Adopt Black and isort (SC-700) (#1157)

Applied Black and isort, fixed any linting issues, updated tox.ini
and CI.

22 files changed, 1144 insertions, 930 deletions

diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/azure.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/azure.py
index a5ac1d57..50058fe0 100755
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/azure.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/azure.py
@@ -6,27 +6,28 @@ import os
 import re
 import socket
 import struct
-import time
 import textwrap
+import time
 import zlib
-from errno import ENOENT
-
-from cloudinit.settings import CFG_BUILTIN
-from cloudinit.net import dhcp
-from cloudinit import stages
-from cloudinit import temp_utils
 from contextlib import contextmanager
+from datetime import datetime
+from errno import ENOENT
 from xml.etree import ElementTree
 from xml.sax.saxutils import escape
 
-from cloudinit import subp
-from cloudinit import url_helper
-from cloudinit import util
-from cloudinit import version
-from cloudinit import distros
-from cloudinit.reporting import events
+from cloudinit import (
+    distros,
+    stages,
+    subp,
+    temp_utils,
+    url_helper,
+    util,
+    version,
+)
+from cloudinit.net import dhcp
 from cloudinit.net.dhcp import EphemeralDHCPv4
-from datetime import datetime
+from cloudinit.reporting import events
+from cloudinit.settings import CFG_BUILTIN
 
 LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -34,10 +35,10 @@ LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 # value is applied if the endpoint can't be found within a lease file
 DEFAULT_WIRESERVER_ENDPOINT = "a8:3f:81:10"
 
-BOOT_EVENT_TYPE = 'boot-telemetry'
-SYSTEMINFO_EVENT_TYPE = 'system-info'
-DIAGNOSTIC_EVENT_TYPE = 'diagnostic'
-COMPRESSED_EVENT_TYPE = 'compressed'
+BOOT_EVENT_TYPE = "boot-telemetry"
+SYSTEMINFO_EVENT_TYPE = "system-info"
+DIAGNOSTIC_EVENT_TYPE = "diagnostic"
+COMPRESSED_EVENT_TYPE = "compressed"
 # Maximum number of bytes of the cloud-init.log file that can be dumped to KVP
 # at once. This number is based on the analysis done on a large sample of
 # cloud-init.log files where the P95 of the file sizes was 537KB and the time
@@ -45,25 +46,29 @@ COMPRESSED_EVENT_TYPE = 'compressed'
 MAX_LOG_TO_KVP_LENGTH = 512000
 # File to store the last byte of cloud-init.log that was pushed to KVP. This
 # file will be deleted with every VM reboot.
-LOG_PUSHED_TO_KVP_INDEX_FILE = '/run/cloud-init/log_pushed_to_kvp_index'
+LOG_PUSHED_TO_KVP_INDEX_FILE = "/run/cloud-init/log_pushed_to_kvp_index"
 azure_ds_reporter = events.ReportEventStack(
     name="azure-ds",
     description="initialize reporter for azure ds",
-    reporting_enabled=True)
+    reporting_enabled=True,
+)
 
 DEFAULT_REPORT_FAILURE_USER_VISIBLE_MESSAGE = (
-    'The VM encountered an error during deployment. '
-    'Please visit https://aka.ms/linuxprovisioningerror '
-    'for more information on remediation.')
+    "The VM encountered an error during deployment. "
+    "Please visit https://aka.ms/linuxprovisioningerror "
+    "for more information on remediation."
+)
 
 
 def azure_ds_telemetry_reporter(func):
     def impl(*args, **kwargs):
         with events.ReportEventStack(
-                name=func.__name__,
-                description=func.__name__,
-                parent=azure_ds_reporter):
+            name=func.__name__,
+            description=func.__name__,
+            parent=azure_ds_reporter,
+        ):
             return func(*args, **kwargs)
+
     return impl
 
 
@@ -79,16 +84,16 @@ def is_byte_swapped(previous_id, current_id):
     def swap_bytestring(s, width=2):
         dd = [byte for byte in textwrap.wrap(s, 2)]
         dd.reverse()
-        return ''.join(dd)
+        return "".join(dd)
 
-    parts = current_id.split('-')
-    swapped_id = '-'.join(
+    parts = current_id.split("-")
+    swapped_id = "-".join(
         [
             swap_bytestring(parts[0]),
             swap_bytestring(parts[1]),
             swap_bytestring(parts[2]),
             parts[3],
-            parts[4]
+            parts[4],
         ]
     )
 
@@ -98,31 +103,29 @@ def is_byte_swapped(previous_id, current_id):
 @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
 def get_boot_telemetry():
     """Report timestamps related to kernel initialization and systemd
-       activation of cloud-init"""
+    activation of cloud-init"""
     if not distros.uses_systemd():
-        raise RuntimeError(
-            "distro not using systemd, skipping boot telemetry")
+        raise RuntimeError("distro not using systemd, skipping boot telemetry")
 
     LOG.debug("Collecting boot telemetry")
     try:
         kernel_start = float(time.time()) - float(util.uptime())
     except ValueError as e:
-        raise RuntimeError(
-            "Failed to determine kernel start timestamp"
-        ) from e
+        raise RuntimeError("Failed to determine kernel start timestamp") from e
 
     try:
-        out, _ = subp.subp(['/bin/systemctl',
-                            'show', '-p',
-                            'UserspaceTimestampMonotonic'],
-                           capture=True)
+        out, _ = subp.subp(
+            ["/bin/systemctl", "show", "-p", "UserspaceTimestampMonotonic"],
+            capture=True,
+        )
         tsm = None
-        if out and '=' in out:
+        if out and "=" in out:
             tsm = out.split("=")[1]
 
         if not tsm:
-            raise RuntimeError("Failed to parse "
-                               "UserspaceTimestampMonotonic from systemd")
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Failed to parse UserspaceTimestampMonotonic from systemd"
+            )
 
         user_start = kernel_start + (float(tsm) / 1000000)
     except subp.ProcessExecutionError as e:
@@ -135,16 +138,23 @@ def get_boot_telemetry():
         ) from e
 
     try:
-        out, _ = subp.subp(['/bin/systemctl', 'show',
-                            'cloud-init-local', '-p',
-                            'InactiveExitTimestampMonotonic'],
-                           capture=True)
+        out, _ = subp.subp(
+            [
+                "/bin/systemctl",
+                "show",
+                "cloud-init-local",
+                "-p",
+                "InactiveExitTimestampMonotonic",
+            ],
+            capture=True,
+        )
         tsm = None
-        if out and '=' in out:
+        if out and "=" in out:
             tsm = out.split("=")[1]
         if not tsm:
-            raise RuntimeError("Failed to parse "
-                               "InactiveExitTimestampMonotonic from systemd")
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Failed to parse InactiveExitTimestampMonotonic from systemd"
+            )
 
         cloudinit_activation = kernel_start + (float(tsm) / 1000000)
     except subp.ProcessExecutionError as e:
@@ -158,12 +168,16 @@ def get_boot_telemetry():
         ) from e
 
     evt = events.ReportingEvent(
-        BOOT_EVENT_TYPE, 'boot-telemetry',
-        "kernel_start=%s user_start=%s cloudinit_activation=%s" %
-        (datetime.utcfromtimestamp(kernel_start).isoformat() + 'Z',
-         datetime.utcfromtimestamp(user_start).isoformat() + 'Z',
-         datetime.utcfromtimestamp(cloudinit_activation).isoformat() + 'Z'),
-        events.DEFAULT_EVENT_ORIGIN)
+        BOOT_EVENT_TYPE,
+        "boot-telemetry",
+        "kernel_start=%s user_start=%s cloudinit_activation=%s"
+        % (
+            datetime.utcfromtimestamp(kernel_start).isoformat() + "Z",
+            datetime.utcfromtimestamp(user_start).isoformat() + "Z",
+            datetime.utcfromtimestamp(cloudinit_activation).isoformat() + "Z",
+        ),
+        events.DEFAULT_EVENT_ORIGIN,
+    )
     events.report_event(evt)
 
     # return the event for unit testing purpose
@@ -175,13 +189,22 @@ def get_system_info():
     """Collect and report system information"""
     info = util.system_info()
     evt = events.ReportingEvent(
-        SYSTEMINFO_EVENT_TYPE, 'system information',
+        SYSTEMINFO_EVENT_TYPE,
+        "system information",
         "cloudinit_version=%s, kernel_version=%s, variant=%s, "
         "distro_name=%s, distro_version=%s, flavor=%s, "
-        "python_version=%s" %
-        (version.version_string(), info['release'], info['variant'],
-         info['dist'][0], info['dist'][1], info['dist'][2],
-         info['python']), events.DEFAULT_EVENT_ORIGIN)
+        "python_version=%s"
+        % (
+            version.version_string(),
+            info["release"],
+            info["variant"],
+            info["dist"][0],
+            info["dist"][1],
+            info["dist"][2],
+            info["python"],
+        ),
+        events.DEFAULT_EVENT_ORIGIN,
+    )
     events.report_event(evt)
 
     # return the event for unit testing purpose
@@ -189,13 +212,17 @@ def get_system_info():
 
 
 def report_diagnostic_event(
-        msg: str, *, logger_func=None) -> events.ReportingEvent:
+    msg: str, *, logger_func=None
+) -> events.ReportingEvent:
     """Report a diagnostic event"""
     if callable(logger_func):
         logger_func(msg)
     evt = events.ReportingEvent(
-        DIAGNOSTIC_EVENT_TYPE, 'diagnostic message',
-        msg, events.DEFAULT_EVENT_ORIGIN)
+        DIAGNOSTIC_EVENT_TYPE,
+        "diagnostic message",
+        msg,
+        events.DEFAULT_EVENT_ORIGIN,
+    )
     events.report_event(evt, excluded_handler_types={"log"})
 
     # return the event for unit testing purpose
@@ -205,21 +232,26 @@ def report_diagnostic_event(
 def report_compressed_event(event_name, event_content):
     """Report a compressed event"""
     compressed_data = base64.encodebytes(zlib.compress(event_content))
-    event_data = {"encoding": "gz+b64",
-                  "data": compressed_data.decode('ascii')}
+    event_data = {
+        "encoding": "gz+b64",
+        "data": compressed_data.decode("ascii"),
+    }
     evt = events.ReportingEvent(
-        COMPRESSED_EVENT_TYPE, event_name,
+        COMPRESSED_EVENT_TYPE,
+        event_name,
         json.dumps(event_data),
-        events.DEFAULT_EVENT_ORIGIN)
-    events.report_event(evt,
-                        excluded_handler_types={"log", "print", "webhook"})
+        events.DEFAULT_EVENT_ORIGIN,
+    )
+    events.report_event(
+        evt, excluded_handler_types={"log", "print", "webhook"}
+    )
 
     # return the event for unit testing purpose
     return evt
 
 
 @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
-def push_log_to_kvp(file_name=CFG_BUILTIN['def_log_file']):
+def push_log_to_kvp(file_name=CFG_BUILTIN["def_log_file"]):
     """Push a portion of cloud-init.log file or the whole file to KVP
     based on the file size.
     The first time this function is called after VM boot, It will push the last
@@ -237,23 +269,26 @@ def push_log_to_kvp(file_name=CFG_BUILTIN['def_log_file']):
             report_diagnostic_event(
                 "Dumping last {0} bytes of cloud-init.log file to KVP starting"
                 " from index: {1}".format(f.tell() - seek_index, seek_index),
-                logger_func=LOG.debug)
+                logger_func=LOG.debug,
+            )
             f.seek(seek_index, os.SEEK_SET)
             report_compressed_event("cloud-init.log", f.read())
             util.write_file(LOG_PUSHED_TO_KVP_INDEX_FILE, str(f.tell()))
     except Exception as ex:
         report_diagnostic_event(
             "Exception when dumping log file: %s" % repr(ex),
-            logger_func=LOG.warning)
+            logger_func=LOG.warning,
+        )
 
     LOG.debug("Dumping dmesg log to KVP")
     try:
-        out, _ = subp.subp(['dmesg'], decode=False, capture=True)
+        out, _ = subp.subp(["dmesg"], decode=False, capture=True)
         report_compressed_event("dmesg", out)
     except Exception as ex:
         report_diagnostic_event(
             "Exception when dumping dmesg log: %s" % repr(ex),
-            logger_func=LOG.warning)
+            logger_func=LOG.warning,
+        )
 
 
 @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
@@ -263,16 +298,20 @@ def get_last_log_byte_pushed_to_kvp_index():
             return int(f.read())
     except IOError as e:
         if e.errno != ENOENT:
-            report_diagnostic_event("Reading LOG_PUSHED_TO_KVP_INDEX_FILE"
-                                    " failed: %s." % repr(e),
-                                    logger_func=LOG.warning)
+            report_diagnostic_event(
+                "Reading LOG_PUSHED_TO_KVP_INDEX_FILE failed: %s." % repr(e),
+                logger_func=LOG.warning,
+            )
     except ValueError as e:
-        report_diagnostic_event("Invalid value in LOG_PUSHED_TO_KVP_INDEX_FILE"
-                                ": %s." % repr(e),
-                                logger_func=LOG.warning)
+        report_diagnostic_event(
+            "Invalid value in LOG_PUSHED_TO_KVP_INDEX_FILE: %s." % repr(e),
+            logger_func=LOG.warning,
+        )
     except Exception as e:
-        report_diagnostic_event("Failed to get the last log byte pushed to KVP"
-                                ": %s." % repr(e), logger_func=LOG.warning)
+        report_diagnostic_event(
+            "Failed to get the last log byte pushed to KVP: %s." % repr(e),
+            logger_func=LOG.warning,
+        )
     return 0
 
 
@@ -306,28 +345,31 @@ def http_with_retries(url, **kwargs) -> str:
     sleep_duration_between_retries = 5
     periodic_logging_attempts = 12
 
-    if 'timeout' not in kwargs:
-        kwargs['timeout'] = default_readurl_timeout
+    if "timeout" not in kwargs:
+        kwargs["timeout"] = default_readurl_timeout
 
     # remove kwargs that cause url_helper.readurl to retry,
     # since we are already implementing our own retry logic.
-    if kwargs.pop('retries', None):
+    if kwargs.pop("retries", None):
         LOG.warning(
-            'Ignoring retries kwarg passed in for '
-            'communication with Azure endpoint.')
-    if kwargs.pop('infinite', None):
+            "Ignoring retries kwarg passed in for "
+            "communication with Azure endpoint."
+        )
+    if kwargs.pop("infinite", None):
         LOG.warning(
-            'Ignoring infinite kwarg passed in for communication '
-            'with Azure endpoint.')
+            "Ignoring infinite kwarg passed in for communication "
+            "with Azure endpoint."
+        )
 
     for attempt in range(1, max_readurl_attempts + 1):
         try:
             ret = url_helper.readurl(url, **kwargs)
 
             report_diagnostic_event(
-                'Successful HTTP request with Azure endpoint %s after '
-                '%d attempts' % (url, attempt),
-                logger_func=LOG.debug)
+                "Successful HTTP request with Azure endpoint %s after "
+                "%d attempts" % (url, attempt),
+                logger_func=LOG.debug,
+            )
 
             return ret
 
@@ -335,20 +377,20 @@ def http_with_retries(url, **kwargs) -> str:
             exc = e
             if attempt % periodic_logging_attempts == 0:
                 report_diagnostic_event(
-                    'Failed HTTP request with Azure endpoint %s during '
-                    'attempt %d with exception: %s' %
-                    (url, attempt, e),
-                    logger_func=LOG.debug)
+                    "Failed HTTP request with Azure endpoint %s during "
+                    "attempt %d with exception: %s" % (url, attempt, e),
+                    logger_func=LOG.debug,
+                )
             time.sleep(sleep_duration_between_retries)
 
     raise exc
 
 
 def build_minimal_ovf(
-        username: str,
-        hostname: str,
-        disableSshPwd: str) -> bytes:
-    OVF_ENV_TEMPLATE = textwrap.dedent('''\
+    username: str, hostname: str, disableSshPwd: str
+) -> bytes:
+    OVF_ENV_TEMPLATE = textwrap.dedent(
+        """\
         <ns0:Environment xmlns:ns0="http://schemas.dmtf.org/ovf/environment/1"
          xmlns:ns1="http://schemas.microsoft.com/windowsazure"
          xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
@@ -370,19 +412,19 @@ def build_minimal_ovf(
             </ns1:PlatformSettings>
           </ns1:PlatformSettingsSection>
         </ns0:Environment>
-        ''')
+        """
+    )
     ret = OVF_ENV_TEMPLATE.format(
-        username=username,
-        hostname=hostname,
-        disableSshPwd=disableSshPwd)
-    return ret.encode('utf-8')
+        username=username, hostname=hostname, disableSshPwd=disableSshPwd
+    )
+    return ret.encode("utf-8")
 
 
 class AzureEndpointHttpClient:
 
     headers = {
-        'x-ms-agent-name': 'WALinuxAgent',
-        'x-ms-version': '2012-11-30',
+        "x-ms-agent-name": "WALinuxAgent",
+        "x-ms-version": "2012-11-30",
     }
 
     def __init__(self, certificate):
@@ -403,8 +445,7 @@ class AzureEndpointHttpClient:
         if extra_headers is not None:
             headers = self.headers.copy()
             headers.update(extra_headers)
-        return http_with_retries(
-            url, data=data, headers=headers)
+        return http_with_retries(url, data=data, headers=headers)
 
 
 class InvalidGoalStateXMLException(Exception):
@@ -412,12 +453,12 @@ class InvalidGoalStateXMLException(Exception):
 
 
 class GoalState:
-
     def __init__(
-            self,
-            unparsed_xml: str,
-            azure_endpoint_client: AzureEndpointHttpClient,
-            need_certificate: bool = True) -> None:
+        self,
+        unparsed_xml: str,
+        azure_endpoint_client: AzureEndpointHttpClient,
+        need_certificate: bool = True,
+    ) -> None:
         """Parses a GoalState XML string and returns a GoalState object.
 
         @param unparsed_xml: string representing a GoalState XML.
@@ -431,36 +472,41 @@ class GoalState:
             self.root = ElementTree.fromstring(unparsed_xml)
         except ElementTree.ParseError as e:
             report_diagnostic_event(
-                'Failed to parse GoalState XML: %s' % e,
-                logger_func=LOG.warning)
+                "Failed to parse GoalState XML: %s" % e,
+                logger_func=LOG.warning,
+            )
             raise
 
-        self.container_id = self._text_from_xpath('./Container/ContainerId')
+        self.container_id = self._text_from_xpath("./Container/ContainerId")
         self.instance_id = self._text_from_xpath(
-            './Container/RoleInstanceList/RoleInstance/InstanceId')
-        self.incarnation = self._text_from_xpath('./Incarnation')
+            "./Container/RoleInstanceList/RoleInstance/InstanceId"
+        )
+        self.incarnation = self._text_from_xpath("./Incarnation")
 
         for attr in ("container_id", "instance_id", "incarnation"):
             if getattr(self, attr) is None:
-                msg = 'Missing %s in GoalState XML' % attr
+                msg = "Missing %s in GoalState XML" % attr
                 report_diagnostic_event(msg, logger_func=LOG.warning)
                 raise InvalidGoalStateXMLException(msg)
 
         self.certificates_xml = None
         url = self._text_from_xpath(
-            './Container/RoleInstanceList/RoleInstance'
-            '/Configuration/Certificates')
+            "./Container/RoleInstanceList/RoleInstance"
+            "/Configuration/Certificates"
+        )
         if url is not None and need_certificate:
             with events.ReportEventStack(
-                    name="get-certificates-xml",
-                    description="get certificates xml",
-                    parent=azure_ds_reporter):
-                self.certificates_xml = \
-                    self.azure_endpoint_client.get(
-                        url, secure=True).contents
+                name="get-certificates-xml",
+                description="get certificates xml",
+                parent=azure_ds_reporter,
+            ):
+                self.certificates_xml = self.azure_endpoint_client.get(
+                    url, secure=True
+                ).contents
                 if self.certificates_xml is None:
                     raise InvalidGoalStateXMLException(
-                        'Azure endpoint returned empty certificates xml.')
+                        "Azure endpoint returned empty certificates xml."
+                    )
 
     def _text_from_xpath(self, xpath):
         element = self.root.find(xpath)
@@ -472,8 +518,8 @@ class GoalState:
 class OpenSSLManager:
 
     certificate_names = {
-        'private_key': 'TransportPrivate.pem',
-        'certificate': 'TransportCert.pem',
+        "private_key": "TransportPrivate.pem",
+        "certificate": "TransportCert.pem",
     }
 
     def __init__(self):
@@ -494,35 +540,47 @@ class OpenSSLManager:
 
     @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
     def generate_certificate(self):
-        LOG.debug('Generating certificate for communication with fabric...')
+        LOG.debug("Generating certificate for communication with fabric...")
         if self.certificate is not None:
-            LOG.debug('Certificate already generated.')
+            LOG.debug("Certificate already generated.")
             return
         with cd(self.tmpdir):
-            subp.subp([
-                'openssl', 'req', '-x509', '-nodes', '-subj',
-                '/CN=LinuxTransport', '-days', '32768', '-newkey', 'rsa:2048',
-                '-keyout', self.certificate_names['private_key'],
-                '-out', self.certificate_names['certificate'],
-            ])
-            certificate = ''
-            for line in open(self.certificate_names['certificate']):
+            subp.subp(
+                [
+                    "openssl",
+                    "req",
+                    "-x509",
+                    "-nodes",
+                    "-subj",
+                    "/CN=LinuxTransport",
+                    "-days",
+                    "32768",
+                    "-newkey",
+                    "rsa:2048",
+                    "-keyout",
+                    self.certificate_names["private_key"],
+                    "-out",
+                    self.certificate_names["certificate"],
+                ]
+            )
+            certificate = ""
+            for line in open(self.certificate_names["certificate"]):
                 if "CERTIFICATE" not in line:
                     certificate += line.rstrip()
             self.certificate = certificate
-        LOG.debug('New certificate generated.')
+        LOG.debug("New certificate generated.")
 
     @staticmethod
     @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
     def _run_x509_action(action, cert):
-        cmd = ['openssl', 'x509', '-noout', action]
+        cmd = ["openssl", "x509", "-noout", action]
         result, _ = subp.subp(cmd, data=cert)
         return result
 
     @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
     def _get_ssh_key_from_cert(self, certificate):
-        pub_key = self._run_x509_action('-pubkey', certificate)
-        keygen_cmd = ['ssh-keygen', '-i', '-m', 'PKCS8', '-f', '/dev/stdin']
+        pub_key = self._run_x509_action("-pubkey", certificate)
+        keygen_cmd = ["ssh-keygen", "-i", "-m", "PKCS8", "-f", "/dev/stdin"]
         ssh_key, _ = subp.subp(keygen_cmd, data=pub_key)
         return ssh_key
 
@@ -535,48 +593,50 @@ class OpenSSLManager:
         Azure control plane passes that fingerprint as so:
         '073E19D14D1C799224C6A0FD8DDAB6A8BF27D473'
         """
-        raw_fp = self._run_x509_action('-fingerprint', certificate)
-        eq = raw_fp.find('=')
-        octets = raw_fp[eq+1:-1].split(':')
-        return ''.join(octets)
+        raw_fp = self._run_x509_action("-fingerprint", certificate)
+        eq = raw_fp.find("=")
+        octets = raw_fp[eq + 1 : -1].split(":")
+        return "".join(octets)
 
     @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
     def _decrypt_certs_from_xml(self, certificates_xml):
         """Decrypt the certificates XML document using the our private key;
-           return the list of certs and private keys contained in the doc.
+        return the list of certs and private keys contained in the doc.
         """
-        tag = ElementTree.fromstring(certificates_xml).find('.//Data')
+        tag = ElementTree.fromstring(certificates_xml).find(".//Data")
         certificates_content = tag.text
         lines = [
-            b'MIME-Version: 1.0',
+            b"MIME-Version: 1.0",
             b'Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="Certificates.p7m"',
             b'Content-Type: application/x-pkcs7-mime; name="Certificates.p7m"',
-            b'Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64',
-            b'',
-            certificates_content.encode('utf-8'),
+            b"Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64",
+            b"",
+            certificates_content.encode("utf-8"),
         ]
         with cd(self.tmpdir):
             out, _ = subp.subp(
-                'openssl cms -decrypt -in /dev/stdin -inkey'
-                ' {private_key} -recip {certificate} | openssl pkcs12 -nodes'
-                ' -password pass:'.format(**self.certificate_names),
-                shell=True, data=b'\n'.join(lines))
+                "openssl cms -decrypt -in /dev/stdin -inkey"
+                " {private_key} -recip {certificate} | openssl pkcs12 -nodes"
+                " -password pass:".format(**self.certificate_names),
+                shell=True,
+                data=b"\n".join(lines),
+            )
         return out
 
     @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
     def parse_certificates(self, certificates_xml):
         """Given the Certificates XML document, return a dictionary of
-           fingerprints and associated SSH keys derived from the certs."""
+        fingerprints and associated SSH keys derived from the certs."""
         out = self._decrypt_certs_from_xml(certificates_xml)
         current = []
         keys = {}
         for line in out.splitlines():
             current.append(line)
-            if re.match(r'[-]+END .*?KEY[-]+$', line):
+            if re.match(r"[-]+END .*?KEY[-]+$", line):
                 # ignore private_keys
                 current = []
-            elif re.match(r'[-]+END .*?CERTIFICATE[-]+$', line):
-                certificate = '\n'.join(current)
+            elif re.match(r"[-]+END .*?CERTIFICATE[-]+$", line):
+                certificate = "\n".join(current)
                 ssh_key = self._get_ssh_key_from_cert(certificate)
                 fingerprint = self._get_fingerprint_from_cert(certificate)
                 keys[fingerprint] = ssh_key
@@ -586,7 +646,8 @@ class OpenSSLManager:
 
 class GoalStateHealthReporter:
 
-    HEALTH_REPORT_XML_TEMPLATE = textwrap.dedent('''\
+    HEALTH_REPORT_XML_TEMPLATE = textwrap.dedent(
+        """\
         <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
         <Health xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
          xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
@@ -604,25 +665,30 @@ class GoalStateHealthReporter:
             </RoleInstanceList>
           </Container>
         </Health>
-        ''')
+        """
+    )
 
-    HEALTH_DETAIL_SUBSECTION_XML_TEMPLATE = textwrap.dedent('''\
+    HEALTH_DETAIL_SUBSECTION_XML_TEMPLATE = textwrap.dedent(
+        """\
         <Details>
           <SubStatus>{health_substatus}</SubStatus>
           <Description>{health_description}</Description>
         </Details>
-        ''')
+        """
+    )
 
-    PROVISIONING_SUCCESS_STATUS = 'Ready'
-    PROVISIONING_NOT_READY_STATUS = 'NotReady'
-    PROVISIONING_FAILURE_SUBSTATUS = 'ProvisioningFailed'
+    PROVISIONING_SUCCESS_STATUS = "Ready"
+    PROVISIONING_NOT_READY_STATUS = "NotReady"
+    PROVISIONING_FAILURE_SUBSTATUS = "ProvisioningFailed"
 
     HEALTH_REPORT_DESCRIPTION_TRIM_LEN = 512
 
     def __init__(
-            self, goal_state: GoalState,
-            azure_endpoint_client: AzureEndpointHttpClient,
-            endpoint: str) -> None:
+        self,
+        goal_state: GoalState,
+        azure_endpoint_client: AzureEndpointHttpClient,
+        endpoint: str,
+    ) -> None:
         """Creates instance that will report provisioning status to an endpoint
 
         @param goal_state: An instance of class GoalState that contains
@@ -644,17 +710,19 @@ class GoalStateHealthReporter:
             incarnation=self._goal_state.incarnation,
             container_id=self._goal_state.container_id,
             instance_id=self._goal_state.instance_id,
-            status=self.PROVISIONING_SUCCESS_STATUS)
-        LOG.debug('Reporting ready to Azure fabric.')
+            status=self.PROVISIONING_SUCCESS_STATUS,
+        )
+        LOG.debug("Reporting ready to Azure fabric.")
         try:
             self._post_health_report(document=document)
         except Exception as e:
             report_diagnostic_event(
                 "exception while reporting ready: %s" % e,
-                logger_func=LOG.error)
+                logger_func=LOG.error,
+            )
             raise
 
-        LOG.info('Reported ready to Azure fabric.')
+        LOG.info("Reported ready to Azure fabric.")
 
     @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
     def send_failure_signal(self, description: str) -> None:
@@ -664,7 +732,8 @@ class GoalStateHealthReporter:
             instance_id=self._goal_state.instance_id,
             status=self.PROVISIONING_NOT_READY_STATUS,
             substatus=self.PROVISIONING_FAILURE_SUBSTATUS,
-            description=description)
+            description=description,
+        )
         try:
             self._post_health_report(document=document)
         except Exception as e:
@@ -672,24 +741,33 @@ class GoalStateHealthReporter:
             report_diagnostic_event(msg, logger_func=LOG.error)
             raise
 
-        LOG.warning('Reported failure to Azure fabric.')
+        LOG.warning("Reported failure to Azure fabric.")
 
     def build_report(
-            self, incarnation: str, container_id: str, instance_id: str,
-            status: str, substatus=None, description=None) -> str:
-        health_detail = ''
+        self,
+        incarnation: str,
+        container_id: str,
+        instance_id: str,
+        status: str,
+        substatus=None,
+        description=None,
+    ) -> str:
+        health_detail = ""
         if substatus is not None:
             health_detail = self.HEALTH_DETAIL_SUBSECTION_XML_TEMPLATE.format(
                 health_substatus=escape(substatus),
                 health_description=escape(
-                    description[:self.HEALTH_REPORT_DESCRIPTION_TRIM_LEN]))
+                    description[: self.HEALTH_REPORT_DESCRIPTION_TRIM_LEN]
+                ),
+            )
 
         health_report = self.HEALTH_REPORT_XML_TEMPLATE.format(
             incarnation=escape(str(incarnation)),
             container_id=escape(container_id),
             instance_id=escape(instance_id),
             health_status=escape(status),
-            health_detail_subsection=health_detail)
+            health_detail_subsection=health_detail,
+        )
 
         return health_report
 
@@ -717,20 +795,22 @@ class GoalStateHealthReporter:
         # reporting handler that writes to the special KVP files.
         time.sleep(0)
 
-        LOG.debug('Sending health report to Azure fabric.')
+        LOG.debug("Sending health report to Azure fabric.")
         url = "http://{}/machine?comp=health".format(self._endpoint)
         self._azure_endpoint_client.post(
             url,
             data=document,
-            extra_headers={'Content-Type': 'text/xml; charset=utf-8'})
-        LOG.debug('Successfully sent health report to Azure fabric')
+            extra_headers={"Content-Type": "text/xml; charset=utf-8"},
+        )
+        LOG.debug("Successfully sent health report to Azure fabric")
 
 
 class WALinuxAgentShim:
-
     def __init__(self, fallback_lease_file=None, dhcp_options=None):
-        LOG.debug('WALinuxAgentShim instantiated, fallback_lease_file=%s',
-                  fallback_lease_file)
+        LOG.debug(
+            "WALinuxAgentShim instantiated, fallback_lease_file=%s",
+            fallback_lease_file,
+        )
         self.dhcpoptions = dhcp_options
         self._endpoint = None
         self.openssl_manager = None
@@ -749,30 +829,33 @@ class WALinuxAgentShim:
     @property
     def endpoint(self):
         if self._endpoint is None:
-            self._endpoint = self.find_endpoint(self.lease_file,
-                                                self.dhcpoptions)
+            self._endpoint = self.find_endpoint(
+                self.lease_file, self.dhcpoptions
+            )
         return self._endpoint
 
     @staticmethod
     def get_ip_from_lease_value(fallback_lease_value):
-        unescaped_value = fallback_lease_value.replace('\\', '')
+        unescaped_value = fallback_lease_value.replace("\\", "")
         if len(unescaped_value) > 4:
-            hex_string = ''
-            for hex_pair in unescaped_value.split(':'):
+            hex_string = ""
+            for hex_pair in unescaped_value.split(":"):
                 if len(hex_pair) == 1:
-                    hex_pair = '0' + hex_pair
+                    hex_pair = "0" + hex_pair
                 hex_string += hex_pair
             packed_bytes = struct.pack(
-                '>L', int(hex_string.replace(':', ''), 16))
+                ">L", int(hex_string.replace(":", ""), 16)
+            )
         else:
-            packed_bytes = unescaped_value.encode('utf-8')
+            packed_bytes = unescaped_value.encode("utf-8")
         return socket.inet_ntoa(packed_bytes)
 
     @staticmethod
     @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
     def _networkd_get_value_from_leases(leases_d=None):
         return dhcp.networkd_get_option_from_leases(
-            'OPTION_245', leases_d=leases_d)
+            "OPTION_245", leases_d=leases_d
+        )
 
     @staticmethod
     @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
@@ -790,7 +873,7 @@ class WALinuxAgentShim:
             if option_name in line:
                 # Example line from Ubuntu
                 # option unknown-245 a8:3f:81:10;
-                leases.append(line.strip(' ').split(' ', 2)[-1].strip(';\n"'))
+                leases.append(line.strip(" ").split(" ", 2)[-1].strip(';\n"'))
         # Return the "most recent" one in the list
         if len(leases) < 1:
             return None
@@ -805,15 +888,16 @@ class WALinuxAgentShim:
         if not os.path.exists(hooks_dir):
             LOG.debug("%s not found.", hooks_dir)
             return None
-        hook_files = [os.path.join(hooks_dir, x)
-                      for x in os.listdir(hooks_dir)]
+        hook_files = [
+            os.path.join(hooks_dir, x) for x in os.listdir(hooks_dir)
+        ]
         for hook_file in hook_files:
             try:
-                name = os.path.basename(hook_file).replace('.json', '')
+                name = os.path.basename(hook_file).replace(".json", "")
                 dhcp_options[name] = json.loads(util.load_file((hook_file)))
             except ValueError as e:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    '{_file} is not valid JSON data'.format(_file=hook_file)
+                    "{_file} is not valid JSON data".format(_file=hook_file)
                 ) from e
         return dhcp_options
 
@@ -825,7 +909,7 @@ class WALinuxAgentShim:
         # the MS endpoint server is given to us as DHPC option 245
         _value = None
         for interface in dhcp_options:
-            _value = dhcp_options[interface].get('unknown_245', None)
+            _value = dhcp_options[interface].get("unknown_245", None)
             if _value is not None:
                 LOG.debug("Endpoint server found in dhclient options")
                 break
@@ -855,63 +939,73 @@ class WALinuxAgentShim:
             LOG.debug("Using Azure Endpoint from dhcp options")
         if value is None:
             report_diagnostic_event(
-                'No Azure endpoint from dhcp options. '
-                'Finding Azure endpoint from networkd...',
-                logger_func=LOG.debug)
+                "No Azure endpoint from dhcp options. "
+                "Finding Azure endpoint from networkd...",
+                logger_func=LOG.debug,
+            )
             value = WALinuxAgentShim._networkd_get_value_from_leases()
         if value is None:
             # Option-245 stored in /run/cloud-init/dhclient.hooks/<ifc>.json
             # a dhclient exit hook that calls cloud-init-dhclient-hook
             report_diagnostic_event(
-                'No Azure endpoint from networkd. '
-                'Finding Azure endpoint from hook json...',
-                logger_func=LOG.debug)
+                "No Azure endpoint from networkd. "
+                "Finding Azure endpoint from hook json...",
+                logger_func=LOG.debug,
+            )
             dhcp_options = WALinuxAgentShim._load_dhclient_json()
             value = WALinuxAgentShim._get_value_from_dhcpoptions(dhcp_options)
         if value is None:
             # Fallback and check the leases file if unsuccessful
             report_diagnostic_event(
-                'No Azure endpoint from dhclient logs. '
-                'Unable to find endpoint in dhclient logs. '
-                'Falling back to check lease files',
-                logger_func=LOG.debug)
+                "No Azure endpoint from dhclient logs. "
+                "Unable to find endpoint in dhclient logs. "
+                "Falling back to check lease files",
+                logger_func=LOG.debug,
+            )
             if fallback_lease_file is None:
                 report_diagnostic_event(
-                    'No fallback lease file was specified.',
-                    logger_func=LOG.warning)
+                    "No fallback lease file was specified.",
+                    logger_func=LOG.warning,
+                )
                 value = None
             else:
                 report_diagnostic_event(
-                    'Looking for endpoint in lease file %s'
-                    % fallback_lease_file, logger_func=LOG.debug)
+                    "Looking for endpoint in lease file %s"
+                    % fallback_lease_file,
+                    logger_func=LOG.debug,
+                )
                 value = WALinuxAgentShim._get_value_from_leases_file(
-                    fallback_lease_file)
+                    fallback_lease_file
+                )
         if value is None:
             value = DEFAULT_WIRESERVER_ENDPOINT
             report_diagnostic_event(
-                'No lease found; using default endpoint: %s' % value,
-                logger_func=LOG.warning)
+                "No lease found; using default endpoint: %s" % value,
+                logger_func=LOG.warning,
+            )
 
         endpoint_ip_address = WALinuxAgentShim.get_ip_from_lease_value(value)
         report_diagnostic_event(
-            'Azure endpoint found at %s' % endpoint_ip_address,
-            logger_func=LOG.debug)
+            "Azure endpoint found at %s" % endpoint_ip_address,
+            logger_func=LOG.debug,
+        )
         return endpoint_ip_address
 
     @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
     def eject_iso(self, iso_dev) -> None:
         try:
             LOG.debug("Ejecting the provisioning iso")
-            subp.subp(['eject', iso_dev])
+            subp.subp(["eject", iso_dev])
         except Exception as e:
             report_diagnostic_event(
                 "Failed ejecting the provisioning iso: %s" % e,
-                logger_func=LOG.debug)
+                logger_func=LOG.debug,
+            )
 
     @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
-    def register_with_azure_and_fetch_data(self,
-                                           pubkey_info=None,
-                                           iso_dev=None) -> dict:
+    def register_with_azure_and_fetch_data(
+        self, pubkey_info=None, iso_dev=None
+    ) -> dict:
         """Gets the VM's GoalState from Azure, uses the GoalState information
         to report ready/send the ready signal/provisioning complete signal to
         Azure, and then uses pubkey_info to filter and obtain the user's
@@ -928,7 +1022,8 @@ class WALinuxAgentShim:
             http_client_certificate = self.openssl_manager.certificate
         if self.azure_endpoint_client is None:
             self.azure_endpoint_client = AzureEndpointHttpClient(
-                http_client_certificate)
+                http_client_certificate
+            )
         goal_state = self._fetch_goal_state_from_azure(
             need_certificate=http_client_certificate is not None
         )
@@ -936,13 +1031,14 @@ class WALinuxAgentShim:
         if pubkey_info is not None:
             ssh_keys = self._get_user_pubkeys(goal_state, pubkey_info)
         health_reporter = GoalStateHealthReporter(
-            goal_state, self.azure_endpoint_client, self.endpoint)
+            goal_state, self.azure_endpoint_client, self.endpoint
+        )
 
         if iso_dev is not None:
             self.eject_iso(iso_dev)
 
         health_reporter.send_ready_signal()
-        return {'public-keys': ssh_keys}
+        return {"public-keys": ssh_keys}
 
     @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
     def register_with_azure_and_report_failure(self, description: str) -> None:
@@ -955,13 +1051,14 @@ class WALinuxAgentShim:
             self.azure_endpoint_client = AzureEndpointHttpClient(None)
         goal_state = self._fetch_goal_state_from_azure(need_certificate=False)
         health_reporter = GoalStateHealthReporter(
-            goal_state, self.azure_endpoint_client, self.endpoint)
+            goal_state, self.azure_endpoint_client, self.endpoint
+        )
         health_reporter.send_failure_signal(description=description)
 
     @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
     def _fetch_goal_state_from_azure(
-            self,
-            need_certificate: bool) -> GoalState:
+        self, need_certificate: bool
+    ) -> GoalState:
         """Fetches the GoalState XML from the Azure endpoint, parses the XML,
         and returns a GoalState object.
 
@@ -970,8 +1067,7 @@ class WALinuxAgentShim:
         """
         unparsed_goal_state_xml = self._get_raw_goal_state_xml_from_azure()
         return self._parse_raw_goal_state_xml(
-            unparsed_goal_state_xml,
-            need_certificate
+            unparsed_goal_state_xml, need_certificate
         )
 
     @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
@@ -982,27 +1078,29 @@ class WALinuxAgentShim:
         @return: GoalState XML string
         """
 
-        LOG.info('Registering with Azure...')
-        url = 'http://{}/machine/?comp=goalstate'.format(self.endpoint)
+        LOG.info("Registering with Azure...")
+        url = "http://{}/machine/?comp=goalstate".format(self.endpoint)
         try:
             with events.ReportEventStack(
-                    name="goalstate-retrieval",
-                    description="retrieve goalstate",
-                    parent=azure_ds_reporter):
+                name="goalstate-retrieval",
+                description="retrieve goalstate",
+                parent=azure_ds_reporter,
+            ):
                 response = self.azure_endpoint_client.get(url)
         except Exception as e:
             report_diagnostic_event(
-                'failed to register with Azure and fetch GoalState XML: %s'
-                % e, logger_func=LOG.warning)
+                "failed to register with Azure and fetch GoalState XML: %s"
+                % e,
+                logger_func=LOG.warning,
+            )
             raise
-        LOG.debug('Successfully fetched GoalState XML.')
+        LOG.debug("Successfully fetched GoalState XML.")
         return response.contents
 
     @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
     def _parse_raw_goal_state_xml(
-            self,
-            unparsed_goal_state_xml: str,
-            need_certificate: bool) -> GoalState:
+        self, unparsed_goal_state_xml: str, need_certificate: bool
+    ) -> GoalState:
         """Parses a GoalState XML string and returns a GoalState object.
 
         @param unparsed_goal_state_xml: GoalState XML string
@@ -1013,23 +1111,28 @@ class WALinuxAgentShim:
             goal_state = GoalState(
                 unparsed_goal_state_xml,
                 self.azure_endpoint_client,
-                need_certificate
+                need_certificate,
             )
         except Exception as e:
             report_diagnostic_event(
-                'Error processing GoalState XML: %s' % e,
-                logger_func=LOG.warning)
+                "Error processing GoalState XML: %s" % e,
+                logger_func=LOG.warning,
+            )
             raise
-        msg = ', '.join([
-            'GoalState XML container id: %s' % goal_state.container_id,
-            'GoalState XML instance id: %s' % goal_state.instance_id,
-            'GoalState XML incarnation: %s' % goal_state.incarnation])
+        msg = ", ".join(
+            [
+                "GoalState XML container id: %s" % goal_state.container_id,
+                "GoalState XML instance id: %s" % goal_state.instance_id,
+                "GoalState XML incarnation: %s" % goal_state.incarnation,
+            ]
+        )
         report_diagnostic_event(msg, logger_func=LOG.debug)
         return goal_state
 
     @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
     def _get_user_pubkeys(
-            self, goal_state: GoalState, pubkey_info: list) -> list:
+        self, goal_state: GoalState, pubkey_info: list
+    ) -> list:
         """Gets and filters the VM admin user's authorized pubkeys.
 
         The admin user in this case is the username specified as "admin"
@@ -1057,15 +1160,16 @@ class WALinuxAgentShim:
         """
         ssh_keys = []
         if goal_state.certificates_xml is not None and pubkey_info is not None:
-            LOG.debug('Certificate XML found; parsing out public keys.')
+            LOG.debug("Certificate XML found; parsing out public keys.")
             keys_by_fingerprint = self.openssl_manager.parse_certificates(
-                goal_state.certificates_xml)
+                goal_state.certificates_xml
+            )
             ssh_keys = self._filter_pubkeys(keys_by_fingerprint, pubkey_info)
         return ssh_keys
 
     @staticmethod
     def _filter_pubkeys(keys_by_fingerprint: dict, pubkey_info: list) -> list:
-        """ Filter and return only the user's actual pubkeys.
+        """Filter and return only the user's actual pubkeys.
 
         @param keys_by_fingerprint: pubkey fingerprint -> pubkey value dict
             that was obtained from GoalState Certificates XML. May contain
@@ -1078,71 +1182,84 @@ class WALinuxAgentShim:
         """
         keys = []
         for pubkey in pubkey_info:
-            if 'value' in pubkey and pubkey['value']:
-                keys.append(pubkey['value'])
-            elif 'fingerprint' in pubkey and pubkey['fingerprint']:
-                fingerprint = pubkey['fingerprint']
+            if "value" in pubkey and pubkey["value"]:
+                keys.append(pubkey["value"])
+            elif "fingerprint" in pubkey and pubkey["fingerprint"]:
+                fingerprint = pubkey["fingerprint"]
                 if fingerprint in keys_by_fingerprint:
                     keys.append(keys_by_fingerprint[fingerprint])
                 else:
-                    LOG.warning("ovf-env.xml specified PublicKey fingerprint "
-                                "%s not found in goalstate XML", fingerprint)
+                    LOG.warning(
+                        "ovf-env.xml specified PublicKey fingerprint "
+                        "%s not found in goalstate XML",
+                        fingerprint,
+                    )
             else:
-                LOG.warning("ovf-env.xml specified PublicKey with neither "
-                            "value nor fingerprint: %s", pubkey)
+                LOG.warning(
+                    "ovf-env.xml specified PublicKey with neither "
+                    "value nor fingerprint: %s",
+                    pubkey,
+                )
 
         return keys
 
 
 @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
-def get_metadata_from_fabric(fallback_lease_file=None, dhcp_opts=None,
-                             pubkey_info=None, iso_dev=None):
-    shim = WALinuxAgentShim(fallback_lease_file=fallback_lease_file,
-                            dhcp_options=dhcp_opts)
+def get_metadata_from_fabric(
+    fallback_lease_file=None, dhcp_opts=None, pubkey_info=None, iso_dev=None
+):
+    shim = WALinuxAgentShim(
+        fallback_lease_file=fallback_lease_file, dhcp_options=dhcp_opts
+    )
     try:
         return shim.register_with_azure_and_fetch_data(
-            pubkey_info=pubkey_info, iso_dev=iso_dev)
+            pubkey_info=pubkey_info, iso_dev=iso_dev
+        )
     finally:
         shim.clean_up()
 
 
 @azure_ds_telemetry_reporter
-def report_failure_to_fabric(fallback_lease_file=None, dhcp_opts=None,
-                             description=None):
-    shim = WALinuxAgentShim(fallback_lease_file=fallback_lease_file,
-                            dhcp_options=dhcp_opts)
+def report_failure_to_fabric(
+    fallback_lease_file=None, dhcp_opts=None, description=None
+):
+    shim = WALinuxAgentShim(
+        fallback_lease_file=fallback_lease_file, dhcp_options=dhcp_opts
+    )
     if not description:
         description = DEFAULT_REPORT_FAILURE_USER_VISIBLE_MESSAGE
     try:
-        shim.register_with_azure_and_report_failure(
-            description=description)
+        shim.register_with_azure_and_report_failure(description=description)
     finally:
         shim.clean_up()
 
 
 def dhcp_log_cb(out, err):
     report_diagnostic_event(
-        "dhclient output stream: %s" % out, logger_func=LOG.debug)
+        "dhclient output stream: %s" % out, logger_func=LOG.debug
+    )
     report_diagnostic_event(
-        "dhclient error stream: %s" % err, logger_func=LOG.debug)
+        "dhclient error stream: %s" % err, logger_func=LOG.debug
+    )
 
 
 class EphemeralDHCPv4WithReporting:
     def __init__(self, reporter, nic=None):
         self.reporter = reporter
         self.ephemeralDHCPv4 = EphemeralDHCPv4(
-            iface=nic, dhcp_log_func=dhcp_log_cb)
+            iface=nic, dhcp_log_func=dhcp_log_cb
+        )
 
     def __enter__(self):
         with events.ReportEventStack(
-                name="obtain-dhcp-lease",
-                description="obtain dhcp lease",
-                parent=self.reporter):
+            name="obtain-dhcp-lease",
+            description="obtain dhcp lease",
+            parent=self.reporter,
+        ):
             return self.ephemeralDHCPv4.__enter__()
 
     def __exit__(self, excp_type, excp_value, excp_traceback):
-        self.ephemeralDHCPv4.__exit__(
-            excp_type, excp_value, excp_traceback)
+        self.ephemeralDHCPv4.__exit__(excp_type, excp_value, excp_traceback)
 
 
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/digitalocean.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/digitalocean.py
index f9be4ecb..72515caf 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/digitalocean.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/digitalocean.py
@@ -8,20 +8,18 @@ import random
 from cloudinit import dmi
 from cloudinit import log as logging
 from cloudinit import net as cloudnet
-from cloudinit import url_helper
-from cloudinit import subp
-from cloudinit import util
+from cloudinit import subp, url_helper, util
 
-NIC_MAP = {'public': 'eth0', 'private': 'eth1'}
+NIC_MAP = {"public": "eth0", "private": "eth1"}
 
 LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 def assign_ipv4_link_local(distro, nic=None):
-    """Bring up NIC using an address using link-local (ip4LL) IPs. On
-       DigitalOcean, the link-local domain is per-droplet routed, so there
-       is no risk of collisions. However, to be more safe, the ip4LL
-       address is random.
+    """Bring up NIC using an address using link-local (ip4LL) IPs.
+    On DigitalOcean, the link-local domain is per-droplet routed, so there
+    is no risk of collisions. However, to be more safe, the ip4LL
+    address is random.
     """
 
     if not nic:
@@ -29,18 +27,22 @@ def assign_ipv4_link_local(distro, nic=None):
         LOG.debug("selected interface '%s' for reading metadata", nic)
 
     if not nic:
-        raise RuntimeError("unable to find interfaces to access the"
-                           "meta-data server. This droplet is broken.")
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "unable to find interfaces to access the"
+            "meta-data server. This droplet is broken."
+        )
 
-    addr = "169.254.{0}.{1}/16".format(random.randint(1, 168),
-                                       random.randint(0, 255))
+    addr = "169.254.{0}.{1}/16".format(
+        random.randint(1, 168), random.randint(0, 255)
+    )
 
-    ip_addr_cmd = ['ip', 'addr', 'add', addr, 'dev', nic]
-    ip_link_cmd = ['ip', 'link', 'set', 'dev', nic, 'up']
+    ip_addr_cmd = ["ip", "addr", "add", addr, "dev", nic]
+    ip_link_cmd = ["ip", "link", "set", "dev", nic, "up"]
 
-    if not subp.which('ip'):
-        raise RuntimeError("No 'ip' command available to configure ip4LL "
-                           "address")
+    if not subp.which("ip"):
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "No 'ip' command available to configure ip4LL address"
+        )
 
     try:
         subp.subp(ip_addr_cmd)
@@ -48,8 +50,13 @@ def assign_ipv4_link_local(distro, nic=None):
         subp.subp(ip_link_cmd)
         LOG.debug("brought device '%s' up", nic)
     except Exception:
-        util.logexc(LOG, "ip4LL address assignment of '%s' to '%s' failed."
-                         " Droplet networking will be broken", addr, nic)
+        util.logexc(
+            LOG,
+            "ip4LL address assignment of '%s' to '%s' failed."
+            " Droplet networking will be broken",
+            addr,
+            nic,
+        )
         raise
 
     return nic
@@ -63,21 +70,23 @@ def get_link_local_nic(distro):
     ]
     if not nics:
         return None
-    return min(nics, key=lambda d: cloudnet.read_sys_net_int(d, 'ifindex'))
+    return min(nics, key=lambda d: cloudnet.read_sys_net_int(d, "ifindex"))
 
 
 def del_ipv4_link_local(nic=None):
     """Remove the ip4LL address. While this is not necessary, the ip4LL
-       address is extraneous and confusing to users.
+    address is extraneous and confusing to users.
     """
     if not nic:
-        LOG.debug("no link_local address interface defined, skipping link "
-                  "local address cleanup")
+        LOG.debug(
+            "no link_local address interface defined, skipping link "
+            "local address cleanup"
+        )
         return
 
     LOG.debug("cleaning up ipv4LL address")
 
-    ip_addr_cmd = ['ip', 'addr', 'flush', 'dev', nic]
+    ip_addr_cmd = ["ip", "addr", "flush", "dev", nic]
 
     try:
         subp.subp(ip_addr_cmd)
@@ -89,44 +98,47 @@ def del_ipv4_link_local(nic=None):
 
 def convert_network_configuration(config, dns_servers):
     """Convert the DigitalOcean Network description into Cloud-init's netconfig
-       format.
-
-       Example JSON:
-        {'public': [
-              {'mac': '04:01:58:27:7f:01',
-               'ipv4': {'gateway': '45.55.32.1',
-                        'netmask': '255.255.224.0',
-                        'ip_address': '45.55.50.93'},
-               'anchor_ipv4': {
-                        'gateway': '10.17.0.1',
-                        'netmask': '255.255.0.0',
-                        'ip_address': '10.17.0.9'},
-               'type': 'public',
-               'ipv6': {'gateway': '....',
-                        'ip_address': '....',
-                        'cidr': 64}}
-           ],
-          'private': [
-              {'mac': '04:01:58:27:7f:02',
-               'ipv4': {'gateway': '10.132.0.1',
-                        'netmask': '255.255.0.0',
-                        'ip_address': '10.132.75.35'},
-               'type': 'private'}
-           ]
-        }
+    format.
+
+    Example JSON:
+     {'public': [
+           {'mac': '04:01:58:27:7f:01',
+            'ipv4': {'gateway': '45.55.32.1',
+                     'netmask': '255.255.224.0',
+                     'ip_address': '45.55.50.93'},
+            'anchor_ipv4': {
+                     'gateway': '10.17.0.1',
+                     'netmask': '255.255.0.0',
+                     'ip_address': '10.17.0.9'},
+            'type': 'public',
+            'ipv6': {'gateway': '....',
+                     'ip_address': '....',
+                     'cidr': 64}}
+        ],
+       'private': [
+           {'mac': '04:01:58:27:7f:02',
+            'ipv4': {'gateway': '10.132.0.1',
+                     'netmask': '255.255.0.0',
+                     'ip_address': '10.132.75.35'},
+            'type': 'private'}
+        ]
+     }
     """
 
     def _get_subnet_part(pcfg):
-        subpart = {'type': 'static',
-                   'control': 'auto',
-                   'address': pcfg.get('ip_address'),
-                   'gateway': pcfg.get('gateway')}
-
-        if ":" in pcfg.get('ip_address'):
-            subpart['address'] = "{0}/{1}".format(pcfg.get('ip_address'),
-                                                  pcfg.get('cidr'))
+        subpart = {
+            "type": "static",
+            "control": "auto",
+            "address": pcfg.get("ip_address"),
+            "gateway": pcfg.get("gateway"),
+        }
+
+        if ":" in pcfg.get("ip_address"):
+            subpart["address"] = "{0}/{1}".format(
+                pcfg.get("ip_address"), pcfg.get("cidr")
+            )
         else:
-            subpart['netmask'] = pcfg.get('netmask')
+            subpart["netmask"] = pcfg.get("netmask")
 
         return subpart
 
@@ -138,54 +150,66 @@ def convert_network_configuration(config, dns_servers):
         nic = config[n][0]
         LOG.debug("considering %s", nic)
 
-        mac_address = nic.get('mac')
+        mac_address = nic.get("mac")
         if mac_address not in macs_to_nics:
-            raise RuntimeError("Did not find network interface on system "
-                               "with mac '%s'. Cannot apply configuration: %s"
-                               % (mac_address, nic))
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Did not find network interface on system "
+                "with mac '%s'. Cannot apply configuration: %s"
+                % (mac_address, nic)
+            )
 
         sysfs_name = macs_to_nics.get(mac_address)
-        nic_type = nic.get('type', 'unknown')
+        nic_type = nic.get("type", "unknown")
 
         if_name = NIC_MAP.get(nic_type, sysfs_name)
         if if_name != sysfs_name:
-            LOG.debug("Found %s interface '%s' on '%s', assigned name of '%s'",
-                      nic_type, mac_address, sysfs_name, if_name)
+            LOG.debug(
+                "Found %s interface '%s' on '%s', assigned name of '%s'",
+                nic_type,
+                mac_address,
+                sysfs_name,
+                if_name,
+            )
         else:
-            msg = ("Found interface '%s' on '%s', which is not a public "
-                   "or private interface. Using default system naming.")
+            msg = (
+                "Found interface '%s' on '%s', which is not a public "
+                "or private interface. Using default system naming."
+            )
             LOG.debug(msg, mac_address, sysfs_name)
 
-        ncfg = {'type': 'physical',
-                'mac_address': mac_address,
-                'name': if_name}
+        ncfg = {
+            "type": "physical",
+            "mac_address": mac_address,
+            "name": if_name,
+        }
 
         subnets = []
-        for netdef in ('ipv4', 'ipv6', 'anchor_ipv4', 'anchor_ipv6'):
+        for netdef in ("ipv4", "ipv6", "anchor_ipv4", "anchor_ipv6"):
             raw_subnet = nic.get(netdef, None)
             if not raw_subnet:
                 continue
 
             sub_part = _get_subnet_part(raw_subnet)
             if nic_type != "public" or "anchor" in netdef:
-                del sub_part['gateway']
+                del sub_part["gateway"]
 
             subnets.append(sub_part)
 
-        ncfg['subnets'] = subnets
+        ncfg["subnets"] = subnets
         nic_configs.append(ncfg)
         LOG.debug("nic '%s' configuration: %s", if_name, ncfg)
 
     if dns_servers:
         LOG.debug("added dns servers: %s", dns_servers)
-        nic_configs.append({'type': 'nameserver', 'address': dns_servers})
+        nic_configs.append({"type": "nameserver", "address": dns_servers})
 
-    return {'version': 1, 'config': nic_configs}
+    return {"version": 1, "config": nic_configs}
 
 
 def read_metadata(url, timeout=2, sec_between=2, retries=30):
-    response = url_helper.readurl(url, timeout=timeout,
-                                  sec_between=sec_between, retries=retries)
+    response = url_helper.readurl(
+        url, timeout=timeout, sec_between=sec_between, retries=retries
+    )
     if not response.ok():
         raise RuntimeError("unable to read metadata at %s" % url)
     return json.loads(response.contents.decode())
@@ -202,16 +226,21 @@ def read_sysinfo():
 
     droplet_id = dmi.read_dmi_data("system-serial-number")
     if droplet_id:
-        LOG.debug("system identified via SMBIOS as DigitalOcean Droplet: %s",
-                  droplet_id)
+        LOG.debug(
+            "system identified via SMBIOS as DigitalOcean Droplet: %s",
+            droplet_id,
+        )
     else:
-        msg = ("system identified via SMBIOS as a DigitalOcean "
-               "Droplet, but did not provide an ID. Please file a "
-               "support ticket at: "
-               "https://cloud.digitalocean.com/support/tickets/new")
+        msg = (
+            "system identified via SMBIOS as a DigitalOcean "
+            "Droplet, but did not provide an ID. Please file a "
+            "support ticket at: "
+            "https://cloud.digitalocean.com/support/tickets/new"
+        )
         LOG.critical(msg)
         raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
     return (True, droplet_id)
 
+
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/hetzner.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/hetzner.py
index 33dc4c53..592ae80b 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/hetzner.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/hetzner.py
@@ -3,24 +3,25 @@
 #
 # This file is part of cloud-init. See LICENSE file for license information.
 
-from cloudinit import url_helper
-from cloudinit import util
-
 import base64
 import binascii
 
+from cloudinit import url_helper, util
+
 
 def read_metadata(url, timeout=2, sec_between=2, retries=30):
-    response = url_helper.readurl(url, timeout=timeout,
-                                  sec_between=sec_between, retries=retries)
+    response = url_helper.readurl(
+        url, timeout=timeout, sec_between=sec_between, retries=retries
+    )
     if not response.ok():
         raise RuntimeError("unable to read metadata at %s" % url)
     return util.load_yaml(response.contents.decode())
 
 
 def read_userdata(url, timeout=2, sec_between=2, retries=30):
-    response = url_helper.readurl(url, timeout=timeout,
-                                  sec_between=sec_between, retries=retries)
+    response = url_helper.readurl(
+        url, timeout=timeout, sec_between=sec_between, retries=retries
+    )
     if not response.ok():
         raise RuntimeError("unable to read userdata at %s" % url)
     return response.contents
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/netlink.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/netlink.py
index e13d6834..2953e858 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/netlink.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/netlink.py
@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@
 #
 # This file is part of cloud-init. See LICENSE file for license information.
 
-from cloudinit import log as logging
-from cloudinit import util
-from collections import namedtuple
-
 import os
 import select
 import socket
 import struct
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+from cloudinit import log as logging
+from cloudinit import util
 
 LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -47,29 +47,30 @@ OPER_TESTING = 4
 OPER_DORMANT = 5
 OPER_UP = 6
 
-RTAAttr = namedtuple('RTAAttr', ['length', 'rta_type', 'data'])
-InterfaceOperstate = namedtuple('InterfaceOperstate', ['ifname', 'operstate'])
-NetlinkHeader = namedtuple('NetlinkHeader', ['length', 'type', 'flags', 'seq',
-                                             'pid'])
+RTAAttr = namedtuple("RTAAttr", ["length", "rta_type", "data"])
+InterfaceOperstate = namedtuple("InterfaceOperstate", ["ifname", "operstate"])
+NetlinkHeader = namedtuple(
+    "NetlinkHeader", ["length", "type", "flags", "seq", "pid"]
+)
 
 
 class NetlinkCreateSocketError(RuntimeError):
-    '''Raised if netlink socket fails during create or bind.'''
+    """Raised if netlink socket fails during create or bind."""
 
 
 def create_bound_netlink_socket():
-    '''Creates netlink socket and bind on netlink group to catch interface
+    """Creates netlink socket and bind on netlink group to catch interface
     down/up events. The socket will bound only on RTMGRP_LINK (which only
     includes RTM_NEWLINK/RTM_DELLINK/RTM_GETLINK events). The socket is set to
     non-blocking mode since we're only receiving messages.
 
     :returns: netlink socket in non-blocking mode
     :raises: NetlinkCreateSocketError
-    '''
+    """
     try:
-        netlink_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_NETLINK,
-                                       socket.SOCK_RAW,
-                                       socket.NETLINK_ROUTE)
+        netlink_socket = socket.socket(
+            socket.AF_NETLINK, socket.SOCK_RAW, socket.NETLINK_ROUTE
+        )
         netlink_socket.bind((os.getpid(), RTMGRP_LINK))
         netlink_socket.setblocking(0)
     except socket.error as e:
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ def create_bound_netlink_socket():
 
 
 def get_netlink_msg_header(data):
-    '''Gets netlink message type and length
+    """Gets netlink message type and length
 
     :param: data read from netlink socket
     :returns: netlink message type
@@ -92,18 +93,20 @@ def get_netlink_msg_header(data):
                __u32 nlmsg_seq;    /* Sequence number */
                __u32 nlmsg_pid;    /* Sender port ID */
     };
-    '''
-    assert (data is not None), ("data is none")
-    assert (len(data) >= NLMSGHDR_SIZE), (
-        "data is smaller than netlink message header")
-    msg_len, msg_type, flags, seq, pid = struct.unpack(NLMSGHDR_FMT,
-                                                       data[:MSG_TYPE_OFFSET])
+    """
+    assert data is not None, "data is none"
+    assert (
+        len(data) >= NLMSGHDR_SIZE
+    ), "data is smaller than netlink message header"
+    msg_len, msg_type, flags, seq, pid = struct.unpack(
+        NLMSGHDR_FMT, data[:MSG_TYPE_OFFSET]
+    )
     LOG.debug("Got netlink msg of type %d", msg_type)
     return NetlinkHeader(msg_len, msg_type, flags, seq, pid)
 
 
 def read_netlink_socket(netlink_socket, timeout=None):
-    '''Select and read from the netlink socket if ready.
+    """Select and read from the netlink socket if ready.
 
     :param: netlink_socket: specify which socket object to read from
     :param: timeout: specify a timeout value (integer) to wait while reading,
@@ -111,8 +114,8 @@ def read_netlink_socket(netlink_socket, timeout=None):
     :returns: string of data read (max length = <MAX_SIZE>) from socket,
               if no data read, returns None
     :raises: AssertionError if netlink_socket is None
-    '''
-    assert (netlink_socket is not None), ("netlink socket is none")
+    """
+    assert netlink_socket is not None, "netlink socket is none"
     read_set, _, _ = select.select([netlink_socket], [], [], timeout)
     # Incase of timeout,read_set doesn't contain netlink socket.
     # just return from this function
@@ -126,32 +129,33 @@ def read_netlink_socket(netlink_socket, timeout=None):
 
 
 def unpack_rta_attr(data, offset):
-    '''Unpack a single rta attribute.
+    """Unpack a single rta attribute.
 
     :param: data: string of data read from netlink socket
     :param: offset: starting offset of RTA Attribute
     :return: RTAAttr object with length, type and data. On error, return None.
     :raises: AssertionError if data is None or offset is not integer.
-    '''
-    assert (data is not None), ("data is none")
-    assert (type(offset) == int), ("offset is not integer")
-    assert (offset >= RTATTR_START_OFFSET), (
-        "rta offset is less than expected length")
+    """
+    assert data is not None, "data is none"
+    assert type(offset) == int, "offset is not integer"
+    assert (
+        offset >= RTATTR_START_OFFSET
+    ), "rta offset is less than expected length"
     length = rta_type = 0
     attr_data = None
     try:
         length = struct.unpack_from("H", data, offset=offset)[0]
-        rta_type = struct.unpack_from("H", data, offset=offset+2)[0]
+        rta_type = struct.unpack_from("H", data, offset=offset + 2)[0]
     except struct.error:
         return None  # Should mean our offset is >= remaining data
 
     # Unpack just the attribute's data. Offset by 4 to skip length/type header
-    attr_data = data[offset+RTA_DATA_START_OFFSET:offset+length]
+    attr_data = data[offset + RTA_DATA_START_OFFSET : offset + length]
     return RTAAttr(length, rta_type, attr_data)
 
 
 def read_rta_oper_state(data):
-    '''Reads Interface name and operational state from RTA Data.
+    """Reads Interface name and operational state from RTA Data.
 
     :param: data: string of data read from netlink socket
     :returns: InterfaceOperstate object containing if_name and oper_state.
@@ -159,10 +163,11 @@ def read_rta_oper_state(data):
               IFLA_IFNAME messages.
     :raises: AssertionError if data is None or length of data is
              smaller than RTATTR_START_OFFSET.
-    '''
-    assert (data is not None), ("data is none")
-    assert (len(data) > RTATTR_START_OFFSET), (
-        "length of data is smaller than RTATTR_START_OFFSET")
+    """
+    assert data is not None, "data is none"
+    assert (
+        len(data) > RTATTR_START_OFFSET
+    ), "length of data is smaller than RTATTR_START_OFFSET"
     ifname = operstate = None
     offset = RTATTR_START_OFFSET
     while offset <= len(data):
@@ -170,15 +175,16 @@ def read_rta_oper_state(data):
         if not attr or attr.length == 0:
             break
         # Each attribute is 4-byte aligned. Determine pad length.
-        padlen = (PAD_ALIGNMENT -
-                  (attr.length % PAD_ALIGNMENT)) % PAD_ALIGNMENT
+        padlen = (
+            PAD_ALIGNMENT - (attr.length % PAD_ALIGNMENT)
+        ) % PAD_ALIGNMENT
         offset += attr.length + padlen
 
         if attr.rta_type == IFLA_OPERSTATE:
             operstate = ord(attr.data)
         elif attr.rta_type == IFLA_IFNAME:
-            interface_name = util.decode_binary(attr.data, 'utf-8')
-            ifname = interface_name.strip('\0')
+            interface_name = util.decode_binary(attr.data, "utf-8")
+            ifname = interface_name.strip("\0")
     if not ifname or operstate is None:
         return None
     LOG.debug("rta attrs: ifname %s operstate %d", ifname, operstate)
@@ -186,12 +192,12 @@ def read_rta_oper_state(data):
 
 
 def wait_for_nic_attach_event(netlink_socket, existing_nics):
-    '''Block until a single nic is attached.
+    """Block until a single nic is attached.
 
     :param: netlink_socket: netlink_socket to receive events
     :param: existing_nics: List of existing nics so that we can skip them.
     :raises: AssertionError if netlink_socket is none.
-    '''
+    """
     LOG.debug("Preparing to wait for nic attach.")
     ifname = None
 
@@ -204,19 +210,21 @@ def wait_for_nic_attach_event(netlink_socket, existing_nics):
 
     # We can return even if the operational state of the new nic is DOWN
     # because we set it to UP before doing dhcp.
-    read_netlink_messages(netlink_socket,
-                          None,
-                          [RTM_NEWLINK],
-                          [OPER_UP, OPER_DOWN],
-                          should_continue_cb)
+    read_netlink_messages(
+        netlink_socket,
+        None,
+        [RTM_NEWLINK],
+        [OPER_UP, OPER_DOWN],
+        should_continue_cb,
+    )
     return ifname
 
 
 def wait_for_nic_detach_event(netlink_socket):
-    '''Block until a single nic is detached and its operational state is down.
+    """Block until a single nic is detached and its operational state is down.
 
     :param: netlink_socket: netlink_socket to receive events.
-    '''
+    """
     LOG.debug("Preparing to wait for nic detach.")
     ifname = None
 
@@ -225,16 +233,14 @@ def wait_for_nic_detach_event(netlink_socket):
         ifname = iname
         return False
 
-    read_netlink_messages(netlink_socket,
-                          None,
-                          [RTM_DELLINK],
-                          [OPER_DOWN],
-                          should_continue_cb)
+    read_netlink_messages(
+        netlink_socket, None, [RTM_DELLINK], [OPER_DOWN], should_continue_cb
+    )
     return ifname
 
 
 def wait_for_media_disconnect_connect(netlink_socket, ifname):
-    '''Block until media disconnect and connect has happened on an interface.
+    """Block until media disconnect and connect has happened on an interface.
     Listens on netlink socket to receive netlink events and when the carrier
     changes from 0 to 1, it considers event has happened and
     return from this function
@@ -242,10 +248,10 @@ def wait_for_media_disconnect_connect(netlink_socket, ifname):
     :param: netlink_socket: netlink_socket to receive events
     :param: ifname: Interface name to lookout for netlink events
     :raises: AssertionError if netlink_socket is None or ifname is None.
-    '''
-    assert (netlink_socket is not None), ("netlink socket is none")
-    assert (ifname is not None), ("interface name is none")
-    assert (len(ifname) > 0), ("interface name cannot be empty")
+    """
+    assert netlink_socket is not None, "netlink socket is none"
+    assert ifname is not None, "interface name is none"
+    assert len(ifname) > 0, "interface name cannot be empty"
 
     def should_continue_cb(iname, carrier, prevCarrier):
         # check for carrier down, up sequence
@@ -256,19 +262,23 @@ def wait_for_media_disconnect_connect(netlink_socket, ifname):
         return True
 
     LOG.debug("Wait for media disconnect and reconnect to happen")
-    read_netlink_messages(netlink_socket,
-                          ifname,
-                          [RTM_NEWLINK, RTM_DELLINK],
-                          [OPER_UP, OPER_DOWN],
-                          should_continue_cb)
-
-
-def read_netlink_messages(netlink_socket,
-                          ifname_filter,
-                          rtm_types,
-                          operstates,
-                          should_continue_callback):
-    ''' Reads from the netlink socket until the condition specified by
+    read_netlink_messages(
+        netlink_socket,
+        ifname,
+        [RTM_NEWLINK, RTM_DELLINK],
+        [OPER_UP, OPER_DOWN],
+        should_continue_cb,
+    )
+
+
+def read_netlink_messages(
+    netlink_socket,
+    ifname_filter,
+    rtm_types,
+    operstates,
+    should_continue_callback,
+):
+    """Reads from the netlink socket until the condition specified by
     the continuation callback is met.
 
     :param: netlink_socket: netlink_socket to receive events.
@@ -276,7 +286,7 @@ def read_netlink_messages(netlink_socket,
     :param: rtm_types: Type of netlink events to listen for.
     :param: operstates: Operational states to listen.
     :param: should_continue_callback: Specifies when to stop listening.
-    '''
+    """
     if netlink_socket is None:
         raise RuntimeError("Netlink socket is none")
     data = bytes()
@@ -286,9 +296,9 @@ def read_netlink_messages(netlink_socket,
         recv_data = read_netlink_socket(netlink_socket, SELECT_TIMEOUT)
         if recv_data is None:
             continue
-        LOG.debug('read %d bytes from socket', len(recv_data))
+        LOG.debug("read %d bytes from socket", len(recv_data))
         data += recv_data
-        LOG.debug('Length of data after concat %d', len(data))
+        LOG.debug("Length of data after concat %d", len(data))
         offset = 0
         datalen = len(data)
         while offset < datalen:
@@ -300,30 +310,37 @@ def read_netlink_messages(netlink_socket,
             if len(nl_msg) < nlheader.length:
                 LOG.debug("Partial data. Smaller than netlink message")
                 break
-            padlen = (nlheader.length+PAD_ALIGNMENT-1) & ~(PAD_ALIGNMENT-1)
+            padlen = (nlheader.length + PAD_ALIGNMENT - 1) & ~(
+                PAD_ALIGNMENT - 1
+            )
             offset = offset + padlen
-            LOG.debug('offset to next netlink message: %d', offset)
+            LOG.debug("offset to next netlink message: %d", offset)
             # Continue if we are not interested in this message.
             if nlheader.type not in rtm_types:
                 continue
             interface_state = read_rta_oper_state(nl_msg)
             if interface_state is None:
-                LOG.debug('Failed to read rta attributes: %s', interface_state)
+                LOG.debug("Failed to read rta attributes: %s", interface_state)
                 continue
-            if (ifname_filter is not None and
-                    interface_state.ifname != ifname_filter):
+            if (
+                ifname_filter is not None
+                and interface_state.ifname != ifname_filter
+            ):
                 LOG.debug(
                     "Ignored netlink event on interface %s. Waiting for %s.",
-                    interface_state.ifname, ifname_filter)
+                    interface_state.ifname,
+                    ifname_filter,
+                )
                 continue
             if interface_state.operstate not in operstates:
                 continue
             prevCarrier = carrier
             carrier = interface_state.operstate
-            if not should_continue_callback(interface_state.ifname,
-                                            carrier,
-                                            prevCarrier):
+            if not should_continue_callback(
+                interface_state.ifname, carrier, prevCarrier
+            ):
                 return
         data = data[offset:]
 
+
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/openstack.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/openstack.py
index 4f566e64..a42543e4 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/openstack.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/openstack.py
@@ -14,11 +14,7 @@ import os
 
 from cloudinit import ec2_utils
 from cloudinit import log as logging
-from cloudinit import net
-from cloudinit import sources
-from cloudinit import subp
-from cloudinit import url_helper
-from cloudinit import util
+from cloudinit import net, sources, subp, url_helper, util
 from cloudinit.sources import BrokenMetadata
 
 # See https://docs.openstack.org/user-guide/cli-config-drive.html
@@ -27,30 +23,30 @@ LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 FILES_V1 = {
     # Path <-> (metadata key name, translator function, default value)
-    'etc/network/interfaces': ('network_config', lambda x: x, ''),
-    'meta.js': ('meta_js', util.load_json, {}),
-    "root/.ssh/authorized_keys": ('authorized_keys', lambda x: x, ''),
+    "etc/network/interfaces": ("network_config", lambda x: x, ""),
+    "meta.js": ("meta_js", util.load_json, {}),
+    "root/.ssh/authorized_keys": ("authorized_keys", lambda x: x, ""),
 }
 KEY_COPIES = (
     # Cloud-init metadata names <-> (metadata key, is required)
-    ('local-hostname', 'hostname', False),
-    ('instance-id', 'uuid', True),
+    ("local-hostname", "hostname", False),
+    ("instance-id", "uuid", True),
 )
 
 # Versions and names taken from nova source nova/api/metadata/base.py
-OS_LATEST = 'latest'
-OS_FOLSOM = '2012-08-10'
-OS_GRIZZLY = '2013-04-04'
-OS_HAVANA = '2013-10-17'
-OS_LIBERTY = '2015-10-15'
+OS_LATEST = "latest"
+OS_FOLSOM = "2012-08-10"
+OS_GRIZZLY = "2013-04-04"
+OS_HAVANA = "2013-10-17"
+OS_LIBERTY = "2015-10-15"
 # NEWTON_ONE adds 'devices' to md (sriov-pf-passthrough-neutron-port-vlan)
-OS_NEWTON_ONE = '2016-06-30'
+OS_NEWTON_ONE = "2016-06-30"
 # NEWTON_TWO adds vendor_data2.json (vendordata-reboot)
-OS_NEWTON_TWO = '2016-10-06'
+OS_NEWTON_TWO = "2016-10-06"
 # OS_OCATA adds 'vif' field to devices (sriov-pf-passthrough-neutron-port-vlan)
-OS_OCATA = '2017-02-22'
+OS_OCATA = "2017-02-22"
 # OS_ROCKY adds a vf_trusted field to devices (sriov-trusted-vfs)
-OS_ROCKY = '2018-08-27'
+OS_ROCKY = "2018-08-27"
 
 
 # keep this in chronological order. new supported versions go at the end.
@@ -67,18 +63,18 @@ OS_VERSIONS = (
 
 KNOWN_PHYSICAL_TYPES = (
     None,
-    'bgpovs',  # not present in OpenStack upstream but used on OVH cloud.
-    'bridge',
-    'cascading',  # not present in OpenStack upstream, used on OpenTelekomCloud
-    'dvs',
-    'ethernet',
-    'hw_veb',
-    'hyperv',
-    'ovs',
-    'phy',
-    'tap',
-    'vhostuser',
-    'vif',
+    "bgpovs",  # not present in OpenStack upstream but used on OVH cloud.
+    "bridge",
+    "cascading",  # not present in OpenStack upstream, used on OpenTelekomCloud
+    "dvs",
+    "ethernet",
+    "hw_veb",
+    "hyperv",
+    "ovs",
+    "phy",
+    "tap",
+    "vhostuser",
+    "vif",
 )
 
 
@@ -90,7 +86,7 @@ class SourceMixin(object):
     def _ec2_name_to_device(self, name):
         if not self.ec2_metadata:
             return None
-        bdm = self.ec2_metadata.get('block-device-mapping', {})
+        bdm = self.ec2_metadata.get("block-device-mapping", {})
         for (ent_name, device) in bdm.items():
             if name == ent_name:
                 return device
@@ -105,9 +101,9 @@ class SourceMixin(object):
     def _os_name_to_device(self, name):
         device = None
         try:
-            criteria = 'LABEL=%s' % (name)
-            if name == 'swap':
-                criteria = 'TYPE=%s' % (name)
+            criteria = "LABEL=%s" % (name)
+            if name == "swap":
+                criteria = "TYPE=%s" % (name)
             dev_entries = util.find_devs_with(criteria)
             if dev_entries:
                 device = dev_entries[0]
@@ -135,10 +131,10 @@ class SourceMixin(object):
             return None
         # Try the ec2 mapping first
         names = [name]
-        if name == 'root':
-            names.insert(0, 'ami')
-        if name == 'ami':
-            names.append('root')
+        if name == "root":
+            names.insert(0, "ami")
+        if name == "ami":
+            names.append("root")
         device = None
         LOG.debug("Using ec2 style lookup to find device %s", names)
         for n in names:
@@ -163,7 +159,6 @@ class SourceMixin(object):
 
 
 class BaseReader(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
-
     def __init__(self, base_path):
         self.base_path = base_path
 
@@ -187,8 +182,11 @@ class BaseReader(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         try:
             versions_available = self._fetch_available_versions()
         except Exception as e:
-            LOG.debug("Unable to read openstack versions from %s due to: %s",
-                      self.base_path, e)
+            LOG.debug(
+                "Unable to read openstack versions from %s due to: %s",
+                self.base_path,
+                e,
+            )
             versions_available = []
 
         # openstack.OS_VERSIONS is stored in chronological order, so
@@ -202,12 +200,15 @@ class BaseReader(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
             selected_version = potential_version
             break
 
-        LOG.debug("Selected version '%s' from %s", selected_version,
-                  versions_available)
+        LOG.debug(
+            "Selected version '%s' from %s",
+            selected_version,
+            versions_available,
+        )
         return selected_version
 
     def _read_content_path(self, item, decode=False):
-        path = item.get('content_path', '').lstrip("/")
+        path = item.get("content_path", "").lstrip("/")
         path_pieces = path.split("/")
         valid_pieces = [p for p in path_pieces if len(p)]
         if not valid_pieces:
@@ -225,43 +226,44 @@ class BaseReader(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         """
 
         load_json_anytype = functools.partial(
-            util.load_json, root_types=(dict, list, str))
+            util.load_json, root_types=(dict, list, str)
+        )
 
         def datafiles(version):
             files = {}
-            files['metadata'] = (
+            files["metadata"] = (
                 # File path to read
-                self._path_join("openstack", version, 'meta_data.json'),
+                self._path_join("openstack", version, "meta_data.json"),
                 # Is it required?
                 True,
                 # Translator function (applied after loading)
                 util.load_json,
             )
-            files['userdata'] = (
-                self._path_join("openstack", version, 'user_data'),
+            files["userdata"] = (
+                self._path_join("openstack", version, "user_data"),
                 False,
                 lambda x: x,
             )
-            files['vendordata'] = (
-                self._path_join("openstack", version, 'vendor_data.json'),
+            files["vendordata"] = (
+                self._path_join("openstack", version, "vendor_data.json"),
                 False,
                 load_json_anytype,
             )
-            files['vendordata2'] = (
-                self._path_join("openstack", version, 'vendor_data2.json'),
+            files["vendordata2"] = (
+                self._path_join("openstack", version, "vendor_data2.json"),
                 False,
                 load_json_anytype,
             )
-            files['networkdata'] = (
-                self._path_join("openstack", version, 'network_data.json'),
+            files["networkdata"] = (
+                self._path_join("openstack", version, "network_data.json"),
                 False,
                 load_json_anytype,
             )
             return files
 
         results = {
-            'userdata': '',
-            'version': 2,
+            "userdata": "",
+            "version": 2,
         }
         data = datafiles(self._find_working_version())
         for (name, (path, required, translator)) in data.items():
@@ -272,11 +274,13 @@ class BaseReader(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
                 data = self._path_read(path)
             except IOError as e:
                 if not required:
-                    LOG.debug("Failed reading optional path %s due"
-                              " to: %s", path, e)
+                    LOG.debug(
+                        "Failed reading optional path %s due to: %s", path, e
+                    )
                 else:
-                    LOG.debug("Failed reading mandatory path %s due"
-                              " to: %s", path, e)
+                    LOG.debug(
+                        "Failed reading mandatory path %s due to: %s", path, e
+                    )
             else:
                 found = True
             if required and not found:
@@ -291,11 +295,11 @@ class BaseReader(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
             if found:
                 results[name] = data
 
-        metadata = results['metadata']
-        if 'random_seed' in metadata:
-            random_seed = metadata['random_seed']
+        metadata = results["metadata"]
+        if "random_seed" in metadata:
+            random_seed = metadata["random_seed"]
             try:
-                metadata['random_seed'] = base64.b64decode(random_seed)
+                metadata["random_seed"] = base64.b64decode(random_seed)
             except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
                 raise BrokenMetadata(
                     "Badly formatted metadata random_seed entry: %s" % e
@@ -303,18 +307,18 @@ class BaseReader(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
 
         # load any files that were provided
         files = {}
-        metadata_files = metadata.get('files', [])
+        metadata_files = metadata.get("files", [])
         for item in metadata_files:
-            if 'path' not in item:
+            if "path" not in item:
                 continue
-            path = item['path']
+            path = item["path"]
             try:
                 files[path] = self._read_content_path(item)
             except Exception as e:
                 raise BrokenMetadata(
                     "Failed to read provided file %s: %s" % (path, e)
                 ) from e
-        results['files'] = files
+        results["files"] = files
 
         # The 'network_config' item in metadata is a content pointer
         # to the network config that should be applied. It is just a
@@ -323,7 +327,7 @@ class BaseReader(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         if net_item:
             try:
                 content = self._read_content_path(net_item, decode=True)
-                results['network_config'] = content
+                results["network_config"] = content
             except IOError as e:
                 raise BrokenMetadata(
                     "Failed to read network configuration: %s" % (e)
@@ -334,12 +338,12 @@ class BaseReader(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
         # if they specify 'dsmode' they're indicating the mode that they intend
         # for this datasource to operate in.
         try:
-            results['dsmode'] = metadata['meta']['dsmode']
+            results["dsmode"] = metadata["meta"]["dsmode"]
         except KeyError:
             pass
 
         # Read any ec2-metadata (if applicable)
-        results['ec2-metadata'] = self._read_ec2_metadata()
+        results["ec2-metadata"] = self._read_ec2_metadata()
 
         # Perform some misc. metadata key renames...
         for (target_key, source_key, is_required) in KEY_COPIES:
@@ -364,15 +368,19 @@ class ConfigDriveReader(BaseReader):
 
     def _fetch_available_versions(self):
         if self._versions is None:
-            path = self._path_join(self.base_path, 'openstack')
-            found = [d for d in os.listdir(path)
-                     if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(path))]
+            path = self._path_join(self.base_path, "openstack")
+            found = [
+                d
+                for d in os.listdir(path)
+                if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(path))
+            ]
             self._versions = sorted(found)
         return self._versions
 
     def _read_ec2_metadata(self):
-        path = self._path_join(self.base_path,
-                               'ec2', 'latest', 'meta-data.json')
+        path = self._path_join(
+            self.base_path, "ec2", "latest", "meta-data.json"
+        )
         if not os.path.exists(path):
             return {}
         else:
@@ -419,14 +427,14 @@ class ConfigDriveReader(BaseReader):
             else:
                 md[key] = copy.deepcopy(default)
 
-        keydata = md['authorized_keys']
-        meta_js = md['meta_js']
+        keydata = md["authorized_keys"]
+        meta_js = md["meta_js"]
 
         # keydata in meta_js is preferred over "injected"
-        keydata = meta_js.get('public-keys', keydata)
+        keydata = meta_js.get("public-keys", keydata)
         if keydata:
             lines = keydata.splitlines()
-            md['public-keys'] = [
+            md["public-keys"] = [
                 line
                 for line in lines
                 if len(line) and not line.startswith("#")
@@ -434,25 +442,25 @@ class ConfigDriveReader(BaseReader):
 
         # config-drive-v1 has no way for openstack to provide the instance-id
         # so we copy that into metadata from the user input
-        if 'instance-id' in meta_js:
-            md['instance-id'] = meta_js['instance-id']
+        if "instance-id" in meta_js:
+            md["instance-id"] = meta_js["instance-id"]
 
         results = {
-            'version': 1,
-            'metadata': md,
+            "version": 1,
+            "metadata": md,
         }
 
         # allow the user to specify 'dsmode' in a meta tag
-        if 'dsmode' in meta_js:
-            results['dsmode'] = meta_js['dsmode']
+        if "dsmode" in meta_js:
+            results["dsmode"] = meta_js["dsmode"]
 
         # config-drive-v1 has no way of specifying user-data, so the user has
         # to cheat and stuff it in a meta tag also.
-        results['userdata'] = meta_js.get('user-data', '')
+        results["userdata"] = meta_js.get("user-data", "")
 
         # this implementation does not support files other than
         # network/interfaces and authorized_keys...
-        results['files'] = {}
+        results["files"] = {}
 
         return results
 
@@ -481,7 +489,6 @@ class MetadataReader(BaseReader):
         return self._versions
 
     def _path_read(self, path, decode=False):
-
         def should_retry_cb(_request_args, cause):
             try:
                 code = int(cause.code)
@@ -492,11 +499,13 @@ class MetadataReader(BaseReader):
                 pass
             return True
 
-        response = url_helper.readurl(path,
-                                      retries=self.retries,
-                                      ssl_details=self.ssl_details,
-                                      timeout=self.timeout,
-                                      exception_cb=should_retry_cb)
+        response = url_helper.readurl(
+            path,
+            retries=self.retries,
+            ssl_details=self.ssl_details,
+            timeout=self.timeout,
+            exception_cb=should_retry_cb,
+        )
         if decode:
             return response.contents.decode()
         else:
@@ -506,9 +515,11 @@ class MetadataReader(BaseReader):
         return url_helper.combine_url(base, *add_ons)
 
     def _read_ec2_metadata(self):
-        return ec2_utils.get_instance_metadata(ssl_details=self.ssl_details,
-                                               timeout=self.timeout,
-                                               retries=self.retries)
+        return ec2_utils.get_instance_metadata(
+            ssl_details=self.ssl_details,
+            timeout=self.timeout,
+            retries=self.retries,
+        )
 
 
 # Convert OpenStack ConfigDrive NetworkData json to network_config yaml
@@ -544,32 +555,32 @@ def convert_net_json(network_json=None, known_macs=None):
 
     # dict of network_config key for filtering network_json
     valid_keys = {
-        'physical': [
-            'name',
-            'type',
-            'mac_address',
-            'subnets',
-            'params',
-            'mtu',
+        "physical": [
+            "name",
+            "type",
+            "mac_address",
+            "subnets",
+            "params",
+            "mtu",
         ],
-        'subnet': [
-            'type',
-            'address',
-            'netmask',
-            'broadcast',
-            'metric',
-            'gateway',
-            'pointopoint',
-            'scope',
-            'dns_nameservers',
-            'dns_search',
-            'routes',
+        "subnet": [
+            "type",
+            "address",
+            "netmask",
+            "broadcast",
+            "metric",
+            "gateway",
+            "pointopoint",
+            "scope",
+            "dns_nameservers",
+            "dns_search",
+            "routes",
         ],
     }
 
-    links = network_json.get('links', [])
-    networks = network_json.get('networks', [])
-    services = network_json.get('services', [])
+    links = network_json.get("links", [])
+    networks = network_json.get("networks", [])
+    services = network_json.get("services", [])
 
     link_updates = []
     link_id_info = {}
@@ -578,65 +589,77 @@ def convert_net_json(network_json=None, known_macs=None):
     config = []
     for link in links:
         subnets = []
-        cfg = dict((k, v) for k, v in link.items()
-                   if k in valid_keys['physical'])
+        cfg = dict(
+            (k, v) for k, v in link.items() if k in valid_keys["physical"]
+        )
         # 'name' is not in openstack spec yet, but we will support it if it is
         # present.  The 'id' in the spec is currently implemented as the host
         # nic's name, meaning something like 'tap-adfasdffd'.  We do not want
         # to name guest devices with such ugly names.
-        if 'name' in link:
-            cfg['name'] = link['name']
+        if "name" in link:
+            cfg["name"] = link["name"]
 
         link_mac_addr = None
-        if link.get('ethernet_mac_address'):
-            link_mac_addr = link.get('ethernet_mac_address').lower()
-            link_id_info[link['id']] = link_mac_addr
-
-        curinfo = {'name': cfg.get('name'), 'mac': link_mac_addr,
-                   'id': link['id'], 'type': link['type']}
-
-        for network in [n for n in networks
-                        if n['link'] == link['id']]:
-            subnet = dict((k, v) for k, v in network.items()
-                          if k in valid_keys['subnet'])
-
-            if network['type'] == 'ipv4_dhcp':
-                subnet.update({'type': 'dhcp4'})
-            elif network['type'] == 'ipv6_dhcp':
-                subnet.update({'type': 'dhcp6'})
-            elif network['type'] in ['ipv6_slaac', 'ipv6_dhcpv6-stateless',
-                                     'ipv6_dhcpv6-stateful']:
-                subnet.update({'type': network['type']})
-            elif network['type'] in ['ipv4', 'static']:
-                subnet.update({
-                    'type': 'static',
-                    'address': network.get('ip_address'),
-                })
-            elif network['type'] in ['ipv6', 'static6']:
-                cfg.update({'accept-ra': False})
-                subnet.update({
-                    'type': 'static6',
-                    'address': network.get('ip_address'),
-                })
+        if link.get("ethernet_mac_address"):
+            link_mac_addr = link.get("ethernet_mac_address").lower()
+            link_id_info[link["id"]] = link_mac_addr
+
+        curinfo = {
+            "name": cfg.get("name"),
+            "mac": link_mac_addr,
+            "id": link["id"],
+            "type": link["type"],
+        }
+
+        for network in [n for n in networks if n["link"] == link["id"]]:
+            subnet = dict(
+                (k, v) for k, v in network.items() if k in valid_keys["subnet"]
+            )
+
+            if network["type"] == "ipv4_dhcp":
+                subnet.update({"type": "dhcp4"})
+            elif network["type"] == "ipv6_dhcp":
+                subnet.update({"type": "dhcp6"})
+            elif network["type"] in [
+                "ipv6_slaac",
+                "ipv6_dhcpv6-stateless",
+                "ipv6_dhcpv6-stateful",
+            ]:
+                subnet.update({"type": network["type"]})
+            elif network["type"] in ["ipv4", "static"]:
+                subnet.update(
+                    {
+                        "type": "static",
+                        "address": network.get("ip_address"),
+                    }
+                )
+            elif network["type"] in ["ipv6", "static6"]:
+                cfg.update({"accept-ra": False})
+                subnet.update(
+                    {
+                        "type": "static6",
+                        "address": network.get("ip_address"),
+                    }
+                )
 
             # Enable accept_ra for stateful and legacy ipv6_dhcp types
-            if network['type'] in ['ipv6_dhcpv6-stateful', 'ipv6_dhcp']:
-                cfg.update({'accept-ra': True})
+            if network["type"] in ["ipv6_dhcpv6-stateful", "ipv6_dhcp"]:
+                cfg.update({"accept-ra": True})
 
-            if network['type'] == 'ipv4':
-                subnet['ipv4'] = True
-            if network['type'] == 'ipv6':
-                subnet['ipv6'] = True
+            if network["type"] == "ipv4":
+                subnet["ipv4"] = True
+            if network["type"] == "ipv6":
+                subnet["ipv6"] = True
             subnets.append(subnet)
-        cfg.update({'subnets': subnets})
-        if link['type'] in ['bond']:
+        cfg.update({"subnets": subnets})
+        if link["type"] in ["bond"]:
             params = {}
             if link_mac_addr:
-                params['mac_address'] = link_mac_addr
+                params["mac_address"] = link_mac_addr
             for k, v in link.items():
-                if k == 'bond_links':
+                if k == "bond_links":
                     continue
-                elif k.startswith('bond'):
+                elif k.startswith("bond"):
                     params.update({k: v})
 
             # openstack does not provide a name for the bond.
@@ -649,35 +672,45 @@ def convert_net_json(network_json=None, known_macs=None):
             # to the network config by their nic name.
             # store that in bond_links_needed, and update these later.
             link_updates.append(
-                (cfg, 'bond_interfaces', '%s',
-                 copy.deepcopy(link['bond_links']))
+                (
+                    cfg,
+                    "bond_interfaces",
+                    "%s",
+                    copy.deepcopy(link["bond_links"]),
+                )
+            )
+            cfg.update({"params": params, "name": link_name})
+
+            curinfo["name"] = link_name
+        elif link["type"] in ["vlan"]:
+            name = "%s.%s" % (link["vlan_link"], link["vlan_id"])
+            cfg.update(
+                {
+                    "name": name,
+                    "vlan_id": link["vlan_id"],
+                    "mac_address": link["vlan_mac_address"],
+                }
+            )
+            link_updates.append((cfg, "vlan_link", "%s", link["vlan_link"]))
+            link_updates.append(
+                (cfg, "name", "%%s.%s" % link["vlan_id"], link["vlan_link"])
             )
-            cfg.update({'params': params, 'name': link_name})
-
-            curinfo['name'] = link_name
-        elif link['type'] in ['vlan']:
-            name = "%s.%s" % (link['vlan_link'], link['vlan_id'])
-            cfg.update({
-                'name': name,
-                'vlan_id': link['vlan_id'],
-                'mac_address': link['vlan_mac_address'],
-            })
-            link_updates.append((cfg, 'vlan_link', '%s', link['vlan_link']))
-            link_updates.append((cfg, 'name', "%%s.%s" % link['vlan_id'],
-                                 link['vlan_link']))
-            curinfo.update({'mac': link['vlan_mac_address'],
-                            'name': name})
+            curinfo.update({"mac": link["vlan_mac_address"], "name": name})
         else:
-            if link['type'] not in KNOWN_PHYSICAL_TYPES:
-                LOG.warning('Unknown network_data link type (%s); treating as'
-                            ' physical', link['type'])
-            cfg.update({'type': 'physical', 'mac_address': link_mac_addr})
+            if link["type"] not in KNOWN_PHYSICAL_TYPES:
+                LOG.warning(
+                    "Unknown network_data link type (%s); treating as"
+                    " physical",
+                    link["type"],
+                )
+            cfg.update({"type": "physical", "mac_address": link_mac_addr})
 
         config.append(cfg)
-        link_id_info[curinfo['id']] = curinfo
+        link_id_info[curinfo["id"]] = curinfo
 
-    need_names = [d for d in config
-                  if d.get('type') == 'physical' and 'name' not in d]
+    need_names = [
+        d for d in config if d.get("type") == "physical" and "name" not in d
+    ]
 
     if need_names or link_updates:
         if known_macs is None:
@@ -685,26 +718,26 @@ def convert_net_json(network_json=None, known_macs=None):
 
         # go through and fill out the link_id_info with names
         for _link_id, info in link_id_info.items():
-            if info.get('name'):
+            if info.get("name"):
                 continue
-            if info.get('mac') in known_macs:
-                info['name'] = known_macs[info['mac']]
+            if info.get("mac") in known_macs:
+                info["name"] = known_macs[info["mac"]]
 
         for d in need_names:
-            mac = d.get('mac_address')
+            mac = d.get("mac_address")
             if not mac:
                 raise ValueError("No mac_address or name entry for %s" % d)
             if mac not in known_macs:
                 raise ValueError("Unable to find a system nic for %s" % d)
-            d['name'] = known_macs[mac]
+            d["name"] = known_macs[mac]
 
         for cfg, key, fmt, targets in link_updates:
             if isinstance(targets, (list, tuple)):
                 cfg[key] = [
-                    fmt % link_id_info[target]['name'] for target in targets
+                    fmt % link_id_info[target]["name"] for target in targets
                 ]
             else:
-                cfg[key] = fmt % link_id_info[targets]['name']
+                cfg[key] = fmt % link_id_info[targets]["name"]
 
     # Infiniband interfaces may be referenced in network_data.json by a 6 byte
     # Ethernet MAC-style address, and we use that address to look up the
@@ -713,15 +746,16 @@ def convert_net_json(network_json=None, known_macs=None):
     ib_known_hwaddrs = net.get_ib_hwaddrs_by_interface()
     if ib_known_hwaddrs:
         for cfg in config:
-            if cfg['name'] in ib_known_hwaddrs:
-                cfg['mac_address'] = ib_known_hwaddrs[cfg['name']]
-                cfg['type'] = 'infiniband'
+            if cfg["name"] in ib_known_hwaddrs:
+                cfg["mac_address"] = ib_known_hwaddrs[cfg["name"]]
+                cfg["type"] = "infiniband"
 
     for service in services:
         cfg = service
-        cfg.update({'type': 'nameserver'})
+        cfg.update({"type": "nameserver"})
         config.append(cfg)
 
-    return {'version': 1, 'config': config}
+    return {"version": 1, "config": config}
+
 
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/upcloud.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/upcloud.py
index 199baa58..e7b95a5e 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/upcloud.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/upcloud.py
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ def convert_to_network_config_v1(config):
         interface = {
             "type": "physical",
             "name": sysfs_name,
-            "mac_address": mac_address
+            "mac_address": mac_address,
         }
 
         subnets = []
@@ -182,10 +182,9 @@ def convert_to_network_config_v1(config):
 
     if config.get("dns"):
         LOG.debug("Setting DNS nameservers to %s", config.get("dns"))
-        nic_configs.append({
-            "type": "nameserver",
-            "address": config.get("dns")
-        })
+        nic_configs.append(
+            {"type": "nameserver", "address": config.get("dns")}
+        )
 
     return {"version": 1, "config": nic_configs}
 
@@ -216,8 +215,7 @@ def read_sysinfo():
     server_uuid = dmi.read_dmi_data("system-uuid")
     if server_uuid:
         LOG.debug(
-            "system identified via SMBIOS as UpCloud server: %s",
-            server_uuid
+            "system identified via SMBIOS as UpCloud server: %s", server_uuid
         )
     else:
         msg = (
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/boot_proto.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/boot_proto.py
index 9a07eafa..a5c67bb7 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/boot_proto.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/boot_proto.py
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@
 class BootProtoEnum(object):
     """Specifies the NIC Boot Settings."""
 
-    DHCP = 'dhcp'
-    STATIC = 'static'
+    DHCP = "dhcp"
+    STATIC = "static"
+
 
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config.py
index bdfab5a0..39dacee0 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config.py
@@ -15,20 +15,20 @@ class Config(object):
     Specification file.
     """
 
-    CUSTOM_SCRIPT = 'CUSTOM-SCRIPT|SCRIPT-NAME'
-    DNS = 'DNS|NAMESERVER|'
-    DOMAINNAME = 'NETWORK|DOMAINNAME'
-    HOSTNAME = 'NETWORK|HOSTNAME'
-    MARKERID = 'MISC|MARKER-ID'
-    PASS = 'PASSWORD|-PASS'
-    RESETPASS = 'PASSWORD|RESET'
-    SUFFIX = 'DNS|SUFFIX|'
-    TIMEZONE = 'DATETIME|TIMEZONE'
-    UTC = 'DATETIME|UTC'
-    POST_GC_STATUS = 'MISC|POST-GC-STATUS'
-    DEFAULT_RUN_POST_SCRIPT = 'MISC|DEFAULT-RUN-POST-CUST-SCRIPT'
-    CLOUDINIT_META_DATA = 'CLOUDINIT|METADATA'
-    CLOUDINIT_USER_DATA = 'CLOUDINIT|USERDATA'
+    CUSTOM_SCRIPT = "CUSTOM-SCRIPT|SCRIPT-NAME"
+    DNS = "DNS|NAMESERVER|"
+    DOMAINNAME = "NETWORK|DOMAINNAME"
+    HOSTNAME = "NETWORK|HOSTNAME"
+    MARKERID = "MISC|MARKER-ID"
+    PASS = "PASSWORD|-PASS"
+    RESETPASS = "PASSWORD|RESET"
+    SUFFIX = "DNS|SUFFIX|"
+    TIMEZONE = "DATETIME|TIMEZONE"
+    UTC = "DATETIME|UTC"
+    POST_GC_STATUS = "MISC|POST-GC-STATUS"
+    DEFAULT_RUN_POST_SCRIPT = "MISC|DEFAULT-RUN-POST-CUST-SCRIPT"
+    CLOUDINIT_META_DATA = "CLOUDINIT|METADATA"
+    CLOUDINIT_USER_DATA = "CLOUDINIT|USERDATA"
 
     def __init__(self, configFile):
         self._configFile = configFile
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ class Config(object):
     def nics(self):
         """Return the list of associated NICs."""
         res = []
-        nics = self._configFile['NIC-CONFIG|NICS']
-        for nic in nics.split(','):
+        nics = self._configFile["NIC-CONFIG|NICS"]
+        for nic in nics.split(","):
             res.append(Nic(nic, self._configFile))
 
         return res
@@ -93,11 +93,11 @@ class Config(object):
     @property
     def reset_password(self):
         """Retreives if the root password needs to be reset."""
-        resetPass = self._configFile.get(Config.RESETPASS, 'no')
+        resetPass = self._configFile.get(Config.RESETPASS, "no")
         resetPass = resetPass.lower()
-        if resetPass not in ('yes', 'no'):
-            raise ValueError('ResetPassword value should be yes/no')
-        return resetPass == 'yes'
+        if resetPass not in ("yes", "no"):
+            raise ValueError("ResetPassword value should be yes/no")
+        return resetPass == "yes"
 
     @property
     def marker_id(self):
@@ -112,11 +112,11 @@ class Config(object):
     @property
     def post_gc_status(self):
         """Return whether to post guestinfo.gc.status VMX property."""
-        postGcStatus = self._configFile.get(Config.POST_GC_STATUS, 'no')
+        postGcStatus = self._configFile.get(Config.POST_GC_STATUS, "no")
         postGcStatus = postGcStatus.lower()
-        if postGcStatus not in ('yes', 'no'):
-            raise ValueError('PostGcStatus value should be yes/no')
-        return postGcStatus == 'yes'
+        if postGcStatus not in ("yes", "no"):
+            raise ValueError("PostGcStatus value should be yes/no")
+        return postGcStatus == "yes"
 
     @property
     def default_run_post_script(self):
@@ -125,12 +125,12 @@ class Config(object):
         is absent in VM Tools configuration
         """
         defaultRunPostScript = self._configFile.get(
-            Config.DEFAULT_RUN_POST_SCRIPT,
-            'no')
+            Config.DEFAULT_RUN_POST_SCRIPT, "no"
+        )
         defaultRunPostScript = defaultRunPostScript.lower()
-        if defaultRunPostScript not in ('yes', 'no'):
-            raise ValueError('defaultRunPostScript value should be yes/no')
-        return defaultRunPostScript == 'yes'
+        if defaultRunPostScript not in ("yes", "no"):
+            raise ValueError("defaultRunPostScript value should be yes/no")
+        return defaultRunPostScript == "yes"
 
     @property
     def meta_data_name(self):
@@ -142,4 +142,5 @@ class Config(object):
         """Return the name of cloud-init user data."""
         return self._configFile.get(Config.CLOUDINIT_USER_DATA, None)
 
+
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_custom_script.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_custom_script.py
index 2ab22de9..8240ea8f 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_custom_script.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_custom_script.py
@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@ import logging
 import os
 import stat
 
-from cloudinit import subp
-from cloudinit import util
+from cloudinit import subp, util
 
 LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -24,8 +23,7 @@ class CustomScriptConstant(object):
 
     # The user defined custom script
     CUSTOM_SCRIPT_NAME = "customize.sh"
-    CUSTOM_SCRIPT = os.path.join(CUSTOM_TMP_DIR,
-                                 CUSTOM_SCRIPT_NAME)
+    CUSTOM_SCRIPT = os.path.join(CUSTOM_TMP_DIR, CUSTOM_SCRIPT_NAME)
     POST_CUSTOM_PENDING_MARKER = "/.guest-customization-post-reboot-pending"
     # The cc_scripts_per_instance script to launch custom script
     POST_CUSTOM_SCRIPT_NAME = "post-customize-guest.sh"
@@ -39,22 +37,25 @@ class RunCustomScript(object):
 
     def prepare_script(self):
         if not os.path.exists(self.scriptpath):
-            raise CustomScriptNotFound("Script %s not found!! "
-                                       "Cannot execute custom script!"
-                                       % self.scriptpath)
+            raise CustomScriptNotFound(
+                "Script %s not found!! Cannot execute custom script!"
+                % self.scriptpath
+            )
 
         util.ensure_dir(CustomScriptConstant.CUSTOM_TMP_DIR)
 
-        LOG.debug("Copying custom script to %s",
-                  CustomScriptConstant.CUSTOM_SCRIPT)
+        LOG.debug(
+            "Copying custom script to %s", CustomScriptConstant.CUSTOM_SCRIPT
+        )
         util.copy(self.scriptpath, CustomScriptConstant.CUSTOM_SCRIPT)
 
         # Strip any CR characters from the decoded script
-        content = util.load_file(
-            CustomScriptConstant.CUSTOM_SCRIPT).replace("\r", "")
-        util.write_file(CustomScriptConstant.CUSTOM_SCRIPT,
-                        content,
-                        mode=0o544)
+        content = util.load_file(CustomScriptConstant.CUSTOM_SCRIPT).replace(
+            "\r", ""
+        )
+        util.write_file(
+            CustomScriptConstant.CUSTOM_SCRIPT, content, mode=0o544
+        )
 
 
 class PreCustomScript(RunCustomScript):
@@ -70,8 +71,8 @@ class PostCustomScript(RunCustomScript):
         super(PostCustomScript, self).__init__(scriptname, directory)
         self.ccScriptsDir = ccScriptsDir
         self.ccScriptPath = os.path.join(
-            ccScriptsDir,
-            CustomScriptConstant.POST_CUSTOM_SCRIPT_NAME)
+            ccScriptsDir, CustomScriptConstant.POST_CUSTOM_SCRIPT_NAME
+        )
 
     def execute(self):
         """
@@ -81,15 +82,17 @@ class PostCustomScript(RunCustomScript):
         """
         self.prepare_script()
 
-        LOG.debug("Copying post customize run script to %s",
-                  self.ccScriptPath)
+        LOG.debug("Copying post customize run script to %s", self.ccScriptPath)
         util.copy(
-            os.path.join(self.directory,
-                         CustomScriptConstant.POST_CUSTOM_SCRIPT_NAME),
-            self.ccScriptPath)
+            os.path.join(
+                self.directory, CustomScriptConstant.POST_CUSTOM_SCRIPT_NAME
+            ),
+            self.ccScriptPath,
+        )
         st = os.stat(self.ccScriptPath)
         os.chmod(self.ccScriptPath, st.st_mode | stat.S_IEXEC)
         LOG.info("Creating post customization pending marker")
         util.ensure_file(CustomScriptConstant.POST_CUSTOM_PENDING_MARKER)
 
+
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_file.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_file.py
index fc034c95..845294ec 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_file.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_file.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class ConfigFile(ConfigSource, dict):
         key = key.strip()
         val = val.strip()
 
-        if key.startswith('-') or '|-' in key:
+        if key.startswith("-") or "|-" in key:
             canLog = False
         else:
             canLog = True
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class ConfigFile(ConfigSource, dict):
         Keyword arguments:
         filename - The full path to the config file.
         """
-        logger.info('Parsing the config file %s.', filename)
+        logger.info("Parsing the config file %s.", filename)
 
         config = configparser.ConfigParser()
         config.optionxform = str
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class ConfigFile(ConfigSource, dict):
             logger.debug("FOUND CATEGORY = '%s'", category)
 
             for (key, value) in config.items(category):
-                self._insertKey(category + '|' + key, value)
+                self._insertKey(category + "|" + key, value)
 
     def should_keep_current_value(self, key):
         """
@@ -115,4 +115,5 @@ class ConfigFile(ConfigSource, dict):
         """
         return len([key for key in self if key.startswith(prefix)])
 
+
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_namespace.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_namespace.py
index 5899d8f7..3b3b2d5a 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_namespace.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_namespace.py
@@ -11,4 +11,5 @@ from .config_source import ConfigSource
 class ConfigNamespace(ConfigSource):
     """Specifies the Config Namespace."""
 
+
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_nic.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_nic.py
index f5a0ebe4..df621f20 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_nic.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_nic.py
@@ -9,9 +9,8 @@ import logging
 import os
 import re
 
+from cloudinit import subp, util
 from cloudinit.net.network_state import mask_to_net_prefix
-from cloudinit import subp
-from cloudinit import util
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -63,8 +62,10 @@ class NicConfigurator(object):
         if not primary_nics:
             return None
         elif len(primary_nics) > 1:
-            raise Exception('There can only be one primary nic',
-                            [nic.mac for nic in primary_nics])
+            raise Exception(
+                "There can only be one primary nic",
+                [nic.mac for nic in primary_nics],
+            )
         else:
             return primary_nics[0]
 
@@ -73,17 +74,17 @@ class NicConfigurator(object):
         Create the mac2Name dictionary
         The mac address(es) are in the lower case
         """
-        cmd = ['ip', 'addr', 'show']
+        cmd = ["ip", "addr", "show"]
         output, _err = subp.subp(cmd)
-        sections = re.split(r'\n\d+: ', '\n' + output)[1:]
+        sections = re.split(r"\n\d+: ", "\n" + output)[1:]
 
-        macPat = r'link/ether (([0-9A-Fa-f]{2}[:]){5}([0-9A-Fa-f]{2}))'
+        macPat = r"link/ether (([0-9A-Fa-f]{2}[:]){5}([0-9A-Fa-f]{2}))"
         for section in sections:
             match = re.search(macPat, section)
             if not match:  # Only keep info about nics
                 continue
             mac = match.group(1).lower()
-            name = section.split(':', 1)[0]
+            name = section.split(":", 1)[0]
             self.mac2Name[mac] = name
 
     def gen_one_nic(self, nic):
@@ -95,11 +96,11 @@ class NicConfigurator(object):
         mac = nic.mac.lower()
         name = self.mac2Name.get(mac)
         if not name:
-            raise ValueError('No known device has MACADDR: %s' % nic.mac)
+            raise ValueError("No known device has MACADDR: %s" % nic.mac)
 
         nics_cfg_list = []
 
-        cfg = {'type': 'physical', 'name': name, 'mac_address': mac}
+        cfg = {"type": "physical", "name": name, "mac_address": mac}
 
         subnet_list = []
         route_list = []
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ class NicConfigurator(object):
         subnet_list.extend(subnets)
         route_list.extend(routes)
 
-        cfg.update({'subnets': subnet_list})
+        cfg.update({"subnets": subnet_list})
 
         nics_cfg_list.append(cfg)
         if route_list:
@@ -135,17 +136,17 @@ class NicConfigurator(object):
         route_list = []
 
         if nic.onboot:
-            subnet.update({'control': 'auto'})
+            subnet.update({"control": "auto"})
 
         bootproto = nic.bootProto.lower()
-        if nic.ipv4_mode.lower() == 'disabled':
-            bootproto = 'manual'
+        if nic.ipv4_mode.lower() == "disabled":
+            bootproto = "manual"
 
-        if bootproto != 'static':
-            subnet.update({'type': 'dhcp'})
+        if bootproto != "static":
+            subnet.update({"type": "dhcp"})
             return ([subnet], route_list)
         else:
-            subnet.update({'type': 'static'})
+            subnet.update({"type": "static"})
 
         # Static Ipv4
         addrs = nic.staticIpv4
@@ -154,20 +155,21 @@ class NicConfigurator(object):
 
         v4 = addrs[0]
         if v4.ip:
-            subnet.update({'address': v4.ip})
+            subnet.update({"address": v4.ip})
         if v4.netmask:
-            subnet.update({'netmask': v4.netmask})
+            subnet.update({"netmask": v4.netmask})
 
         # Add the primary gateway
         if nic.primary and v4.gateways:
             self.ipv4PrimaryGateway = v4.gateways[0]
-            subnet.update({'gateway': self.ipv4PrimaryGateway})
+            subnet.update({"gateway": self.ipv4PrimaryGateway})
             return ([subnet], route_list)
 
         # Add routes if there is no primary nic
         if not self._primaryNic and v4.gateways:
             subnet.update(
-                {'routes': self.gen_ipv4_route(nic, v4.gateways, v4.netmask)})
+                {"routes": self.gen_ipv4_route(nic, v4.gateways, v4.netmask)}
+            )
 
         return ([subnet], route_list)
 
@@ -184,10 +186,14 @@ class NicConfigurator(object):
 
         for gateway in gateways:
             destination = "%s/%d" % (gen_subnet(gateway, netmask), cidr)
-            route_list.append({'destination': destination,
-                               'type': 'route',
-                               'gateway': gateway,
-                               'metric': 10000})
+            route_list.append(
+                {
+                    "destination": destination,
+                    "type": "route",
+                    "gateway": gateway,
+                    "metric": 10000,
+                }
+            )
 
         return route_list
 
@@ -208,9 +214,11 @@ class NicConfigurator(object):
         addrs = nic.staticIpv6
 
         for addr in addrs:
-            subnet = {'type': 'static6',
-                      'address': addr.ip,
-                      'netmask': addr.netmask}
+            subnet = {
+                "type": "static6",
+                "address": addr.ip,
+                "netmask": addr.netmask,
+            }
             subnet_list.append(subnet)
 
         # TODO: Add the primary gateway
@@ -226,9 +234,9 @@ class NicConfigurator(object):
         route_list = []
 
         for addr in addrs:
-            route_list.append({'type': 'route',
-                               'gateway': addr.gateway,
-                               'metric': 10000})
+            route_list.append(
+                {"type": "route", "gateway": addr.gateway, "metric": 10000}
+            )
 
         return route_list
 
@@ -246,7 +254,7 @@ class NicConfigurator(object):
         return nics_cfg_list
 
     def clear_dhcp(self):
-        logger.info('Clearing DHCP leases')
+        logger.info("Clearing DHCP leases")
 
         # Ignore the return code 1.
         subp.subp(["pkill", "dhclient"], rcs=[0, 1])
@@ -262,11 +270,12 @@ class NicConfigurator(object):
             logger.info("Debian OS not detected. Skipping the configure step")
             return
 
-        containingDir = '/etc/network'
+        containingDir = "/etc/network"
 
-        interfaceFile = os.path.join(containingDir, 'interfaces')
-        originalFile = os.path.join(containingDir,
-                                    'interfaces.before_vmware_customization')
+        interfaceFile = os.path.join(containingDir, "interfaces")
+        originalFile = os.path.join(
+            containingDir, "interfaces.before_vmware_customization"
+        )
 
         if not os.path.exists(originalFile) and os.path.exists(interfaceFile):
             os.rename(interfaceFile, originalFile)
@@ -278,8 +287,9 @@ class NicConfigurator(object):
             "source-directory /etc/network/interfaces.d",
         ]
 
-        util.write_file(interfaceFile, content='\n'.join(lines))
+        util.write_file(interfaceFile, content="\n".join(lines))
 
         self.clear_dhcp()
 
+
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_passwd.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_passwd.py
index d16a7690..4d3967a1 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_passwd.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_passwd.py
@@ -9,8 +9,7 @@
 import logging
 import os
 
-from cloudinit import subp
-from cloudinit import util
+from cloudinit import subp, util
 
 LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@ class PasswordConfigurator(object):
     Class for changing configurations related to passwords in a VM. Includes
     setting and expiring passwords.
     """
+
     def configure(self, passwd, resetPasswd, distro):
         """
         Main method to perform all functionalities based on configuration file
@@ -28,25 +28,25 @@ class PasswordConfigurator(object):
         @param resetPasswd: boolean to determine if password needs to be reset.
         @return cfg: dict to be used by cloud-init set_passwd code.
         """
-        LOG.info('Starting password configuration')
+        LOG.info("Starting password configuration")
         if passwd:
             passwd = util.b64d(passwd)
         allRootUsers = []
-        for line in open('/etc/passwd', 'r'):
-            if line.split(':')[2] == '0':
-                allRootUsers.append(line.split(':')[0])
+        for line in open("/etc/passwd", "r"):
+            if line.split(":")[2] == "0":
+                allRootUsers.append(line.split(":")[0])
         # read shadow file and check for each user, if its uid0 or root.
         uidUsersList = []
-        for line in open('/etc/shadow', 'r'):
-            user = line.split(':')[0]
+        for line in open("/etc/shadow", "r"):
+            user = line.split(":")[0]
             if user in allRootUsers:
                 uidUsersList.append(user)
         if passwd:
-            LOG.info('Setting admin password')
-            distro.set_passwd('root', passwd)
+            LOG.info("Setting admin password")
+            distro.set_passwd("root", passwd)
         if resetPasswd:
             self.reset_password(uidUsersList)
-        LOG.info('Configure Password completed!')
+        LOG.info("Configure Password completed!")
 
     def reset_password(self, uidUserList):
         """
@@ -54,15 +54,19 @@ class PasswordConfigurator(object):
         not succeeded using passwd command. Log failure message otherwise.
         @param: list of users for which to expire password.
         """
-        LOG.info('Expiring password.')
+        LOG.info("Expiring password.")
         for user in uidUserList:
             try:
-                subp.subp(['passwd', '--expire', user])
+                subp.subp(["passwd", "--expire", user])
             except subp.ProcessExecutionError as e:
-                if os.path.exists('/usr/bin/chage'):
-                    subp.subp(['chage', '-d', '0', user])
+                if os.path.exists("/usr/bin/chage"):
+                    subp.subp(["chage", "-d", "0", user])
                 else:
-                    LOG.warning('Failed to expire password for %s with error: '
-                                '%s', user, e)
+                    LOG.warning(
+                        "Failed to expire password for %s with error: %s",
+                        user,
+                        e,
+                    )
+
 
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_source.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_source.py
index 7ec06a9c..e99f9b43 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_source.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/config_source.py
@@ -9,4 +9,5 @@
 class ConfigSource(object):
     """Specifies a source for the Config Content."""
 
+
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/guestcust_error.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/guestcust_error.py
index 96d839b8..eda84cfb 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/guestcust_error.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/guestcust_error.py
@@ -13,4 +13,5 @@ class GuestCustErrorEnum(object):
     GUESTCUST_ERROR_SCRIPT_DISABLED = 6
     GUESTCUST_ERROR_WRONG_META_FORMAT = 9
 
+
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/guestcust_event.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/guestcust_event.py
index e84c1cb0..33169a7e 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/guestcust_event.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/guestcust_event.py
@@ -14,4 +14,5 @@ class GuestCustEventEnum(object):
     GUESTCUST_EVENT_ENABLE_NICS = 103
     GUESTCUST_EVENT_QUERY_NICS = 104
 
+
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/guestcust_state.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/guestcust_state.py
index a8211dea..c74fbc8b 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/guestcust_state.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/guestcust_state.py
@@ -12,4 +12,5 @@ class GuestCustStateEnum(object):
     GUESTCUST_STATE_RUNNING = 4
     GUESTCUST_STATE_DONE = 5
 
+
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/guestcust_util.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/guestcust_util.py
index d919f693..08763e62 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/guestcust_util.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/guestcust_util.py
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def get_nics_to_enable(nicsfilepath):
     if not os.path.exists(nicsfilepath):
         return None
 
-    with open(nicsfilepath, 'r') as fp:
+    with open(nicsfilepath, "r") as fp:
         nics = fp.read(NICS_SIZE)
 
     return nics
@@ -95,7 +95,8 @@ def enable_nics(nics):
         (out, _err) = set_customization_status(
             GuestCustStateEnum.GUESTCUST_STATE_RUNNING,
             GuestCustEventEnum.GUESTCUST_EVENT_ENABLE_NICS,
-            nics)
+            nics,
+        )
         if not out:
             time.sleep(enableNicsWaitCount * enableNicsWaitSeconds)
             continue
@@ -108,32 +109,36 @@ def enable_nics(nics):
             (out, _err) = set_customization_status(
                 GuestCustStateEnum.GUESTCUST_STATE_RUNNING,
                 GuestCustEventEnum.GUESTCUST_EVENT_QUERY_NICS,
-                nics)
+                nics,
+            )
             if out and out == NICS_STATUS_CONNECTED:
                 logger.info("NICS are connected on %d second", count)
                 return
 
             time.sleep(enableNicsWaitSeconds)
 
-    logger.warning("Can't connect network interfaces after %d attempts",
-                   enableNicsWaitRetries)
+    logger.warning(
+        "Can't connect network interfaces after %d attempts",
+        enableNicsWaitRetries,
+    )
 
 
 def get_tools_config(section, key, defaultVal):
-    """ Return the value of [section] key from VMTools configuration.
+    """Return the value of [section] key from VMTools configuration.
 
-        @param section: String of section to read from VMTools config
-        @returns: String value from key in [section] or defaultVal if
-                  [section] is not present or vmware-toolbox-cmd is
-                  not installed.
+    @param section: String of section to read from VMTools config
+    @returns: String value from key in [section] or defaultVal if
+              [section] is not present or vmware-toolbox-cmd is
+              not installed.
     """
 
-    if not subp.which('vmware-toolbox-cmd'):
+    if not subp.which("vmware-toolbox-cmd"):
         logger.debug(
-            'vmware-toolbox-cmd not installed, returning default value')
+            "vmware-toolbox-cmd not installed, returning default value"
+        )
         return defaultVal
 
-    cmd = ['vmware-toolbox-cmd', 'config', 'get', section, key]
+    cmd = ["vmware-toolbox-cmd", "config", "get", section, key]
 
     try:
         (outText, _) = subp.subp(cmd)
@@ -141,22 +146,27 @@ def get_tools_config(section, key, defaultVal):
         if e.exit_code == 69:
             logger.debug(
                 "vmware-toolbox-cmd returned 69 (unavailable) for cmd: %s."
-                " Return default value: %s", " ".join(cmd), defaultVal)
+                " Return default value: %s",
+                " ".join(cmd),
+                defaultVal,
+            )
         else:
             logger.error("Failed running %s[%s]", cmd, e.exit_code)
             logger.exception(e)
         return defaultVal
 
     retValue = defaultVal
-    m = re.match(r'([^=]+)=(.*)', outText)
+    m = re.match(r"([^=]+)=(.*)", outText)
     if m:
         retValue = m.group(2).strip()
-        logger.debug("Get tools config: [%s] %s = %s",
-                     section, key, retValue)
+        logger.debug("Get tools config: [%s] %s = %s", section, key, retValue)
     else:
         logger.debug(
             "Tools config: [%s] %s is not found, return default value: %s",
-            section, key, retValue)
+            section,
+            key,
+            retValue,
+        )
 
     return retValue
 
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/ipv4_mode.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/ipv4_mode.py
index d793bdeb..673204a0 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/ipv4_mode.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/ipv4_mode.py
@@ -18,18 +18,19 @@ class Ipv4ModeEnum(object):
 
     # The legacy mode which only allows dhcp/static based on whether IPv4
     # addresses list is empty or not
-    IPV4_MODE_BACKWARDS_COMPATIBLE = 'BACKWARDS_COMPATIBLE'
+    IPV4_MODE_BACKWARDS_COMPATIBLE = "BACKWARDS_COMPATIBLE"
 
     # IPv4 must use static address. Reserved for future use
-    IPV4_MODE_STATIC = 'STATIC'
+    IPV4_MODE_STATIC = "STATIC"
 
     # IPv4 must use DHCPv4. Reserved for future use
-    IPV4_MODE_DHCP = 'DHCP'
+    IPV4_MODE_DHCP = "DHCP"
 
     # IPv4 must be disabled
-    IPV4_MODE_DISABLED = 'DISABLED'
+    IPV4_MODE_DISABLED = "DISABLED"
 
     # IPv4 settings should be left untouched. Reserved for future use
-    IPV4_MODE_AS_IS = 'AS_IS'
+    IPV4_MODE_AS_IS = "AS_IS"
+
 
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/nic.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/nic.py
index ef8f87f7..7b742d0f 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/nic.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/nic.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class Nic(NicBase):
         self._configFile = configFile
 
     def _get(self, what):
-        return self._configFile.get(self.name + '|' + what, None)
+        return self._configFile.get(self.name + "|" + what, None)
 
     def _get_count_with_prefix(self, prefix):
         return self._configFile.get_count_with_prefix(self.name + prefix)
@@ -31,29 +31,29 @@ class Nic(NicBase):
 
     @property
     def mac(self):
-        return self._get('MACADDR').lower()
+        return self._get("MACADDR").lower()
 
     @property
     def primary(self):
-        value = self._get('PRIMARY')
+        value = self._get("PRIMARY")
         if value:
             value = value.lower()
-            return value == 'yes' or value == 'true'
+            return value == "yes" or value == "true"
         else:
             return False
 
     @property
     def onboot(self):
-        value = self._get('ONBOOT')
+        value = self._get("ONBOOT")
         if value:
             value = value.lower()
-            return value == 'yes' or value == 'true'
+            return value == "yes" or value == "true"
         else:
             return False
 
     @property
     def bootProto(self):
-        value = self._get('BOOTPROTO')
+        value = self._get("BOOTPROTO")
         if value:
             return value.lower()
         else:
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ class Nic(NicBase):
 
     @property
     def ipv4_mode(self):
-        value = self._get('IPv4_MODE')
+        value = self._get("IPv4_MODE")
         if value:
             return value.lower()
         else:
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ class Nic(NicBase):
 
     @property
     def staticIpv6(self):
-        cnt = self._get_count_with_prefix('|IPv6ADDR|')
+        cnt = self._get_count_with_prefix("|IPv6ADDR|")
 
         if not cnt:
             return None
@@ -100,17 +100,17 @@ class StaticIpv4Addr(StaticIpv4Base):
 
     @property
     def ip(self):
-        return self._nic._get('IPADDR')
+        return self._nic._get("IPADDR")
 
     @property
     def netmask(self):
-        return self._nic._get('NETMASK')
+        return self._nic._get("NETMASK")
 
     @property
     def gateways(self):
-        value = self._nic._get('GATEWAY')
+        value = self._nic._get("GATEWAY")
         if value:
-            return [x.strip() for x in value.split(',')]
+            return [x.strip() for x in value.split(",")]
         else:
             return None
 
@@ -124,14 +124,15 @@ class StaticIpv6Addr(StaticIpv6Base):
 
     @property
     def ip(self):
-        return self._nic._get('IPv6ADDR|' + str(self._index))
+        return self._nic._get("IPv6ADDR|" + str(self._index))
 
     @property
     def netmask(self):
-        return self._nic._get('IPv6NETMASK|' + str(self._index))
+        return self._nic._get("IPv6NETMASK|" + str(self._index))
 
     @property
     def gateway(self):
-        return self._nic._get('IPv6GATEWAY|' + str(self._index))
+        return self._nic._get("IPv6GATEWAY|" + str(self._index))
+
 
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/nic_base.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/nic_base.py
index de7b866d..37d9602f 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/nic_base.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vmware/imc/nic_base.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class NicBase(object):
         Retrieves the mac address of the nic
         @return (str) : the MACADDR setting
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('MACADDR')
+        raise NotImplementedError("MACADDR")
 
     @property
     def primary(self):
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class NicBase(object):
         be set.
         @return (bool): the PRIMARY setting
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('PRIMARY')
+        raise NotImplementedError("PRIMARY")
 
     @property
     def onboot(self):
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class NicBase(object):
         Retrieves whether the nic should be up at the boot time
         @return (bool) : the ONBOOT setting
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('ONBOOT')
+        raise NotImplementedError("ONBOOT")
 
     @property
     def bootProto(self):
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ class NicBase(object):
         Retrieves the boot protocol of the nic
         @return (str): the BOOTPROTO setting, valid values: dhcp and static.
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('BOOTPROTO')
+        raise NotImplementedError("BOOTPROTO")
 
     @property
     def ipv4_mode(self):
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ class NicBase(object):
         @return (str): the IPv4_MODE setting, valid values:
         backwards_compatible, static, dhcp, disabled, as_is
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('IPv4_MODE')
+        raise NotImplementedError("IPv4_MODE")
 
     @property
     def staticIpv4(self):
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class NicBase(object):
         Retrieves the static IPv4 configuration of the nic
         @return (StaticIpv4Base list): the static ipv4 setting
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('Static IPv4')
+        raise NotImplementedError("Static IPv4")
 
     @property
     def staticIpv6(self):
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class NicBase(object):
         Retrieves the IPv6 configuration of the nic
         @return (StaticIpv6Base list): the static ipv6 setting
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('Static Ipv6')
+        raise NotImplementedError("Static Ipv6")
 
     def validate(self):
         """
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class NicBase(object):
         For example, the staticIpv4 property is required and should not be
         empty when ipv4Mode is STATIC
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('Check constraints on properties')
+        raise NotImplementedError("Check constraints on properties")
 
 
 class StaticIpv4Base(object):
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ class StaticIpv4Base(object):
         Retrieves the Ipv4 address
         @return (str): the IPADDR setting
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('Ipv4 Address')
+        raise NotImplementedError("Ipv4 Address")
 
     @property
     def netmask(self):
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class StaticIpv4Base(object):
         Retrieves the Ipv4 NETMASK setting
         @return (str): the NETMASK setting
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('Ipv4 NETMASK')
+        raise NotImplementedError("Ipv4 NETMASK")
 
     @property
     def gateways(self):
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ class StaticIpv4Base(object):
         Retrieves the gateways on this Ipv4 subnet
         @return (str list): the GATEWAY setting
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('Ipv4 GATEWAY')
+        raise NotImplementedError("Ipv4 GATEWAY")
 
 
 class StaticIpv6Base(object):
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class StaticIpv6Base(object):
         Retrieves the Ipv6 address
         @return (str): the IPv6ADDR setting
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('Ipv6 Address')
+        raise NotImplementedError("Ipv6 Address")
 
     @property
     def netmask(self):
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class StaticIpv6Base(object):
         Retrieves the Ipv6 NETMASK setting
         @return (str): the IPv6NETMASK setting
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('Ipv6 NETMASK')
+        raise NotImplementedError("Ipv6 NETMASK")
 
     @property
     def gateway(self):
@@ -139,6 +139,7 @@ class StaticIpv6Base(object):
         Retrieves the Ipv6 GATEWAY setting
         @return (str): the IPv6GATEWAY setting
         """
-        raise NotImplementedError('Ipv6 GATEWAY')
+        raise NotImplementedError("Ipv6 GATEWAY")
+
 
 # vi: ts=4 expandtab
diff --git a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vultr.py b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vultr.py
index ad347bea..eb504eba 100644
--- a/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vultr.py
+++ b/cloudinit/sources/helpers/vultr.py
@@ -3,16 +3,12 @@
 # This file is part of cloud-init. See LICENSE file for license information.
 
 import json
+from functools import lru_cache
 
-from cloudinit import log as log
-from cloudinit import url_helper
 from cloudinit import dmi
-from cloudinit import util
-from cloudinit import net
-from cloudinit import netinfo
-from cloudinit import subp
+from cloudinit import log as log
+from cloudinit import net, netinfo, subp, url_helper, util
 from cloudinit.net.dhcp import EphemeralDHCPv4, NoDHCPLeaseError
-from functools import lru_cache
 
 # Get LOG
 LOG = log.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -41,21 +37,21 @@ def set_route():
     routes = netinfo.route_info()
 
     # If no tools exist and empty dict is returned
-    if 'ipv4' not in routes:
+    if "ipv4" not in routes:
         return
 
     # We only care about IPv4
-    routes = routes['ipv4']
+    routes = routes["ipv4"]
 
     # Searchable list
     dests = []
 
     # Parse each route into a more searchable format
     for route in routes:
-        dests.append(route['destination'])
+        dests.append(route["destination"])
 
-    gw_present = '100.64.0.0' in dests or '100.64.0.0/10' in dests
-    dest_present = '169.254.169.254' in dests
+    gw_present = "100.64.0.0" in dests or "100.64.0.0/10" in dests
+    dest_present = "169.254.169.254" in dests
 
     # If not IPv6 only (No link local)
     # or the route is already present
@@ -63,36 +59,32 @@ def set_route():
         return
 
     # Set metadata route
-    if subp.which('ip'):
-        subp.subp([
-            'ip',
-            'route',
-            'add',
-            '169.254.169.254/32',
-            'dev',
-            net.find_fallback_nic()
-        ])
-    elif subp.which('route'):
-        subp.subp([
-            'route',
-            'add',
-            '-net',
-            '169.254.169.254/32',
-            '100.64.0.1'
-        ])
+    if subp.which("ip"):
+        subp.subp(
+            [
+                "ip",
+                "route",
+                "add",
+                "169.254.169.254/32",
+                "dev",
+                net.find_fallback_nic(),
+            ]
+        )
+    elif subp.which("route"):
+        subp.subp(["route", "add", "-net", "169.254.169.254/32", "100.64.0.1"])
 
 
 # Read the system information from SMBIOS
 def get_sysinfo():
     return {
-        'manufacturer': dmi.read_dmi_data("system-manufacturer"),
-        'subid': dmi.read_dmi_data("system-serial-number")
+        "manufacturer": dmi.read_dmi_data("system-manufacturer"),
+        "subid": dmi.read_dmi_data("system-serial-number"),
     }
 
 
 # Assumes is Vultr is already checked
 def is_baremetal():
-    if get_sysinfo()['manufacturer'] != "Vultr":
+    if get_sysinfo()["manufacturer"] != "Vultr":
         return True
     return False
 
@@ -102,7 +94,7 @@ def is_vultr():
     # VC2, VDC, and HFC use DMI
     sysinfo = get_sysinfo()
 
-    if sysinfo['manufacturer'] == "Vultr":
+    if sysinfo["manufacturer"] == "Vultr":
         return True
 
     # Baremetal requires a kernel parameter
@@ -118,20 +110,20 @@ def read_metadata(url, timeout, retries, sec_between, agent):
 
     # Announce os details so we can handle non Vultr origin
     # images and provide correct vendordata generation.
-    headers = {
-        'Metadata-Token': 'cloudinit',
-        'User-Agent': agent
-    }
+    headers = {"Metadata-Token": "cloudinit", "User-Agent": agent}
 
-    response = url_helper.readurl(url,
-                                  timeout=timeout,
-                                  retries=retries,
-                                  headers=headers,
-                                  sec_between=sec_between)
+    response = url_helper.readurl(
+        url,
+        timeout=timeout,
+        retries=retries,
+        headers=headers,
+        sec_between=sec_between,
+    )
 
     if not response.ok():
-        raise RuntimeError("Failed to connect to %s: Code: %s" %
-                           url, response.code)
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            "Failed to connect to %s: Code: %s" % url, response.code
+        )
 
     return response.contents.decode()
 
@@ -156,95 +148,82 @@ def get_interface_name(mac):
 def generate_network_config(interfaces):
     network = {
         "version": 1,
-        "config": [
-            {
-                "type": "nameserver",
-                "address": [
-                    "108.61.10.10"
-                ]
-            }
-        ]
+        "config": [{"type": "nameserver", "address": ["108.61.10.10"]}],
     }
 
     # Prepare interface 0, public
     if len(interfaces) > 0:
         public = generate_public_network_interface(interfaces[0])
-        network['config'].append(public)
+        network["config"].append(public)
 
     # Prepare additional interfaces, private
     for i in range(1, len(interfaces)):
         private = generate_private_network_interface(interfaces[i])
-        network['config'].append(private)
+        network["config"].append(private)
 
     return network
 
 
 # Input Metadata and generate public network config part
 def generate_public_network_interface(interface):
-    interface_name = get_interface_name(interface['mac'])
+    interface_name = get_interface_name(interface["mac"])
     if not interface_name:
         raise RuntimeError(
-            "Interface: %s could not be found on the system" %
-            interface['mac'])
+            "Interface: %s could not be found on the system" % interface["mac"]
+        )
 
     netcfg = {
         "name": interface_name,
         "type": "physical",
-        "mac_address": interface['mac'],
+        "mac_address": interface["mac"],
         "accept-ra": 1,
         "subnets": [
-            {
-                "type": "dhcp",
-                "control": "auto"
-            },
-            {
-                "type": "ipv6_slaac",
-                "control": "auto"
-            },
-        ]
+            {"type": "dhcp", "control": "auto"},
+            {"type": "ipv6_slaac", "control": "auto"},
+        ],
     }
 
     # Options that may or may not be used
     if "mtu" in interface:
-        netcfg['mtu'] = interface['mtu']
+        netcfg["mtu"] = interface["mtu"]
 
     if "accept-ra" in interface:
-        netcfg['accept-ra'] = interface['accept-ra']
+        netcfg["accept-ra"] = interface["accept-ra"]
 
     if "routes" in interface:
-        netcfg['subnets'][0]['routes'] = interface['routes']
+        netcfg["subnets"][0]["routes"] = interface["routes"]
 
     # Check for additional IP's
-    additional_count = len(interface['ipv4']['additional'])
+    additional_count = len(interface["ipv4"]["additional"])
     if "ipv4" in interface and additional_count > 0:
-        for additional in interface['ipv4']['additional']:
+        for additional in interface["ipv4"]["additional"]:
             add = {
                 "type": "static",
                 "control": "auto",
-                "address": additional['address'],
-                "netmask": additional['netmask']
+                "address": additional["address"],
+                "netmask": additional["netmask"],
             }
 
             if "routes" in additional:
-                add['routes'] = additional['routes']
+                add["routes"] = additional["routes"]
 
-            netcfg['subnets'].append(add)
+            netcfg["subnets"].append(add)
 
     # Check for additional IPv6's
-    additional_count = len(interface['ipv6']['additional'])
+    additional_count = len(interface["ipv6"]["additional"])
     if "ipv6" in interface and additional_count > 0:
-        for additional in interface['ipv6']['additional']:
+        for additional in interface["ipv6"]["additional"]:
             add = {
                 "type": "static6",
                 "control": "auto",
-                "address": additional['address'],
-                "netmask": additional['netmask']
+                "address": additional["address"],
+                "netmask": additional["netmask"],
             }
 
             if "routes" in additional:
-                add['routes'] = additional['routes']
+                add["routes"] = additional["routes"]
 
-            netcfg['subnets'].append(add)
+            netcfg["subnets"].append(add)
 
     # Add config to template
     return netcfg
@@ -252,35 +231,35 @@ def generate_public_network_interface(interface):
 
 # Input Metadata and generate private network config part
 def generate_private_network_interface(interface):
-    interface_name = get_interface_name(interface['mac'])
+    interface_name = get_interface_name(interface["mac"])
     if not interface_name:
         raise RuntimeError(
-            "Interface: %s could not be found on the system" %
-            interface['mac'])
+            "Interface: %s could not be found on the system" % interface["mac"]
+        )
 
     netcfg = {
         "name": interface_name,
         "type": "physical",
-        "mac_address": interface['mac'],
+        "mac_address": interface["mac"],
         "subnets": [
             {
                 "type": "static",
                 "control": "auto",
-                "address": interface['ipv4']['address'],
-                "netmask": interface['ipv4']['netmask']
+                "address": interface["ipv4"]["address"],
+                "netmask": interface["ipv4"]["netmask"],
             }
-        ]
+        ],
     }
 
     # Options that may or may not be used
     if "mtu" in interface:
-        netcfg['mtu'] = interface['mtu']
+        netcfg["mtu"] = interface["mtu"]
 
     if "accept-ra" in interface:
-        netcfg['accept-ra'] = interface['accept-ra']
+        netcfg["accept-ra"] = interface["accept-ra"]
 
     if "routes" in interface:
-        netcfg['subnets'][0]['routes'] = interface['routes']
+        netcfg["subnets"][0]["routes"] = interface["routes"]
 
     return netcfg
 
@@ -288,12 +267,13 @@ def generate_private_network_interface(interface):
 # Make required adjustments to the network configs provided
 def add_interface_names(interfaces):
     for interface in interfaces:
-        interface_name = get_interface_name(interface['mac'])
+        interface_name = get_interface_name(interface["mac"])
         if not interface_name:
             raise RuntimeError(
-                "Interface: %s could not be found on the system" %
-                interface['mac'])
-        interface['name'] = interface_name
+                "Interface: %s could not be found on the system"
+                % interface["mac"]
+            )
+        interface["name"] = interface_name
 
     return interfaces