Solicitations
+
+ A valid Neighbor Solicitation that does not meet any of the following
+ requirements MUST be silently discarded:
+
+ - The Target Address is a "valid" unicast or anycast address
+ assigned to the receiving interface [ADDRCONF],
+
+ - The Target Address is a unicast or anycast address for which the
+ node is offering proxy service, or
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 62]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ - The Target Address is a "tentative" address on which Duplicate
+ Address Detection is being performed [ADDRCONF].
+
+ If the Target Address is tentative, the Neighbor Solicitation should
+ be processed as described in [ADDRCONF]. Otherwise, the following
+ description applies. If the Source Address is not the unspecified
+ address and, on link layers that have addresses, the solicitation
+ includes a Source Link-Layer Address option, then the recipient
+ SHOULD create or update the Neighbor Cache entry for the IP Source
+ Address of the solicitation. If an entry does not already exist, the
+ node SHOULD create a new one and set its reachability state to STALE
+ as specified in Section 7.3.3. If an entry already exists, and the
+ cached link-layer address differs from the one in the received Source
+ Link-Layer option, the cached address should be replaced by the
+ received address, and the entry's reachability state MUST be set to
+ STALE.
+
+ If a Neighbor Cache entry is created, the IsRouter flag SHOULD be set
+ to FALSE. This will be the case even if the Neighbor Solicitation is
+ sent by a router since the Neighbor Solicitation messages do not
+ contain an indication of whether or not the sender is a router. In
+ the event that the sender is a router, subsequent Neighbor
+ Advertisement or Router Advertisement messages will set the correct
+ IsRouter value. If a Neighbor Cache entry already exists, its
+ IsRouter flag MUST NOT be modified.
+
+ If the Source Address is the unspecified address, the node MUST NOT
+ create or update the Neighbor Cache entry.
+
+ After any updates to the Neighbor Cache, the node sends a Neighbor
+ Advertisement response as described in the next section.
+
+7.2.4. Sending Solicited Neighbor Advertisements
+
+ A node sends a Neighbor Advertisement in response to a valid Neighbor
+ Solicitation targeting one of the node's assigned addresses. The
+ Target Address of the advertisement is copied from the Target Address
+ of the solicitation. If the solicitation's IP Destination Address is
+ not a multicast address, the Target Link-Layer Address option MAY be
+ omitted; the neighboring node's cached value must already be current
+ in order for the solicitation to have been received. If the
+ solicitation's IP Destination Address is a multicast address, the
+ Target Link-Layer option MUST be included in the advertisement.
+ Furthermore, if the node is a router, it MUST set the Router flag to
+ one; otherwise, it MUST set the flag to zero.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 63]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ If the Target Address is either an anycast address or a unicast
+ address for which the node is providing proxy service, or the Target
+ Link-Layer Address option is not included, the Override flag SHOULD
+ be set to zero. Otherwise, the Override flag SHOULD be set to one.
+ Proper setting of the Override flag ensures that nodes give
+ preference to non-proxy advertisements, even when received after
+ proxy advertisements, and also ensures that the first advertisement
+ for an anycast address "wins".
+
+ If the source of the solicitation is the unspecified address, the
+ node MUST set the Solicited flag to zero and multicast the
+ advertisement to the all-nodes address. Otherwise, the node MUST set
+ the Solicited flag to one and unicast the advertisement to the Source
+ Address of the solicitation.
+
+ If the Target Address is an anycast address, the sender SHOULD delay
+ sending a response for a random time between 0 and
+ MAX_ANYCAST_DELAY_TIME seconds.
+
+ Because unicast Neighbor Solicitations are not required to include a
+ Source Link-Layer Address, it is possible that a node sending a
+ solicited Neighbor Advertisement does not have a corresponding link-
+ layer address for its neighbor in its Neighbor Cache. In such
+ situations, a node will first have to use Neighbor Discovery to
+ determine the link-layer address of its neighbor (i.e., send out a
+ multicast Neighbor Solicitation).
+
+7.2.5. Receipt of Neighbor Advertisements
+
+ When a valid Neighbor Advertisement is received (either solicited or
+ unsolicited), the Neighbor Cache is searched for the target's entry.
+ If no entry exists, the advertisement SHOULD be silently discarded.
+ There is no need to create an entry if none exists, since the
+ recipient has apparently not initiated any communication with the
+ target.
+
+ Once the appropriate Neighbor Cache entry has been located, the
+ specific actions taken depend on the state of the Neighbor Cache
+ entry, the flags in the advertisement, and the actual link-layer
+ address supplied.
+
+ If the target's Neighbor Cache entry is in the INCOMPLETE state when
+ the advertisement is received, one of two things happens. If the
+ link layer has addresses and no Target Link-Layer Address option is
+ included, the receiving node SHOULD silently discard the received
+ advertisement. Otherwise, the receiving node performs the following
+ steps:
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 64]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ - It records the link-layer address in the Neighbor Cache entry.
+
+ - If the advertisement's Solicited flag is set, the state of the
+ entry is set to REACHABLE; otherwise, it is set to STALE.
+
+ - It sets the IsRouter flag in the cache entry based on the Router
+ flag in the received advertisement.
+
+ - It sends any packets queued for the neighbor awaiting address
+ resolution.
+
+ Note that the Override flag is ignored if the entry is in the
+ INCOMPLETE state.
+
+ If the target's Neighbor Cache entry is in any state other than
+ INCOMPLETE when the advertisement is received, the following actions
+ take place:
+
+ I. If the Override flag is clear and the supplied link-layer address
+ differs from that in the cache, then one of two actions takes
+ place:
+ a. If the state of the entry is REACHABLE, set it to STALE, but
+ do not update the entry in any other way.
+ b. Otherwise, the received advertisement should be ignored and
+ MUST NOT update the cache.
+
+ II. If the Override flag is set, or the supplied link-layer address
+ is the same as that in the cache, or no Target Link-Layer Address
+ option was supplied, the received advertisement MUST update the
+ Neighbor Cache entry as follows:
+
+ - The link-layer address in the Target Link-Layer Address option
+ MUST be inserted in the cache (if one is supplied and differs
+ from the already recorded address).
+
+ - If the Solicited flag is set, the state of the entry MUST be
+ set to REACHABLE. If the Solicited flag is zero and the link-
+ layer address was updated with a different address, the state
+ MUST be set to STALE. Otherwise, the entry's state remains
+ unchanged.
+
+ An advertisement's Solicited flag should only be set if the
+ advertisement is a response to a Neighbor Solicitation.
+ Because Neighbor Unreachability Detection Solicitations are
+ sent to the cached link-layer address, receipt of a solicited
+ advertisement indicates that the forward path is working.
+ Receipt of an unsolicited advertisement, however, may indicate
+ that a neighbor has urgent information to announce (e.g., a
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 65]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ changed link-layer address). If the urgent information
+ indicates a change from what a node is currently using, the
+ node should verify the reachability of the (new) path when it
+ sends the next packet. There is no need to update the state
+ for unsolicited advertisements that do not change the contents
+ of the cache.
+
+ - The IsRouter flag in the cache entry MUST be set based on the
+ Router flag in the received advertisement. In those cases
+ where the IsRouter flag changes from TRUE to FALSE as a result
+ of this update, the node MUST remove that router from the
+ Default Router List and update the Destination Cache entries
+ for all destinations using that neighbor as a router as
+ specified in Section 7.3.3. This is needed to detect when a
+ node that is used as a router stops forwarding packets due to
+ being configured as a host.
+
+ The above rules ensure that the cache is updated either when the
+ Neighbor Advertisement takes precedence (i.e., the Override flag is
+ set) or when the Neighbor Advertisement refers to the same link-layer
+ address that is currently recorded in the cache. If none of the
+ above apply, the advertisement prompts future Neighbor Unreachability
+ Detection (if it is not already in progress) by changing the state in
+ the cache entry.
+
+7.2.6. Sending Unsolicited Neighbor Advertisements
+
+ In some cases, a node may be able to determine that its link-layer
+ address has changed (e.g., hot-swap of an interface card) and may
+ wish to inform its neighbors of the new link-layer address quickly.
+ In such cases, a node MAY send up to MAX_NEIGHBOR_ADVERTISEMENT
+ unsolicited Neighbor Advertisement messages to the all-nodes
+ multicast address. These advertisements MUST be separated by at
+ least RetransTimer seconds.
+
+ The Target Address field in the unsolicited advertisement is set to
+ an IP address of the interface, and the Target Link-Layer Address
+ option is filled with the new link-layer address. The Solicited flag
+ MUST be set to zero, in order to avoid confusing the Neighbor
+ Unreachability Detection algorithm. If the node is a router, it MUST
+ set the Router flag to one; otherwise, it MUST set it to zero. The
+ Override flag MAY be set to either zero or one. In either case,
+ neighboring nodes will immediately change the state of their Neighbor
+ Cache entries for the Target Address to STALE, prompting them to
+ verify the path for reachability. If the Override flag is set to
+ one, neighboring nodes will install the new link-layer address in
+ their caches. Otherwise, they will ignore the new link-layer
+ address, choosing instead to probe the cached address.
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 66]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ A node that has multiple IP addresses assigned to an interface MAY
+ multicast a separate Neighbor Advertisement for each address. In
+ such a case, the node SHOULD introduce a small delay between the
+ sending of each advertisement to reduce the probability of the
+ advertisements being lost due to congestion.
+
+ A proxy MAY multicast Neighbor Advertisements when its link-layer
+ address changes or when it is configured (by system management or
+ other mechanisms) to proxy for an address. If there are multiple
+ nodes that are providing proxy services for the same set of
+ addresses, the proxies should provide a mechanism that prevents
+ multiple proxies from multicasting advertisements for any one
+ address, in order to reduce the risk of excessive multicast traffic.
+ This is a requirement on other protocols that need to use proxies for
+ Neighbor Advertisements. An example of a node that performs proxy
+ advertisements is the Home Agent specified in [MIPv6].
+
+ Also, a node belonging to an anycast address MAY multicast
+ unsolicited Neighbor Advertisements for the anycast address when the
+ node's link-layer address changes.
+
+ Note that because unsolicited Neighbor Advertisements do not reliably
+ update caches in all nodes (the advertisements might not be received
+ by all nodes), they should only be viewed as a performance
+ optimization to quickly update the caches in most neighbors. The
+ Neighbor Unreachability Detection algorithm ensures that all nodes
+ obtain a reachable link-layer address, though the delay may be
+ slightly longer.
+
+7.2.7. Anycast Neighbor Advertisements
+
+ From the perspective of Neighbor Discovery, anycast addresses are
+ treated just like unicast addresses in most cases. Because an
+ anycast address is syntactically the same as a unicast address, nodes
+ performing address resolution or Neighbor Unreachability Detection on
+ an anycast address treat it as if it were a unicast address. No
+ special processing takes place.
+
+ Nodes that have an anycast address assigned to an interface treat
+ them exactly the same as if they were unicast addresses with two
+ exceptions. First, Neighbor Advertisements sent in response to a
+ Neighbor Solicitation SHOULD be delayed by a random time between 0
+ and MAX_ANYCAST_DELAY_TIME to reduce the probability of network
+ congestion. Second, the Override flag in Neighbor Advertisements
+ SHOULD be set to 0, so that when multiple advertisements are
+ received, the first received advertisement is used rather than the
+ most recently received advertisement.
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 67]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ As with unicast addresses, Neighbor Unreachability Detection ensures
+ that a node quickly detects when the current binding for an anycast
+ address becomes invalid.
+
+7.2.8. Proxy Neighbor Advertisements
+
+ Under limited circumstances, a router MAY proxy for one or more other
+ nodes, that is, through Neighbor Advertisements indicate that it is
+ willing to accept packets not explicitly addressed to itself. For
+ example, a router might accept packets on behalf of a mobile node
+ that has moved off-link. The mechanisms used by proxy are
+ essentially the same as the mechanisms used with anycast addresses.
+
+ A proxy MUST join the solicited-node multicast address(es) that
+ correspond to the IP address(es) assigned to the node for which it is
+ proxying. This SHOULD be done using a multicast listener discovery
+ protocol such as [MLD] or [MLDv2].
+
+ All solicited proxy Neighbor Advertisement messages MUST have the
+ Override flag set to zero. This ensures that if the node itself is
+ present on the link, its Neighbor Advertisement (with the Override
+ flag set to one) will take precedence of any advertisement received
+ from a proxy. A proxy MAY send unsolicited advertisements with the
+ Override flag set to one as specified in Section 7.2.6, but doing so
+ may cause the proxy advertisement to override a valid entry created
+ by the node itself.
+
+ Finally, when sending a proxy advertisement in response to a Neighbor
+ Solicitation, the sender should delay its response by a random time
+ between 0 and MAX_ANYCAST_DELAY_TIME seconds to avoid collisions due
+ to multiple responses sent by several proxies. However, in some
+ cases (e.g., Mobile IPv6) where only one proxy is present, such delay
+ is not necessary.
+
+7.3. Neighbor Unreachability Detection
+
+ Communication to or through a neighbor may fail for numerous reasons
+ at any time, including hardware failure, hot-swap of an interface
+ card, etc. If the destination has failed, no recovery is possible
+ and communication fails. On the other hand, if it is the path that
+ has failed, recovery may be possible. Thus, a node actively tracks
+ the reachability "state" for the neighbors to which it is sending
+ packets.
+
+ Neighbor Unreachability Detection is used for all paths between hosts
+ and neighboring nodes, including host-to-host, host-to-router, and
+ router-to-host communication. Neighbor Unreachability Detection may
+ also be used between routers, but is not required if an equivalent
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 68]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ mechanism is available, for example, as part of the routing
+ protocols.
+
+ When a path to a neighbor appears to be failing, the specific
+ recovery procedure depends on how the neighbor is being used. If the
+ neighbor is the ultimate destination, for example, address resolution
+ should be performed again. If the neighbor is a router, however,
+ attempting to switch to another router would be appropriate. The
+ specific recovery that takes place is covered under next-hop
+ determination; Neighbor Unreachability Detection signals the need for
+ next-hop determination by deleting a Neighbor Cache entry.
+
+ Neighbor Unreachability Detection is performed only for neighbors to
+ which unicast packets are sent; it is not used when sending to
+ multicast addresses.
+
+7.3.1. Reachability Confirmation
+
+ A neighbor is considered reachable if the node has recently received
+ a confirmation that packets sent recently to the neighbor were
+ received by its IP layer. Positive confirmation can be gathered in
+ two ways: hints from upper-layer protocols that indicate a connection
+ is making "forward progress", or receipt of a Neighbor Advertisement
+ message that is a response to a Neighbor Solicitation message.
+
+ A connection makes "forward progress" if the packets received from a
+ remote peer can only be arriving if recent packets sent to that peer
+ are actually reaching it. In TCP, for example, receipt of a (new)
+ acknowledgment indicates that previously sent data reached the peer.
+ Likewise, the arrival of new (non-duplicate) data indicates that
+ earlier acknowledgments are being delivered to the remote peer. If
+ packets are reaching the peer, they must also be reaching the
+ sender's next-hop neighbor; thus, "forward progress" is a
+ confirmation that the next-hop neighbor is reachable. For off-link
+ destinations, forward progress implies that the first-hop router is
+ reachable. When available, this upper-layer information SHOULD be
+ used.
+
+ In some cases (e.g., UDP-based protocols and routers forwarding
+ packets to hosts), such reachability information may not be readily
+ available from upper-layer protocols. When no hints are available
+ and a node is sending packets to a neighbor, the node actively probes
+ the neighbor using unicast Neighbor Solicitation messages to verify
+ that the forward path is still working.
+
+ The receipt of a solicited Neighbor Advertisement serves as
+ reachability confirmation, since advertisements with the Solicited
+ flag set to one are sent only in response to a Neighbor Solicitation.
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 69]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ Receipt of other Neighbor Discovery messages, such as Router
+ Advertisements and Neighbor Advertisement with the Solicited flag set
+ to zero, MUST NOT be treated as a reachability confirmation. Receipt
+ of unsolicited messages only confirms the one-way path from the
+ sender to the recipient node. In contrast, Neighbor Unreachability
+ Detection requires that a node keep track of the reachability of the
+ forward path to a neighbor from its perspective, not the neighbor's
+ perspective. Note that receipt of a solicited advertisement
+ indicates that a path is working in both directions. The
+ solicitation must have reached the neighbor, prompting it to generate
+ an advertisement. Likewise, receipt of an advertisement indicates
+ that the path from the sender to the recipient is working. However,
+ the latter fact is known only to the recipient; the advertisement's
+ sender has no direct way of knowing that the advertisement it sent
+ actually reached a neighbor. From the perspective of Neighbor
+ Unreachability Detection, only the reachability of the forward path
+ is of interest.
+
+7.3.2. Neighbor Cache Entry States
+
+ A Neighbor Cache entry can be in one of five states:
+
+ INCOMPLETE Address resolution is being performed on the entry.
+ Specifically, a Neighbor Solicitation has been sent to
+ the solicited-node multicast address of the target,
+ but the corresponding Neighbor Advertisement has not
+ yet been received.
+
+ REACHABLE Positive confirmation was received within the last
+ ReachableTime milliseconds that the forward path to
+ the neighbor was functioning properly. While
+ REACHABLE, no special action takes place as packets
+ are sent.
+
+ STALE More than ReachableTime milliseconds have elapsed
+ since the last positive confirmation was received that
+ the forward path was functioning properly. While
+ stale, no action takes place until a packet is sent.
+
+ The STALE state is entered upon receiving an
+ unsolicited Neighbor Discovery message that updates
+ the cached link-layer address. Receipt of such a
+ message does not confirm reachability, and entering
+ the STALE state ensures reachability is verified
+ quickly if the entry is actually being used. However,
+ reachability is not actually verified until the entry
+ is actually used.
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 70]
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+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ DELAY More than ReachableTime milliseconds have elapsed
+ since the last positive confirmation was received that
+ the forward path was functioning properly, and a
+ packet was sent within the last DELAY_FIRST_PROBE_TIME
+ seconds. If no reachability confirmation is received
+ within DELAY_FIRST_PROBE_TIME seconds of entering the
+ DELAY state, send a Neighbor Solicitation and change
+ the state to PROBE.
+
+ The DELAY state is an optimization that gives upper-
+ layer protocols additional time to provide
+ reachability confirmation in those cases where
+ ReachableTime milliseconds have passed since the last
+ confirmation due to lack of recent traffic. Without
+ this optimization, the opening of a TCP connection
+ after a traffic lull would initiate probes even though
+ the subsequent three-way handshake would provide a
+ reachability confirmation almost immediately.
+
+ PROBE A reachability confirmation is actively sought by
+ retransmitting Neighbor Solicitations every
+ RetransTimer milliseconds until a reachability
+ confirmation is received.
+
+7.3.3. Node Behavior
+
+ Neighbor Unreachability Detection operates in parallel with the
+ sending of packets to a neighbor. While reasserting a neighbor's
+ reachability, a node continues sending packets to that neighbor using
+ the cached link-layer address. If no traffic is sent to a neighbor,
+ no probes are sent.
+
+ When a node needs to perform address resolution on a neighboring
+ address, it creates an entry in the INCOMPLETE state and initiates
+ address resolution as specified in Section 7.2. If address
+ resolution fails, the entry SHOULD be deleted, so that subsequent
+ traffic to that neighbor invokes the next-hop determination procedure
+ again. Invoking next-hop determination at this point ensures that
+ alternate default routers are tried.
+
+ When a reachability confirmation is received (either through upper-
+ layer advice or a solicited Neighbor Advertisement), an entry's state
+ changes to REACHABLE. The one exception is that upper-layer advice
+ has no effect on entries in the INCOMPLETE state (e.g., for which no
+ link-layer address is cached).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 71]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ When ReachableTime milliseconds have passed since receipt of the last
+ reachability confirmation for a neighbor, the Neighbor Cache entry's
+ state changes from REACHABLE to STALE.
+
+ Note: An implementation may actually defer changing the state from
+ REACHABLE to STALE until a packet is sent to the neighbor, i.e.,
+ there need not be an explicit timeout event associated with the
+ expiration of ReachableTime.
+
+ The first time a node sends a packet to a neighbor whose entry is
+ STALE, the sender changes the state to DELAY and sets a timer to
+ expire in DELAY_FIRST_PROBE_TIME seconds. If the entry is still in
+ the DELAY state when the timer expires, the entry's state changes to
+ PROBE. If reachability confirmation is received, the entry's state
+ changes to REACHABLE.
+
+ Upon entering the PROBE state, a node sends a unicast Neighbor
+ Solicitation message to the neighbor using the cached link-layer
+ address. While in the PROBE state, a node retransmits Neighbor
+ Solicitation messages every RetransTimer milliseconds until
+ reachability confirmation is obtained. Probes are retransmitted even
+ if no additional packets are sent to the neighbor. If no response is
+ received after waiting RetransTimer milliseconds after sending the
+ MAX_UNICAST_SOLICIT solicitations, retransmissions cease and the
+ entry SHOULD be deleted. Subsequent traffic to that neighbor will
+ recreate the entry and perform address resolution again.
+
+ Note that all Neighbor Solicitations are rate-limited on a per-
+ neighbor basis. A node MUST NOT send Neighbor Solicitations to the
+ same neighbor more frequently than once every RetransTimer
+ milliseconds.
+
+ A Neighbor Cache entry enters the STALE state when created as a
+ result of receiving packets other than solicited Neighbor
+ Advertisements (i.e., Router Solicitations, Router Advertisements,
+ Redirects, and Neighbor Solicitations). These packets contain the
+ link-layer address of either the sender or, in the case of Redirect,
+ the redirection target. However, receipt of these link-layer
+ addresses does not confirm reachability of the forward-direction path
+ to that node. Placing a newly created Neighbor Cache entry for which
+ the link-layer address is known in the STALE state provides assurance
+ that path failures are detected quickly. In addition, should a
+ cached link-layer address be modified due to receiving one of the
+ above messages, the state SHOULD also be set to STALE to provide
+ prompt verification that the path to the new link-layer address is
+ working.
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 72]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ To properly detect the case where a router switches from being a
+ router to being a host (e.g., if its IP forwarding capability is
+ turned off by system management), a node MUST compare the Router flag
+ field in all received Neighbor Advertisement messages with the
+ IsRouter flag recorded in the Neighbor Cache entry. When a node
+ detects that a neighbor has changed from being a router to being a
+ host, the node MUST remove that router from the Default Router List
+ and update the Destination Cache as described in Section 6.3.5. Note
+ that a router may not be listed in the Default Router List, even
+ though a Destination Cache entry is using it (e.g., a host was
+ redirected to it). In such cases, all Destination Cache entries that
+ reference the (former) router must perform next-hop determination
+ again before using the entry.
+
+ In some cases, link-specific information may indicate that a path to
+ a neighbor has failed (e.g., the resetting of a virtual circuit). In
+ such cases, link-specific information may be used to purge Neighbor
+ Cache entries before the Neighbor Unreachability Detection would do
+ so. However, link-specific information MUST NOT be used to confirm
+ the reachability of a neighbor; such information does not provide
+ end-to-end confirmation between neighboring IP layers.
+
+8. Redirect Function
+
+ This section describes the functions related to the sending and
+ processing of Redirect messages.
+
+ Redirect messages are sent by routers to redirect a host to a better
+ first-hop router for a specific destination or to inform hosts that a
+ destination is in fact a neighbor (i.e., on-link). The latter is
+ accomplished by having the ICMP Target Address be equal to the ICMP
+ Destination Address.
+
+ A router MUST be able to determine the link-local address for each of
+ its neighboring routers in order to ensure that the target address in
+ a Redirect message identifies the neighbor router by its link-local
+ address. For static routing, this requirement implies that the next-
+ hop router's address should be specified using the link-local address
+ of the router. For dynamic routing, this requirement implies that
+ all IPv6 routing protocols must somehow exchange the link-local
+ addresses of neighboring routers.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 73]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+8.1. Validation of Redirect Messages
+
+ A host MUST silently discard any received Redirect message that does
+ not satisfy all of the following validity checks:
+
+ - IP Source Address is a link-local address. Routers must use
+ their link-local address as the source for Router Advertisement
+ and Redirect messages so that hosts can uniquely identify
+ routers.
+
+ - The IP Hop Limit field has a value of 255, i.e., the packet
+ could not possibly have been forwarded by a router.
+
+ - ICMP Checksum is valid.
+
+ - ICMP Code is 0.
+
+ - ICMP length (derived from the IP length) is 40 or more octets.
+
+ - The IP source address of the Redirect is the same as the current
+ first-hop router for the specified ICMP Destination Address.
+
+ - The ICMP Destination Address field in the redirect message does
+ not contain a multicast address.
+
+ - The ICMP Target Address is either a link-local address (when
+ redirected to a router) or the same as the ICMP Destination
+ Address (when redirected to the on-link destination).
+
+ - All included options have a length that is greater than zero.
+
+ The contents of the Reserved field, and of any unrecognized options,
+ MUST be ignored. Future, backward-compatible changes to the protocol
+ may specify the contents of the Reserved field or add new options;
+ backward-incompatible changes may use different Code values.
+
+ The contents of any defined options that are not specified to be used
+ with Redirect messages MUST be ignored and the packet processed as
+ normal. The only defined options that may appear are the Target
+ Link-Layer Address option and the Redirected Header option.
+
+ A host MUST NOT consider a redirect invalid just because the Target
+ Address of the redirect is not covered under one of the link's
+ prefixes. Part of the semantics of the Redirect message is that the
+ Target Address is on-link.
+
+ A redirect that passes the validity checks is called a "valid
+ redirect".
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 74]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+8.2. Router Specification
+
+ A router SHOULD send a redirect message, subject to rate limiting,
+ whenever it forwards a packet that is not explicitly addressed to
+ itself (i.e., a packet that is not source routed through the router)
+ in which:
+
+ - the Source Address field of the packet identifies a neighbor,
+ and
+
+ - the router determines (by means outside the scope of this
+ specification) that a better first-hop node resides on the same
+ link as the sending node for the Destination Address of the
+ packet being forwarded, and
+
+ - the Destination Address of the packet is not a multicast
+ address.
+
+ The transmitted redirect packet contains, consistent with the message
+ format given in Section 4.5:
+
+ - In the Target Address field: the address to which subsequent
+ packets for the destination should be sent. If the target is a
+ router, that router's link-local address MUST be used. If the
+ target is a host, the target address field MUST be set to the
+ same value as the Destination Address field.
+
+ - In the Destination Address field: the destination address of the
+ invoking IP packet.
+
+ - In the options:
+
+ o Target Link-Layer Address option: link-layer address of the
+ target, if known.
+
+ o Redirected Header: as much of the forwarded packet as can
+ fit without the redirect packet exceeding the minimum MTU
+ required to support IPv6 as specified in [IPv6].
+
+ A router MUST limit the rate at which Redirect messages are sent, in
+ order to limit the bandwidth and processing costs incurred by the
+ Redirect messages when the source does not correctly respond to the
+ Redirects, or the source chooses to ignore unauthenticated Redirect
+ messages. More details on the rate-limiting of ICMP error messages
+ can be found in [ICMPv6].
+
+ A router MUST NOT update its routing tables upon receipt of a
+ Redirect.
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 75]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+8.3. Host Specification
+
+ A host receiving a valid redirect SHOULD update its Destination Cache
+ accordingly so that subsequent traffic goes to the specified target.
+ If no Destination Cache entry exists for the destination, an
+ implementation SHOULD create such an entry.
+
+ If the redirect contains a Target Link-Layer Address option, the host
+ either creates or updates the Neighbor Cache entry for the target.
+ In both cases, the cached link-layer address is copied from the
+ Target Link-Layer Address option. If a Neighbor Cache entry is
+ created for the target, its reachability state MUST be set to STALE
+ as specified in Section 7.3.3. If a cache entry already existed and
+ it is updated with a different link-layer address, its reachability
+ state MUST also be set to STALE. If the link-layer address is the
+ same as that already in the cache, the cache entry's state remains
+ unchanged.
+
+ If the Target and Destination Addresses are the same, the host MUST
+ treat the Target as on-link. If the Target Address is not the same
+ as the Destination Address, the host MUST set IsRouter to TRUE for
+ the target. If the Target and Destination Addresses are the same,
+ however, one cannot reliably determine whether the Target Address is
+ a router. Consequently, newly created Neighbor Cache entries should
+ set the IsRouter flag to FALSE, while existing cache entries should
+ leave the flag unchanged. If the Target is a router, subsequent
+ Neighbor Advertisement or Router Advertisement messages will update
+ IsRouter accordingly.
+
+ Redirect messages apply to all flows that are being sent to a given
+ destination. That is, upon receipt of a Redirect for a Destination
+ Address, all Destination Cache entries to that address should be
+ updated to use the specified next-hop, regardless of the contents of
+ the Flow Label field that appears in the Redirected Header option.
+
+ A host MUST NOT send Redirect messages.
+
+9. Extensibility - Option Processing
+
+ Options provide a mechanism for encoding variable length fields,
+ fields that may appear multiple times in the same packet, or
+ information that may not appear in all packets. Options can also be
+ used to add additional functionality to future versions of ND.
+
+ In order to ensure that future extensions properly coexist with
+ current implementations, all nodes MUST silently ignore any options
+ they do not recognize in received ND packets and continue processing
+ the packet. All options specified in this document MUST be
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 76]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ recognized. A node MUST NOT ignore valid options just because the ND
+ message contains unrecognized ones.
+
+ The current set of options is defined in such a way that receivers
+ can process multiple options in the same packet independently of each
+ other. In order to maintain these properties, future options SHOULD
+ follow the simple rule:
+
+ The option MUST NOT depend on the presence or absence of any other
+ options. The semantics of an option should depend only on the
+ information in the fixed part of the ND packet and on the
+ information contained in the option itself.
+
+ Adhering to the above rule has the following benefits:
+
+ 1) Receivers can process options independently of one another. For
+ example, an implementation can choose to process the Prefix
+ Information option contained in a Router Advertisement message
+ in a user-space process while the link-layer address option in
+ the same message is processed by routines in the kernel.
+
+ 2) Should the number of options cause a packet to exceed a link's
+ MTU, multiple packets can carry subsets of the options without
+ any change in semantics.
+
+ 3) Senders MAY send a subset of options in different packets. For
+ instance, if a prefix's Valid and Preferred Lifetime are high
+ enough, it might not be necessary to include the Prefix
+ Information option in every Router Advertisement. In addition,
+ different routers might send different sets of options. Thus, a
+ receiver MUST NOT associate any action with the absence of an
+ option in a particular packet. This protocol specifies that
+ receivers should only act on the expiration of timers and on the
+ information that is received in the packets.
+
+ Options in Neighbor Discovery packets can appear in any order;
+ receivers MUST be prepared to process them independently of their
+ order. There can also be multiple instances of the same option in a
+ message (e.g., Prefix Information options).
+
+ If the number of included options in a Router Advertisement causes
+ the advertisement's size to exceed the link MTU, the router can send
+ multiple separate advertisements, each containing a subset of the
+ options.
+
+ The amount of data to include in the Redirected Header option MUST be
+ limited so that the entire redirect packet does not exceed the
+ minimum MTU required to support IPv6 as specified in [IPv6].
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 77]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ All options are a multiple of 8 octets of length, ensuring
+ appropriate alignment without any "pad" options. The fields in the
+ options (as well as the fields in ND packets) are defined to align on
+ their natural boundaries (e.g., a 16-bit field is aligned on a 16-bit
+ boundary) with the exception of the 128-bit IP addresses/prefixes,
+ which are aligned on a 64-bit boundary. The link-layer address field
+ contains an uninterpreted octet string; it is aligned on an 8-bit
+ boundary.
+
+ The size of an ND packet including the IP header is limited to the
+ link MTU. When adding options to an ND packet, a node MUST NOT
+ exceed the link MTU.
+
+ Future versions of this protocol may define new option types.
+ Receivers MUST silently ignore any options they do not recognize and
+ continue processing the message.
+
+10. Protocol Constants
+
+ Router constants:
+
+ MAX_INITIAL_RTR_ADVERT_INTERVAL 16 seconds
+
+ MAX_INITIAL_RTR_ADVERTISEMENTS 3 transmissions
+
+ MAX_FINAL_RTR_ADVERTISEMENTS 3 transmissions
+
+ MIN_DELAY_BETWEEN_RAS 3 seconds
+
+ MAX_RA_DELAY_TIME .5 seconds
+
+ Host constants:
+
+ MAX_RTR_SOLICITATION_DELAY 1 second
+
+ RTR_SOLICITATION_INTERVAL 4 seconds
+
+ MAX_RTR_SOLICITATIONS 3 transmissions
+
+ Node constants:
+
+ MAX_MULTICAST_SOLICIT 3 transmissions
+
+ MAX_UNICAST_SOLICIT 3 transmissions
+
+ MAX_ANYCAST_DELAY_TIME 1 second
+
+ MAX_NEIGHBOR_ADVERTISEMENT 3 transmissions
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 78]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ REACHABLE_TIME 30,000 milliseconds
+
+ RETRANS_TIMER 1,000 milliseconds
+
+ DELAY_FIRST_PROBE_TIME 5 seconds
+
+ MIN_RANDOM_FACTOR .5
+
+ MAX_RANDOM_FACTOR 1.5
+
+ Additional protocol constants are defined with the message formats in
+ Section 4.
+
+ All protocol constants are subject to change in future revisions of
+ the protocol.
+
+ The constants in this specification may be overridden by specific
+ documents that describe how IPv6 operates over different link layers.
+ This rule allows Neighbor Discovery to operate over links with widely
+ varying performance characteristics.
+
+11. Security Considerations
+
+ Neighbor Discovery is subject to attacks that cause IP packets to
+ flow to unexpected places. Such attacks can be used to cause denial
+ of service but also allow nodes to intercept and optionally modify
+ packets destined for other nodes. This section deals with the main
+ threats related to Neighbor Discovery messages and possible security
+ mechanisms that can mitigate these threats.
+
+11.1. Threat Analysis
+
+ This section discusses the main threats associated with Neighbor
+ Discovery. A more detailed analysis can be found in [PSREQ]. The
+ main vulnerabilities of the protocol fall under three categories:
+
+ - Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks.
+ - Address spoofing attacks.
+ - Router spoofing attacks.
+
+ An example of denial of service attacks is that a node on the link
+ that can send packets with an arbitrary IP source address can both
+ advertise itself as a default router and also send "forged" Router
+ Advertisement messages that immediately time out all other default
+ routers as well as all on-link prefixes. An intruder can achieve
+ this by sending out multiple Router Advertisements, one for each
+ legitimate router, with the source address set to the address of
+ another router, the Router Lifetime field set to zero, and the
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 79]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ Preferred and Valid lifetimes set to zero for all the prefixes. Such
+ an attack would cause all packets, for both on-link and off-link
+ destinations, to go to the rogue router. That router can then
+ selectively examine, modify, or drop all packets sent on the link.
+ The Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD) will not detect such a
+ black hole as long as the rogue router politely answers the NUD
+ probes with a Neighbor Advertisement with the R-bit set.
+
+ It is also possible for any host to launch a DoS attack on another
+ host by preventing it from configuring an address using [ADDRCONF].
+ The protocol does not allow hosts to verify whether the sender of a
+ Neighbor Advertisement is the true owner of the IP address included
+ in the message.
+
+ Redirect attacks can also be achieved by any host in order to flood a
+ victim or steal its traffic. A host can send a Neighbor
+ Advertisement (in response to a solicitation) that contains its IP
+ address and a victim's link-layer address in order to flood the
+ victim with unwanted traffic. Alternatively, the host can send a
+ Neighbor Advertisement that includes a victim's IP address and its
+ own link-layer address to overwrite an existing entry in the sender's
+ destination cache, thereby forcing the sender to forward all of the
+ victim's traffic to itself.
+
+ The trust model for redirects is the same as in IPv4. A redirect is
+ accepted only if received from the same router that is currently
+ being used for that destination. If a host has been redirected to
+ another node (i.e., the destination is on-link), there is no way to
+ prevent the target from issuing another redirect to some other
+ destination. However, this exposure is no worse than it was before
+ being redirected; the target host, once subverted, could always act
+ as a hidden router to forward traffic elsewhere.
+
+ The protocol contains no mechanism to determine which neighbors are
+ authorized to send a particular type of message (e.g., Router
+ Advertisements); any neighbor, presumably even in the presence of
+ authentication, can send Router Advertisement messages thereby being
+ able to cause denial of service. Furthermore, any neighbor can send
+ proxy Neighbor Advertisements as well as unsolicited Neighbor
+ Advertisements as a potential denial-of-service attack.
+
+ Many link layers are also subject to different denial-of-service
+ attacks such as continuously occupying the link in CSMA/CD (Carrier
+ Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) networks (e.g., by
+ sending packets closely back-to-back or asserting the collision
+ signal on the link), or originating packets with somebody else's
+ source MAC address to confuse, e.g., Ethernet switches. On the other
+ hand, many of the threats discussed in this section are less
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 80]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ effective, or non-existent, on point-to-point links, or cellular
+ links where a host shares a link with only one neighbor, i.e., the
+ default router.
+
+11.2. Securing Neighbor Discovery Messages
+
+ The protocol reduces the exposure to the above threats in the absence
+ of authentication by ignoring ND packets received from off-link
+ senders. The Hop Limit field of all received packets is verified to
+ contain 255, the maximum legal value. Because routers decrement the
+ Hop Limit on all packets they forward, received packets containing a
+ Hop Limit of 255 must have originated from a neighbor.
+
+ Cryptographic security mechanisms for Neighbor Discovery are outside
+ the scope of this document and are defined in [SEND]. Alternatively,
+ IPsec can be used for IP layer authentication [IPv6-SA]. The use of
+ the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) is not suited for creating dynamic
+ security associations that can be used to secure address resolution
+ or neighbor solicitation messages as documented in [ICMPIKE].
+
+ In some cases, it may be acceptable to use statically configured
+ security associations with either [IPv6-AUTH] or [IPv6-ESP] to secure
+ Neighbor Discovery messages. However, it is important to note that
+ statically configured security associations are not scalable
+ (especially when considering multicast links) and are therefore
+ limited to small networks with known hosts. In any case, if either
+ [IPv6-AUTH] or [IPv6-ESP] is used, ND packets MUST be verified for
+ the purpose of authentication. Packets that fail authentication
+ checks MUST be silently discarded.
+
+12. Renumbering Considerations
+
+ The Neighbor Discovery protocol together with IPv6 Address
+ Autoconfiguration [ADDRCONF] provides mechanisms to aid in
+ renumbering -- new prefixes and addresses can be introduced and old
+ ones can be deprecated and removed.
+
+ The robustness of these mechanisms is based on all the nodes on the
+ link receiving the Router Advertisement messages in a timely manner.
+ However, a host might be turned off or be unreachable for an extended
+ period of time (i.e., a machine is powered down for months after a
+ project terminates). It is possible to preserve robust renumbering
+ in such cases, but it does place some constraints on how long
+ prefixes must be advertised.
+
+ Consider the following example in which a prefix is initially
+ advertised with a lifetime of 2 months, but on August 1st it is
+ determined that the prefix needs to be deprecated and removed due to
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 81]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ renumbering by September 1st. This can be done by reducing the
+ advertised lifetime to 1 week starting on August 1st, and as the
+ cutoff gets closer, the lifetimes can be made shorter until by
+ September 1st the prefix is advertised with a lifetime of 0. The
+ point is that, if one or more nodes were unplugged from the link
+ prior to September 1st, they might still think that the prefix is
+ valid since the last lifetime they received was 2 months. Thus, if a
+ node was unplugged on July 31st, it thinks the prefix is valid until
+ September 30th. If that node is plugged back in prior to September
+ 30th, it may continue to use the old prefix. The only way to force a
+ node to stop using a prefix that was previously advertised with a
+ long lifetime is to have that node receive an advertisement for that
+ prefix that changes the lifetime downward. The solution in this
+ example is simple: continue advertising the prefix with a lifetime of
+ 0 from September 1st until October 1st.
+
+ In general, in order to be robust against nodes that might be
+ unplugged from the link, it is important to track the furthest into
+ the future that a particular prefix can be viewed as valid by any
+ node on the link. The prefix must then be advertised with a 0
+ lifetime until that point in the future. This "furthest into the
+ future" time is simply the maximum, over all Router Advertisements,
+ of the time the advertisement was sent, plus the prefix's lifetime
+ contained in the advertisement.
+
+ The above has an important implication on using infinite lifetimes.
+ If a prefix is advertised with an infinite lifetime, and that prefix
+ later needs to be renumbered, it is undesirable to continue
+ advertising that prefix with a zero lifetime forever. Thus, either
+ infinite lifetimes should be avoided or there must be a limit on how
+ long of a time a node can be unplugged from the link before it is
+ plugged back in again. However, it is unclear how the network
+ administrator can enforce a limit on how long time hosts such as
+ laptops can be unplugged from the link.
+
+ Network administrators should give serious consideration to using
+ relatively short lifetimes (i.e., no more than a few weeks). While
+ it might appear that using long lifetimes would help ensure
+ robustness, in reality, a host will be unable to communicate in the
+ absence of properly functioning routers. Such routers will be
+ sending Router Advertisements that contain appropriate (and current)
+ prefixes. A host connected to a network that has no functioning
+ routers is likely to have more serious problems than just a lack of a
+ valid prefix and address.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 82]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ The above discussion does not distinguish between the preferred and
+ valid lifetimes. For all practical purposes, it is probably
+ sufficient to track the valid lifetime since the preferred lifetime
+ will not exceed the valid lifetime.
+
+13. IANA Considerations
+
+ This document does not require any new ICMPv6 types or codes to be
+ allocated. However, existing ICMPv6 types have been updated to point
+ to this document instead of RFC 2461. The procedure for the
+ assignment of ICMPv6 types/codes is described in Section 6 of
+ [ICMPv6].
+
+ This document continues to use the following ICMPv6 message types
+ introduced in RFC 2461 and already assigned by IANA:
+
+ Message name ICMPv6 Type
+
+ Router Solicitation 133
+ Router Advertisement 134
+ Neighbor Solicitation 135
+ Neighbor Advertisement 136
+ Redirect 137
+
+ This document continues to use the following Neighbor Discovery
+ option types introduced in RFC 2461 and already assigned by IANA:
+
+ Option Name Type
+
+ Source Link-Layer Address 1
+ Target Link-Layer Address 2
+ Prefix Information 3
+ Redirected Header 4
+ MTU 5
+
+ Neighbor Discovery option types are allocated using the following
+ procedure:
+
+ 1. The IANA should allocate and permanently register new option types
+ from IETF RFC publication. This is for all RFC types including
+ standards track, informational, and experimental status that
+ originate from the IETF and have been approved by the IESG for
+ publication.
+
+ 2. IETF working groups with working group consensus and area director
+ approval can request reclaimable Neighbor Discovery option type
+ assignments from the IANA. The IANA will tag the values as
+ "reclaimable in future".
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 83]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ The "reclaimable in the future" tag will be removed when an RFC is
+ published documenting the protocol as defined in 1). This will make
+ the assignment permanent and update the reference on the IANA Web
+ pages.
+
+ At the point where the option type values are 85% assigned, the IETF
+ will review the assignments tagged "reclaimable in the future" and
+ inform the IANA which ones should be reclaimed and reassigned.
+
+ 3. Requests for new option type value assignments from outside the
+ IETF are only made through the publication of an IETF document, per
+ 1) above. Note also that documents published as "RFC Editor
+ contributions" [RFC3667] are not considered to be IETF documents.
+
+14. References
+
+14.1. Normative References
+
+ [ADDR-ARCH] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
+ Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006.
+
+ [ICMPv6] Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, Ed., "Internet
+ Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet
+ Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 4443,
+ March 2006.
+
+ [IPv6] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
+ (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
+
+ [KEYWORDS] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
+ Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
+
+14.2. Informative References
+
+ [ADDRCONF] Thomson, S., Narten, T., and T. Jinmei, "IPv6 Stateless
+ Address Autoconfiguration", RFC 4862, September 2007.
+
+ [ADDR-SEL] Draves, R., "Default Address Selection for Internet
+ Protocol version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 3484, February 2003.
+
+ [ARP] Plummer, D., "Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol: Or
+ Converting Network Protocol Addresses to 48.bit Ethernet
+ Address for Transmission on Ethernet Hardware", STD 37,
+ RFC 826, November 1982.
+
+ [ASSIGNED] Reynolds, J., Ed., "Assigned Numbers: RFC 1700 is
+ Replaced by an On-line Database", RFC 3232, January
+ 2002.
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 84]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ [DHCPv6] Droms, R., Ed., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins,
+ C., and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
+ for IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.
+
+ [HR-CL] Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
+ Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, October 1989.
+
+ [ICMPIKE] Arkko, J., "Effects of ICMPv6 on IKE", Work in Progress,
+ March 2003.
+
+ [ICMPv4] Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", STD 5,
+ RFC 792, September 1981.
+
+ [IPv6-3GPP] Wasserman, M., Ed., "Recommendations for IPv6 in Third
+ Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Standards", RFC
+ 3314, September 2002.
+
+ [IPv6-CELL] Arkko, J., Kuijpers, G., Soliman, H., Loughney, J., and
+ J. Wiljakka, "Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) for
+ Some Second and Third Generation Cellular Hosts", RFC
+ 3316, April 2003.
+
+ [IPv6-ETHER] Crawford, M., "Transmission of IPv6 Packets over
+ Ethernet Networks", RFC 2464, December 1998.
+
+ [IPv6-SA] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
+ Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, December 2005.
+
+ [IPv6-AUTH] Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302, December
+ 2005.
+
+ [IPv6-ESP] Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC
+ 4303, December 2005.
+
+ [IPv6-NBMA] Armitage, G., Schulter, P., Jork, M., and G. Harter,
+ "IPv6 over Non-Broadcast Multiple Access (NBMA)
+ networks", RFC 2491, January 1999.
+
+ [LD-SHRE] Hinden, R. and D. Thaler, "IPv6 Host-to-Router Load
+ Sharing", RFC 4311, November 2005.
+
+ [MIPv6] Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, "Mobility
+ Support in IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.
+
+ [MLD] Deering, S., Fenner, W., and B. Haberman, "Multicast
+ Listener Discovery (MLD) for IPv6", RFC 2710, October
+ 1999.
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 85]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ [MLDv2] Vida, R., Ed., and L. Costa, Ed., "Multicast Listener
+ Discovery Version 2 (MLDv2) for IPv6", RFC 3810, June
+ 2004.
+
+ [PSREQ] Nikander, P., Ed., Kempf, J., and E. Nordmark, "IPv6
+ Neighbor Discovery (ND) Trust Models and Threats", RFC
+ 3756, May 2004.
+
+ [RAND] Eastlake, D., 3rd, Schiller, J., and S. Crocker,
+ "Randomness Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC
+ 4086, June 2005.
+
+ [RDISC] Deering, S., Ed., "ICMP Router Discovery Messages", RFC
+ 1256, September 1991.
+
+ [RFC3667] Bradner, S., "IETF Rights in Contributions", RFC 3667,
+ February 2004.
+
+ [RTSEL] Draves, R. and D. Thaler, "Default Router Preferences
+ and More-Specific Routes", RFC 4191, November 2005.
+
+ [SH-MEDIA] Braden, B., Postel, J., and Y. Rekhter, "Internet
+ Architecture Extensions for Shared Media", RFC 1620, May
+ 1994.
+
+ [SEND] Arkko, J., Ed., Kempf, J., Zill, B., and P. Nikander,
+ "SEcure Neighbor Discovery (SEND)", RFC 3971, March
+ 2005.
+
+ [SYNC] S. Floyd, V. Jacobson, "The Synchronization of Periodic
+ Routing Messages", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,
+ April 1994. ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/papers/sync_94.ps.Z
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 86]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+Appendix A: Multihomed Hosts
+
+ There are a number of complicating issues that arise when Neighbor
+ Discovery is used by hosts that have multiple interfaces. This
+ section does not attempt to define the proper operation of multihomed
+ hosts with regard to Neighbor Discovery. Rather, it identifies
+ issues that require further study. Implementors are encouraged to
+ experiment with various approaches to making Neighbor Discovery work
+ on multihomed hosts and to report their experiences. Further work
+ related to this problem can be found in [RTSEL].
+
+ If a multihomed host receives Router Advertisements on all of its
+ interfaces, it will (probably) have learned on-link prefixes for the
+ addresses residing on each link. When a packet must be sent through
+ a router, however, selecting the "wrong" router can result in a
+ suboptimal or non-functioning path. There are number of issues to
+ consider:
+
+ 1) In order for a router to send a redirect, it must determine that
+ the packet it is forwarding originates from a neighbor. The
+ standard test for this case is to compare the source address of
+ the packet to the list of on-link prefixes associated with the
+ interface on which the packet was received. If the originating
+ host is multihomed, however, the source address it uses may
+ belong to an interface other than the interface from which it
+ was sent. In such cases, a router will not send redirects, and
+ suboptimal routing is likely. In order to be redirected, the
+ sending host must always send packets out the interface
+ corresponding to the outgoing packet's source address. Note
+ that this issue never arises with non-multihomed hosts; they
+ only have one interface. Additional discussion on this topic
+ can be found in RFC 1122 under Section 3.3.4.2.
+
+ 2) If the selected first-hop router does not have a route at all
+ for the destination, it will be unable to deliver the packet.
+ However, the destination may be reachable through a router on
+ one of the other interfaces. Neighbor Discovery does not
+ address this scenario; it does not arise in the non-multihomed
+ case.
+
+ 3) Even if the first-hop router does have a route for a
+ destination, there may be a better route via another interface.
+ No mechanism exists for the multihomed host to detect this
+ situation.
+
+ If a multihomed host fails to receive Router Advertisements on one or
+ more of its interfaces, it will not know (in the absence of
+ configured information) which destinations are on-link on the
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 87]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ affected interface(s). This leads to the following problem: If
+ Router Advertisements are received on some, but not all, interfaces,
+ a multihomed host could choose to only send packets out on the
+ interfaces on which it has received Router Advertisements. A key
+ assumption made here, however, is that routers on those other
+ interfaces will be able to route packets to the ultimate destination,
+ even when those destinations reside on the subnet to which the sender
+ connects, but has no on-link prefix information. Should the
+ assumption be FALSE, communication would fail. Even if the
+ assumption holds, packets will traverse a suboptimal path.
+
+Appendix B: Future Extensions
+
+ Possible extensions for future study are:
+
+ o Using dynamic timers to be able to adapt to links with widely
+ varying delay. Measuring round-trip times, however, requires
+ acknowledgments and sequence numbers in order to match received
+ Neighbor Advertisements with the actual Neighbor Solicitation that
+ triggered the advertisement. Implementors wishing to experiment
+ with such a facility could do so in a backwards-compatible way by
+ defining a new option carrying the necessary information. Nodes
+ not understanding the option would simply ignore it.
+
+ o Adding capabilities to facilitate the operation over links that
+ currently require hosts to register with an address resolution
+ server. This could, for instance, enable routers to ask hosts to
+ send them periodic unsolicited advertisements. Once again, this
+ can be added using a new option sent in the Router Advertisements.
+
+ o Adding additional procedures for links where asymmetric and non-
+ transitive reachability is part of normal operations. Such
+ procedures might allow hosts and routers to find usable paths on,
+ e.g., radio links.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 88]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+Appendix C: State Machine for the Reachability State
+
+ This appendix contains a summary of the rules specified in Sections
+ 7.2 and 7.3. This document does not mandate that implementations
+ adhere to this model as long as their external behavior is consistent
+ with that described in this document.
+
+ When performing address resolution and Neighbor Unreachability
+ Detection the following state transitions apply using the conceptual
+ model:
+
+ State Event Action New state
+
+ - Packet to send. Create entry. INCOMPLETE
+ Send multicast NS.
+ Start retransmit timer
+
+ INCOMPLETE Retransmit timeout, Retransmit NS INCOMPLETE
+ less than N Start retransmit
+ retransmissions. timer
+
+ INCOMPLETE Retransmit timeout, Discard entry -
+ N or more Send ICMP error
+ retransmissions.
+
+ INCOMPLETE NA, Solicited=0, Record link-layer STALE
+ Override=any address. Send queued
+ packets.
+
+ INCOMPLETE NA, Solicited=1, Record link-layer REACHABLE
+ Override=any address. Send queued
+ packets.
+
+ INCOMPLETE NA, Solicited=any, Update content of unchanged
+ Override=any, No IsRouter flag
+ Link-layer address
+
+ - NS, RS, Redirect - -
+ No link-layer address
+
+ !INCOMPLETE NA, Solicited=1, - REACHABLE
+ Override=0
+ Same link-layer
+ address as cached.
+
+ !INCOMPLETE NA, Solicited=any, Update content of unchanged
+ Override=any, No IsRouter flag.
+ link-layer address
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 89]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ REACHABLE NA, Solicited=1, - STALE
+ Override=0
+ Different link-layer
+ address than cached.
+
+ STALE, PROBE NA, Solicited=1, - unchanged
+ Or DELAY Override=0
+ Different link-layer
+ address than cached.
+
+ !INCOMPLETE NA, Solicited=1, Record link-layer REACHABLE
+ Override=1 address (if
+ different).
+
+ !INCOMPLETE NA, Solicited=0, - unchanged
+ Override=0
+
+ !INCOMPLETE NA, Solicited=0, - unchanged
+ Override=1
+ Same link-layer
+ address as cached.
+
+ !INCOMPLETE NA, Solicited=0, Record link-layer STALE
+ Override=1 address.
+ Different link-layer
+ address than cached.
+
+ !INCOMPLETE upper-layer reachability - REACHABLE
+ confirmation
+
+ REACHABLE timeout, more than - STALE
+ N seconds since
+ reachability confirm.
+
+ STALE Sending packet Start delay timer DELAY
+
+ DELAY Delay timeout Send unicast NS probe PROBE
+ Start retransmit timer
+
+ PROBE Retransmit timeout, Retransmit NS PROBE
+ less than N
+ retransmissions.
+
+ PROBE Retransmit timeout, Discard entry -
+ N or more
+ retransmissions.
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 90]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ The state transitions for receiving unsolicited information other
+ than Neighbor Advertisement messages apply to either the source of
+ the packet (for Neighbor Solicitation, Router Solicitation, and
+ Router Advertisement messages) or the target address (for Redirect
+ messages) as follows:
+
+ State Event Action New state
+
+ - NS, RS, RA, Redirect Create entry. STALE
+
+ INCOMPLETE NS, RS, RA, Redirect Record link-layer STALE
+ address. Send queued
+ packets.
+
+ !INCOMPLETE NS, RS, RA, Redirect Update link-layer STALE
+ Different link-layer address
+ address than cached.
+
+ INCOMPLETE NS, RS No link-layer - unchanged
+ address
+
+ !INCOMPLETE NS, RS, RA, Redirect - unchanged
+ Same link-layer
+ address as cached.
+
+Appendix D: Summary of IsRouter Rules
+
+ This appendix presents a summary of the rules for maintaining the
+ IsRouter flag as specified in this document.
+
+ The background for these rules is that the ND messages contain,
+ either implicitly or explicitly, information that indicates whether
+ or not the sender (or Target Address) is a host or a router. The
+ following assumptions are used:
+
+ - The sender of a Router Advertisement is implicitly assumed to be a
+ router.
+
+ - Neighbor Solicitation messages do not contain either an implicit
+ or explicit indication about the sender. Both hosts and routers
+ send such messages.
+
+ - Neighbor Advertisement messages contain an explicit "IsRouter
+ flag", the R-bit.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 91]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ - The target of the redirect, when the target differs from the
+ destination address in the packet being redirected, is implicitly
+ assumed to be a router. This is a natural assumption since that
+ node is expected to be able to forward the packets towards the
+ destination.
+
+ - The target of the redirect, when the target is the same as the
+ destination, does not carry any host vs. router information. All
+ that is known is that the destination (i.e., target) is on-link
+ but it could be either a host or a router.
+
+ The rules for setting the IsRouter flag are based on the information
+ content above. If an ND message contains explicit or implicit
+ information, the receipt of the message will cause the IsRouter flag
+ to be updated. But when there is no host vs. router information in
+ the ND message, the receipt of the message MUST NOT cause a change to
+ the IsRouter state. When the receipt of such a message causes a
+ Neighbor Cache entry to be created, this document specifies that the
+ IsRouter flag be set to FALSE. There is greater potential for
+ mischief when a node incorrectly thinks a host is a router, than the
+ other way around. In these cases, a subsequent Neighbor
+ Advertisement or Router Advertisement message will set the correct
+ IsRouter value.
+
+Appendix E: Implementation Issues
+
+E.1. Reachability Confirmations
+
+ Neighbor Unreachability Detection requires explicit confirmation that
+ a forward-path is functioning properly. To avoid the need for
+ Neighbor Solicitation probe messages, upper-layer protocols should
+ provide such an indication when the cost of doing so is small.
+ Reliable connection-oriented protocols such as TCP are generally
+ aware when the forward-path is working. When TCP sends (or receives)
+ data, for instance, it updates its window sequence numbers, sets and
+ cancels retransmit timers, etc. Specific scenarios that usually
+ indicate a properly functioning forward-path include:
+
+ - Receipt of an acknowledgment that covers a sequence number (e.g.,
+ data) not previously acknowledged indicates that the forward path
+ was working at the time the data was sent.
+
+ - Completion of the initial three-way handshake is a special case of
+ the previous rule; although no data is sent during the handshake,
+ the SYN flags are counted as data from the sequence number
+ perspective. This applies to both the SYN+ACK for the active open
+ and the ACK of that packet on the passively opening peer.
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 92]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ - Receipt of new data (i.e., data not previously received) indicates
+ that the forward-path was working at the time an acknowledgment
+ was sent that advanced the peer's send window that allowed the new
+ data to be sent.
+
+ To minimize the cost of communicating reachability information
+ between the TCP and IP layers, an implementation may wish to rate-
+ limit the reachability confirmations its sends IP. One possibility
+ is to process reachability only every few packets. For example, one
+ might update reachability information once per round-trip time, if an
+ implementation only has one round-trip timer per connection. For
+ those implementations that cache Destination Cache entries within
+ control blocks, it may be possible to update the Neighbor Cache entry
+ directly (i.e., without an expensive lookup) once the TCP packet has
+ been demultiplexed to its corresponding control block. For other
+ implementations, it may be possible to piggyback the reachability
+ confirmation on the next packet submitted to IP assuming that the
+ implementation guards against the piggybacked confirmation becoming
+ stale when no packets are sent to IP for an extended period of time.
+
+ TCP must also guard against thinking "stale" information indicates
+ current reachability. For example, new data received 30 minutes
+ after a window has opened up does not constitute a confirmation that
+ the path is currently working; it merely indicates that 30 minutes
+ ago the window update reached the peer, i.e., the path was working at
+ that point in time. An implementation must also take into account
+ TCP zero-window probes that are sent even if the path is broken and
+ the window update did not reach the peer.
+
+ For UDP-based applications (Remote Procedure Call (RPC), DNS), it is
+ relatively simple to make the client send reachability confirmations
+ when the response packet is received. It is more difficult and in
+ some cases impossible for the server to generate such confirmations
+ since there is no flow control, i.e., the server cannot determine
+ whether a received request indicates that a previous response reached
+ the client.
+
+ Note that an implementation cannot use negative upper-layer advice as
+ a replacement for the Neighbor Unreachability Detection algorithm.
+ Negative advice (e.g., from TCP when there are excessive
+ retransmissions) could serve as a hint that the forward path from the
+ sender of the data might not be working. But it would fail to detect
+ when the path from the receiver of the data is not functioning,
+ causing none of the acknowledgment packets to reach the sender.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 93]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+Appendix F: Changes from RFC 2461
+
+ o Removed references to IPsec AH and ESP for securing messages or as
+ part of validating the received message.
+
+ o Added Section 3.3.
+
+ o Updated Section 11 to include more detailed discussion on threats,
+ IPsec limitations, and use of SEND.
+
+ o Removed the on-link assumption in Section 5.2 based on RFC 4942,
+ "IPv6 Neighbor Discovery On-Link Assumption Considered Harmful".
+
+ o Clarified the definition of the Router Lifetime field in Section
+ 4.2.
+
+ o Updated the text in Sections 4.6.2 and 6.2.1 to indicate that the
+ preferred lifetime must not be larger than valid lifetime.
+
+ o Removed the reference to stateful configuration and added reference
+ for DHCPv6 instead.
+
+ o Added the IsRouter flag definition to Section 6.2.1 to allow for
+ mixed host/router behavior.
+
+ o Allowed mobile nodes to be exempt from adding random delays before
+ sending an RS during a handover.
+
+ o Updated the definition of the prefix length in the prefix option.
+
+ o Updated the applicability to NBMA links in the introduction and
+ added references to 3GPP RFCs.
+
+ o Clarified that support for load balancing is limited to routers.
+
+ o Clarified router behavior when receiving a Router Solicitation
+ without Source Link-Layer Address Option (SLLAO).
+
+ o Clarified that inconsistency checks for CurHopLimit are done for
+ non-zero values only.
+
+ o Rearranged Section 7.2.5 for clarity, and described the processing
+ when receiving the NA in INCOMPLETE state.
+
+ o Added clarifications in Section 7.2 on how a node should react upon
+ receiving a message without SLLAO.
+
+ o Added new IANA section.
+
+
+
+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 94]
+
+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+ o Miscellaneous editorials.
+
+Acknowledgments
+
+ The authors of RFC 2461 would like to acknowledge the contributions
+ of the IPV6 working group and, in particular, (in alphabetical order)
+ Ran Atkinson, Jim Bound, Scott Bradner, Alex Conta, Stephen Deering,
+ Richard Draves, Francis Dupont, Robert Elz, Robert Gilligan, Robert
+ Hinden, Tatuya Jinmei, Allison Mankin, Dan McDonald, Charles Perkins,
+ Matt Thomas, and Susan Thomson.
+
+ The editor of this document (Hesham Soliman) would like to thank the
+ IPV6 working group for the numerous contributions to this revision --
+ in particular (in alphabetical order), Greg Daley, Elwyn Davies,
+ Ralph Droms, Brian Haberman, Bob Hinden, Tatuya Jinmei, Pekka Savola,
+ Fred Templin, and Christian Vogt.
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+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 95]
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+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+Authors' Addresses
+
+ Thomas Narten
+ IBM Corporation
+ P.O. Box 12195
+ Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2195
+ USA
+
+ Phone: +1 919 254 7798
+ EMail: narten@us.ibm.com
+
+
+ Erik Nordmark
+ Sun Microsystems, Inc.
+ 17 Network Circle
+ Menlo Park, CA 94025
+ USA
+
+ Phone: +1 650 786 2921
+ Fax: +1 650 786 5896
+ EMail: erik.nordmark@sun.com
+
+
+ William Allen Simpson
+ Daydreamer
+ Computer Systems Consulting Services
+ 1384 Fontaine
+ Madison Heights, Michigan 48071
+ USA
+
+ EMail: william.allen.simpson@gmail.com
+
+
+ Hesham Soliman
+ Elevate Technologies
+
+ EMail: hesham@elevatemobile.com
+
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+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 96]
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+RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
+
+
+Full Copyright Statement
+
+ Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2007).
+
+ This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
+ contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
+ retain all their rights.
+
+ This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
+ "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
+ OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND
+ THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS
+ OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF
+ THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+Intellectual Property
+
+ The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
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+ this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
+ might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
+ made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information
+ on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
+ found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
+
+ Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
+ assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
+ attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
+ such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
+ specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
+ http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
+
+ The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
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+ this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at
+ ietf-ipr@ietf.org.
+
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+Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 97]
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