Merge pull request #2016 from nicolas-fort/T5160

T5160: Firewall refactor

1 files changed, 374 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/migration-scripts/firewall/10-to-11 b/src/migration-scripts/firewall/10-to-11
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..716c5a240
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/migration-scripts/firewall/10-to-11
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2023 VyOS maintainers and contributors
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 or later as
+# published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+# GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+# along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+# T5160: Firewall re-writing
+
+#  cli changes from:       
+#  set firewall name <name> ...
+#  set firewall ipv6-name <name> ...
+#  To
+#  set firewall ipv4 name <name> 
+#  set firewall ipv6 name <name> 
+
+## Also from 'firewall interface' removed.
+## in and out:
+    # set firewall interface <iface> [in|out] [name | ipv6-name] <name>
+    # To
+    # set firewall [ipv4 | ipv6] forward filter rule <5,10,15,...> [inbound-interface | outboubd-interface] interface-name <iface>
+    # set firewall [ipv4 | ipv6] forward filter rule <5,10,15,...> action jump
+    # set firewall [ipv4 | ipv6] forward filter rule <5,10,15,...> jump-target <name>
+## local:
+    # set firewall interface <iface> local [name | ipv6-name] <name>
+    # To
+    # set firewall [ipv4 | ipv6] input filter rule <5,10,15,...> inbound-interface interface-name <iface>
+    # set firewall [ipv4 | ipv6] input filter rule <5,10,15,...> action jump
+    # set firewall [ipv4 | ipv6] input filter rule <5,10,15,...> jump-target <name>
+
+import re
+
+from sys import argv
+from sys import exit
+
+from vyos.configtree import ConfigTree
+from vyos.ifconfig import Section
+
+if len(argv) < 2:
+    print("Must specify file name!")
+    exit(1)
+
+file_name = argv[1]
+
+with open(file_name, 'r') as f:
+    config_file = f.read()
+
+base = ['firewall']
+config = ConfigTree(config_file)
+
+if not config.exists(base):
+    # Nothing to do
+    exit(0)
+
+### Migration of state policies
+if config.exists(base + ['state-policy']):
+    for family in ['ipv4', 'ipv6']:
+        for hook in ['forward', 'input', 'output']:
+            for priority in ['filter']:
+                # Add default-action== accept for compatibility reasons:
+                config.set(base + [family, hook, priority, 'default-action'], value='accept')
+                position = 1
+                for state in config.list_nodes(base + ['state-policy']):
+                    action = config.return_value(base + ['state-policy', state, 'action'])
+                    config.set(base + [family, hook, priority, 'rule'])
+                    config.set_tag(base + [family, hook, priority, 'rule'])
+                    config.set(base + [family, hook, priority, 'rule', position, 'state', state], value='enable')
+                    config.set(base + [family, hook, priority, 'rule', position, 'action'], value=action)
+                    position = position + 1
+    config.delete(base + ['state-policy'])
+
+## migration of global options:
+for option in ['all-ping', 'broadcast-ping', 'config-trap', 'ip-src-route', 'ipv6-receive-redirects', 'ipv6-src-route', 'log-martians',
+                'receive-redirects', 'resolver-cache', 'resolver-internal', 'send-redirects', 'source-validation', 'syn-cookies', 'twa-hazards-protection']:
+    if config.exists(base + [option]):
+        if option != 'config-trap':
+            val = config.return_value(base + [option])
+            config.set(base + ['global-options', option], value=val)
+        config.delete(base + [option])
+
+### Migration of firewall name and ipv6-name
+if config.exists(base + ['name']):
+    config.set(['firewall', 'ipv4', 'name'])
+    config.set_tag(['firewall', 'ipv4', 'name'])
+
+    for ipv4name in config.list_nodes(base + ['name']):
+        config.copy(base + ['name', ipv4name], base + ['ipv4', 'name', ipv4name])
+    config.delete(base + ['name'])
+
+if config.exists(base + ['ipv6-name']):
+    config.set(['firewall', 'ipv6', 'name'])
+    config.set_tag(['firewall', 'ipv6', 'name'])
+
+    for ipv6name in config.list_nodes(base + ['ipv6-name']):
+        config.copy(base + ['ipv6-name', ipv6name], base + ['ipv6', 'name', ipv6name])
+    config.delete(base + ['ipv6-name'])
+
+### Migration of firewall interface
+if config.exists(base + ['interface']):
+    fwd_ipv4_rule = 5
+    inp_ipv4_rule = 5
+    fwd_ipv6_rule = 5
+    inp_ipv6_rule = 5
+    for iface in config.list_nodes(base + ['interface']):
+        for direction in ['in', 'out', 'local']:
+            if config.exists(base + ['interface', iface, direction]):
+                if config.exists(base + ['interface', iface, direction, 'name']):
+                    target = config.return_value(base + ['interface', iface, direction, 'name'])
+                    if direction == 'in':
+                        # Add default-action== accept for compatibility reasons:
+                        config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'default-action'], value='accept')
+                        new_base = base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule']
+                        config.set(new_base)
+                        config.set_tag(new_base)
+                        config.set(new_base + [fwd_ipv4_rule, 'inbound-interface', 'interface-name'], value=iface)
+                        config.set(new_base + [fwd_ipv4_rule, 'action'], value='jump')
+                        config.set(new_base + [fwd_ipv4_rule, 'jump-target'], value=target)
+                        fwd_ipv4_rule = fwd_ipv4_rule + 5
+                    elif direction == 'out':
+                        # Add default-action== accept for compatibility reasons:
+                        config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'default-action'], value='accept')
+                        new_base = base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule']
+                        config.set(new_base)
+                        config.set_tag(new_base)
+                        config.set(new_base + [fwd_ipv4_rule, 'outbound-interface', 'interface-name'], value=iface)
+                        config.set(new_base + [fwd_ipv4_rule, 'action'], value='jump')
+                        config.set(new_base + [fwd_ipv4_rule, 'jump-target'], value=target)
+                        fwd_ipv4_rule = fwd_ipv4_rule + 5
+                    else:
+                        # Add default-action== accept for compatibility reasons:
+                        config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'input', 'filter', 'default-action'], value='accept')
+                        new_base = base + ['ipv4', 'input', 'filter', 'rule']
+                        config.set(new_base)
+                        config.set_tag(new_base)
+                        config.set(new_base + [inp_ipv4_rule, 'inbound-interface', 'interface-name'], value=iface)
+                        config.set(new_base + [inp_ipv4_rule, 'action'], value='jump')
+                        config.set(new_base + [inp_ipv4_rule, 'jump-target'], value=target)
+                        inp_ipv4_rule = inp_ipv4_rule + 5
+
+                if config.exists(base + ['interface', iface, direction, 'ipv6-name']):
+                    target = config.return_value(base + ['interface', iface, direction, 'ipv6-name'])
+                    if direction == 'in':
+                        # Add default-action== accept for compatibility reasons:
+                        config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'default-action'], value='accept')
+                        new_base = base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule']
+                        config.set(new_base)
+                        config.set_tag(new_base)
+                        config.set(new_base + [fwd_ipv6_rule, 'inbound-interface', 'interface-name'], value=iface)
+                        config.set(new_base + [fwd_ipv6_rule, 'action'], value='jump')
+                        config.set(new_base + [fwd_ipv6_rule, 'jump-target'], value=target)
+                        fwd_ipv6_rule = fwd_ipv6_rule + 5
+                    elif direction == 'out':
+                        # Add default-action== accept for compatibility reasons:
+                        config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'default-action'], value='accept')
+                        new_base = base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule']
+                        config.set(new_base)
+                        config.set_tag(new_base)
+                        config.set(new_base + [fwd_ipv6_rule, 'outbound-interface', 'interface-name'], value=iface)
+                        config.set(new_base + [fwd_ipv6_rule, 'action'], value='jump')
+                        config.set(new_base + [fwd_ipv6_rule, 'jump-target'], value=target)
+                        fwd_ipv6_rule = fwd_ipv6_rule + 5
+                    else:
+                        new_base = base + ['ipv6', 'input', 'filter', 'rule']
+                        # Add default-action== accept for compatibility reasons:
+                        config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'input', 'filter', 'default-action'], value='accept')
+                        config.set(new_base)
+                        config.set_tag(new_base)
+                        config.set(new_base + [inp_ipv6_rule, 'inbound-interface', 'interface-name'], value=iface)
+                        config.set(new_base + [inp_ipv6_rule, 'action'], value='jump')
+                        config.set(new_base + [inp_ipv6_rule, 'jump-target'], value=target)
+                        inp_ipv6_rule = inp_ipv6_rule + 5
+
+    config.delete(base + ['interface'])
+
+
+### Migration of zones:
+### User interface groups 
+if config.exists(base + ['zone']):
+    inp_ipv4_rule = 101
+    inp_ipv6_rule = 101
+    fwd_ipv4_rule = 101
+    fwd_ipv6_rule = 101
+    out_ipv4_rule = 101
+    out_ipv6_rule = 101
+    local_zone = 'False'
+
+    for zone in config.list_nodes(base + ['zone']):
+        if config.exists(base + ['zone', zone, 'local-zone']):
+            local_zone = 'True'
+            # Add default-action== accept for compatibility reasons:
+            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'input', 'filter', 'default-action'], value='accept')
+            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'input', 'filter', 'default-action'], value='accept')
+            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'output', 'filter', 'default-action'], value='accept')
+            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'output', 'filter', 'default-action'], value='accept')
+            for from_zone in config.list_nodes(base + ['zone', zone, 'from']):
+                group_name = 'IG_' + from_zone
+                if config.exists(base + ['zone', zone, 'from', from_zone, 'firewall', 'name']):
+                    # ipv4 input ruleset
+                    target_ipv4_chain = config.return_value(base + ['zone', zone, 'from', from_zone, 'firewall', 'name'])
+                    config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'input', 'filter', 'rule'])
+                    config.set_tag(base + ['ipv4', 'input', 'filter', 'rule'])
+                    config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'input', 'filter', 'rule', inp_ipv4_rule, 'inbound-interface', 'interface-group'], value=group_name)
+                    config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'input', 'filter', 'rule', inp_ipv4_rule, 'action'], value='jump')
+                    config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'input', 'filter', 'rule', inp_ipv4_rule, 'jump-target'], value=target_ipv4_chain)
+                    inp_ipv4_rule = inp_ipv4_rule + 5
+                if config.exists(base + ['zone', zone, 'from', from_zone, 'firewall', 'ipv6-name']):
+                    # ipv6 input ruleset
+                    target_ipv6_chain = config.return_value(base + ['zone', zone, 'from', from_zone, 'firewall', 'ipv6-name'])
+                    config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'input', 'filter', 'rule'])
+                    config.set_tag(base + ['ipv6', 'input', 'filter', 'rule'])
+                    config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'input', 'filter', 'rule', inp_ipv6_rule, 'inbound-interface', 'interface-group'], value=group_name)
+                    config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'input', 'filter', 'rule', inp_ipv6_rule, 'action'], value='jump')
+                    config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'input', 'filter', 'rule', inp_ipv6_rule, 'jump-target'], value=target_ipv6_chain)
+                    inp_ipv6_rule = inp_ipv6_rule + 5
+
+            # Migrate: set firewall zone <zone> default-action <action>
+            # Options: drop or reject. If not specified, is drop
+            if config.exists(base + ['zone', zone, 'default-action']):
+                local_def_action = config.return_value(base + ['zone', zone, 'default-action'])
+            else:
+                local_def_action = 'drop'
+            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'input', 'filter', 'rule'])
+            config.set_tag(base + ['ipv4', 'input', 'filter', 'rule'])
+            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'input', 'filter', 'rule', inp_ipv4_rule, 'action'], value=local_def_action)
+            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'input', 'filter', 'rule'])
+            config.set_tag(base + ['ipv6', 'input', 'filter', 'rule'])
+            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'input', 'filter', 'rule', inp_ipv6_rule, 'action'], value=local_def_action)
+            if config.exists(base + ['zone', zone, 'enable-default-log']):
+                config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'input', 'filter', 'rule', inp_ipv4_rule, 'log'], value='enable')
+                config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'input', 'filter', 'rule', inp_ipv6_rule, 'log'], value='enable')
+
+        else:
+        # It's not a local zone
+            group_name = 'IG_' + zone
+            # Add default-action== accept for compatibility reasons:
+            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'default-action'], value='accept')
+            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'default-action'], value='accept')
+            # intra-filtering migration. By default accept
+            intra_zone_ipv4_action = 'accept'
+            intra_zone_ipv6_action = 'accept'
+            
+            if config.exists(base + ['zone', zone, 'intra-zone-filtering', 'action']):
+                intra_zone_ipv4_action = config.return_value(base + ['zone', zone, 'intra-zone-filtering', 'action'])
+                intra_zone_ipv6_action = intra_zone_ipv4_action
+            else:
+                if config.exists(base + ['zone', zone, 'intra-zone-filtering', 'firewall', 'name']):
+                    intra_zone_ipv4_target = config.return_value(base + ['zone', zone, 'intra-zone-filtering', 'firewall', 'name'])
+                    intra_zone_ipv4_action = 'jump'
+                if config.exists(base + ['zone', zone, 'intra-zone-filtering', 'firewall', 'ipv6-name']):
+                    intra_zone_ipv6_target = config.return_value(base + ['zone', zone, 'intra-zone-filtering', 'firewall', 'ipv6-name'])
+                    intra_zone_ipv6_action = 'jump'
+            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule'])
+            config.set_tag(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule'])
+            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv4_rule, 'outbound-interface', 'interface-group'], value=group_name)
+            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv4_rule, 'inbound-interface', 'interface-group'], value=group_name)
+            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv4_rule, 'action'], value=intra_zone_ipv4_action)
+            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule'])
+            config.set_tag(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule'])
+            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv6_rule, 'outbound-interface', 'interface-group'], value=group_name)
+            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv6_rule, 'inbound-interface', 'interface-group'], value=group_name)
+            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv6_rule, 'action'], value=intra_zone_ipv6_action)
+            if intra_zone_ipv4_action == 'jump':
+                if config.exists(base + ['zone', zone, 'intra-zone-filtering', 'firewall', 'name']):
+                    intra_zone_ipv4_target = config.return_value(base + ['zone', zone, 'intra-zone-filtering', 'firewall', 'name'])
+                    config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv4_rule, 'jump-target'], value=intra_zone_ipv4_target)
+            if intra_zone_ipv6_action == 'jump':
+                if config.exists(base + ['zone', zone, 'intra-zone-filtering', 'firewall', 'ipv6-name']):
+                    intra_zone_ipv6_target = config.return_value(base + ['zone', zone, 'intra-zone-filtering', 'firewall', 'ipv6-name'])
+                    config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv6_rule, 'jump-target'], value=intra_zone_ipv6_target)
+            fwd_ipv4_rule = fwd_ipv4_rule + 5
+            fwd_ipv6_rule = fwd_ipv6_rule + 5
+
+            if config.exists(base + ['zone', zone, 'interface']):
+                # Create interface group IG_<zone>
+                group_name = 'IG_' + zone
+                config.set(base + ['group', 'interface-group'], value=group_name)
+                config.set_tag(base + ['group', 'interface-group'])
+                for iface in config.return_values(base + ['zone', zone, 'interface']):
+                    config.set(base + ['group', 'interface-group', group_name, 'interface'], value=iface, replace=False)
+
+            if config.exists(base + ['zone', zone, 'from']):
+                for from_zone in config.list_nodes(base + ['zone', zone, 'from']):
+                    from_group = 'IG_' + from_zone
+                    if config.exists(base + ['zone', zone, 'from', from_zone, 'firewall', 'name']):
+                        target_ipv4_chain = config.return_value(base + ['zone', zone, 'from', from_zone, 'firewall', 'name'])
+                        if config.exists(base + ['zone', from_zone, 'local-zone']):
+                            # It's from LOCAL zone -> Output filtering 
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'output', 'filter', 'rule'])
+                            config.set_tag(base + ['ipv4', 'output', 'filter', 'rule'])
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'output', 'filter', 'rule', out_ipv4_rule, 'outbound-interface', 'interface-group'], value=group_name)
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'output', 'filter', 'rule', out_ipv4_rule, 'action'], value='jump')
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'output', 'filter', 'rule', out_ipv4_rule, 'jump-target'], value=target_ipv4_chain)
+                            out_ipv4_rule = out_ipv4_rule + 5
+                        else:
+                            # It's not LOCAL zone -> forward filtering
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule'])
+                            config.set_tag(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule'])
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv4_rule, 'outbound-interface', 'interface-group'], value=group_name)
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv4_rule, 'inbound-interface', 'interface-group'], value=from_group)
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv4_rule, 'action'], value='jump')
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv4_rule, 'jump-target'], value=target_ipv4_chain)
+                            fwd_ipv4_rule = fwd_ipv4_rule + 5
+                    if config.exists(base + ['zone', zone, 'from', from_zone, 'firewall', 'ipv6-name']):
+                        target_ipv6_chain = config.return_value(base + ['zone', zone, 'from', from_zone, 'firewall', 'ipv6-name'])
+                        if config.exists(base + ['zone', from_zone, 'local-zone']):
+                            # It's from LOCAL zone -> Output filtering
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'output', 'filter', 'rule'])
+                            config.set_tag(base + ['ipv6', 'output', 'filter', 'rule'])
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'output', 'filter', 'rule', out_ipv6_rule, 'outbound-interface', 'interface-group'], value=group_name)
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'output', 'filter', 'rule', out_ipv6_rule, 'action'], value='jump')
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'output', 'filter', 'rule', out_ipv6_rule, 'jump-target'], value=target_ipv6_chain)
+                            out_ipv6_rule = out_ipv6_rule + 5
+                        else:
+                            # It's not LOCAL zone -> forward filtering
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule'])
+                            config.set_tag(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule'])
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv6_rule, 'outbound-interface', 'interface-group'], value=group_name)
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv6_rule, 'inbound-interface', 'interface-group'], value=from_group)
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv6_rule, 'action'], value='jump')
+                            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv6_rule, 'jump-target'], value=target_ipv6_chain)
+                            fwd_ipv6_rule = fwd_ipv6_rule + 5
+
+            ## Now need to migrate: set firewall zone <zone> default-action <action>    # action=drop if not specified.
+            if config.exists(base + ['zone', zone, 'default-action']):
+                def_action = config.return_value(base + ['zone', zone, 'default-action'])
+            else:
+                def_action = 'drop'
+            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule'])
+            config.set_tag(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule'])
+            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv4_rule, 'outbound-interface', 'interface-group'], value=group_name)
+            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv4_rule, 'action'], value=def_action)
+            description = 'zone_' + zone + ' default-action'
+            config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv4_rule, 'description'], value=description)
+            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule'])
+            config.set_tag(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule'])
+            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv6_rule, 'outbound-interface', 'interface-group'], value=group_name)
+            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv6_rule, 'action'], value=def_action)
+            config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv6_rule, 'description'], value=description)
+
+            if config.exists(base + ['zone', zone, 'enable-default-log']):
+                config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv4_rule, 'log'], value='enable')
+                config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'forward', 'filter', 'rule', fwd_ipv6_rule, 'log'], value='enable')
+            fwd_ipv4_rule = fwd_ipv4_rule + 5
+            fwd_ipv6_rule = fwd_ipv6_rule + 5
+
+    # Migrate default-action (force to be drop in output chain) if local zone is defined
+    if local_zone == 'True':
+        # General drop in output change if needed
+        config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'output', 'filter', 'rule'])
+        config.set_tag(base + ['ipv4', 'output', 'filter', 'rule'])
+        config.set(base + ['ipv4', 'output', 'filter', 'rule', out_ipv4_rule, 'action'], value=local_def_action)
+        config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'output', 'filter', 'rule'])
+        config.set_tag(base + ['ipv6', 'output', 'filter', 'rule'])
+        config.set(base + ['ipv6', 'output', 'filter', 'rule', out_ipv6_rule, 'action'], value=local_def_action)
+
+    config.delete(base + ['zone'])
+
+###### END migration zones
+
+try:
+    with open(file_name, 'w') as f:
+        f.write(config.to_string())
+except OSError as e:
+    print("Failed to save the modified config: {}".format(e))
+    exit(1)
\ No newline at end of file