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+################################
+Inter-VRF Routing over VRF Lite
+################################
+
+**Virtual Routing and Forwarding** is a technology that allow multiple instance
+of a routing table to exist within a single device. One of the key aspect of
+**VRFs** is that do not share the same routes or interfaces, therefore packets
+are forwarded between interfaces that belong to the same VRF only.
+
+Any information related to a VRF is not exchanged between devices -or in the
+same device- by default, this is a technique called **VRF-Lite**.
+
+Keep networks isolated is -in general- a good principle, but there are cases
+where you might need that some network can access other in a different VRF.
+
+The scope of this document is to cover such cases in a dynamic way without the
+use of MPLS-LDP.
+
+********
+Overview
+********
+
+Let’s say we have a requirement to have multiple networks.
+
+* LAN 1
+* LAN 2
+* Management
+* Internet
+
+Both LANs have to be able to route between each other, both will have managed
+devices through a dedicated management network and both will need Internet
+access yet the LAN2 will need access to some set of outside networks, not all.
+The management network will need access to both LANs but cannot have access
+to/from the outside.
+
+This scenario could be a nightmare applying regular routing and might need
+filtering in multiple interfaces.
+
+A simple solution could be using different routing tables, or VRFs
+for all the networks so we can keep the routing restrictions.
+But for us to route between the different VRFs we would need a cable or a
+logical connection between each other:
+
+* One cable/logical connection between LAN1 and LAN2
+* One cable/logical connection between LAN1 and Internet
+* One cable/logical connection between LAN2 and Internet
+* One cable/logical connection between LAN1 and Management
+* One cable/logical connection between LAN2 and Management
+
+As we can see this is unpractical.
+
+To address this scenario we will use to our advantage an extension of the BGP
+routing protocol that will help us in the “Export” between VRFs without the
+need for MPLS.
+
+MP-BGP or MultiProtocol BGP introduces two main concepts to solve this
+limitation:
+- Route Distinguisher (RD): Is used to distinguish between different VRFs
+–called VPNs- inside the BGP Process. The RD is appended to each IPv4 Network
+that is advertised into BGP for that VPN making it a unique VPNv4 route.
+- Route Target (RT): This is an extended BGP community append to the VPNv4 route
+in the Import/Export process. When a route passes from the VRF routing table
+into the BGP process it will add the configured export extended community(ies)
+for that VPN. When that route needs to go from BGP into the VRF routing table
+will only pass if that given VPN import policy matches any of the appended
+community(ies) into that prefix.
+
+********
+Topology
+********
+
+.. image:: /_static/images/inter-vrf-routing-vrf-lite.png
+   :width: 70%
+   :align: left
+   :alt: Network Topology Diagram
+
+IP Schema
+=========
+
++----------+------------+----------------+------------------+
+| Device-A |  Device-B  |  IPv4 Network  |   IPv6 Network   |
++----------+------------+----------------+------------------+
+|   Core   |    LAN1    |  10.1.1.0/30   |  2001:db8::/127  |
++----------+------------+----------------+------------------+
+|   Core   |    LAN2    | 172.16.2.0/30  |  2001:db8::2/127 |
++----------+------------+----------------+------------------+
+|   Core   | Management | 192.168.3.0/30 |  2001:db8::4/127 |
++----------+------------+----------------+------------------+
+|   Core   |     ISP    |  10.2.2.0/30   |  2001:db8::6/127 |
++----------+------------+----------------+------------------+
+
+RD & RT Schema
+==============
+
++------------+-----------+-----------+
+|    VRF     |     RD    |     RT    |
++------------+-----------+-----------+
+|    LAN1    |  64496:1  |  64496:1  |
++------------+-----------+-----------+
+|    LAN2    |  64496:2  |  64496:2  |
++------------+-----------+-----------+
+| Management | 64496:50  | 64496:50  |
++------------+-----------+-----------+
+|  Internet  | 64496:100 | 64496:100 |
++------------+-----------+-----------+
+
+**************
+Configurations
+**************
+
+.. note:: We use a static route configuration in between the Core and each
+   LAN and Management router, and BGP between the Core router and the ISP router
+   but any dynamic routing protocol can be used.
+
+Remote Networks
+===============
+
+The following template configuration can be used in each remote router based
+in our topology.
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   # Interface Configuration
+   set interface eth eth<N> address <IP ADDRESS/CIDR>
+
+   # Static default route back to Core
+   set procotols static route 0.0.0.0/0 next-hop <CORE IP ADDRESS>
+
+Core Router
+===========
+
+Step 1: VRF and Configurations to remote networks
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+- Configuration
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Set the VRF name and Table ID, set interface address and bind it to the VRF.
+Last add the static route to the remote network.
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   # VRF name and table ID (MANDATORY)
+   set vrf name <VRF> table <ID>
+
+   # Interface Configuration
+   set interface eth eth<N> address <IP ADDRESS/CIDR>
+
+   # Assign interface to VRF
+   set interface eth eth<N> vrf <VRF>
+
+   # Static route to remote Network
+   set vrf name <VRF> protocols static route <NETWORK/CIDR> next-hop <REMOTE IP ADDRESS>
+
+- Verification
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Checking the routing table of the VRF should reveal both static and connected
+entries active. A PING test between the Core and remote router is a way to
+validate connectivity within the VRF.
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   # show ip route vrf <VRF>
+   # show ipv6 route vrf <VRF>
+
+   vyos@Core:~$ show ip route vrf LAN1
+   Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP,
+          O - OSPF, I - IS-IS, B - BGP, E - EIGRP, N - NHRP,
+          T - Table, v - VNC, V - VNC-Direct, A - Babel, F - PBR,
+          f - OpenFabric,
+          > - selected route, * - FIB route, q - queued, r - rejected, b - backup
+          t - trapped, o - offload failure
+
+   VRF LAN1:
+   S>* 10.0.0.0/24 [1/0] via 10.1.1.2, eth0, weight 1, 00:05:41
+   C>* 10.1.1.0/30 is directly connected, eth0, 00:05:44
+
+   vyos@Core:~$ show ipv6 route vrf LAN1
+   Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIPng,
+          O - OSPFv3, I - IS-IS, B - BGP, N - NHRP, T - Table,
+          v - VNC, V - VNC-Direct, A - Babel, F - PBR,
+          f - OpenFabric,
+          > - selected route, * - FIB route, q - queued, r - rejected, b - backup
+          t - trapped, o - offload failure
+
+   VRF LAN1:
+   C>* 2001:db8::/127 is directly connected, eth0, 00:18:43
+   S>* 2001:db8:0:1::/64 [1/0] via 2001:db8::1, eth0, weight 1, 00:16:03
+   C>* fe80::/64 is directly connected, eth0, 00:18:43
+
+   # ping <DESTINATION> vrf <VRF>
+
+   vyos@Core:~$ ping 10.1.1.2 vrf LAN1
+   PING 10.1.1.2 (10.1.1.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
+   64 bytes from 10.1.1.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.52 ms
+   64 bytes from 10.1.1.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.830 ms
+   ^C
+   --- 10.1.1.2 ping statistics ---
+   2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1002ms
+   rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.830/1.174/1.518/0.344 ms
+   vyos@Core:~$ ping 10.0.0.1 vrf LAN1
+   PING 10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
+   64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.785 ms
+   64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.948 ms
+   ^C
+   --- 10.0.0.1 ping statistics ---
+   2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1002ms
+   rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.785/0.866/0.948/0.081 ms
+
+   vyos@Core:~$ ping 2001:db8:0:1::1 vrf LAN1
+   PING 2001:db8:0:1::1(2001:db8:0:1::1) 56 data bytes
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:0:1::1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=3.04 ms
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:0:1::1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=1.04 ms
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:0:1::1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.925 ms
+   ^C
+   --- 2001:db8:0:1::1 ping statistics ---
+   3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2004ms
+   rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.925/1.665/3.035/0.969 ms
+
+Step 2: BGP Configuration for VRF-Lite
+--------------------------------------
+
+- Configuration
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Setting BGP global local-as as well inside the VRF. Redistribute static routes
+to inject configured networks into the BGP process but still inside the VRF.
+
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   # set BGP global local-as
+   set protocols bgp local-as <ASN>
+
+   # set BGP VRF local-as and redistribution
+   set vrf name <VRF> protocols bgp local-as <ASN>
+   set vrf name <VRF> protocols bgp address-family <AF IPv4/IPv6> redistribute static
+
+- Verification
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Check the BGP VRF table and verify if the static routes are injected showing
+the correct next-hop information.
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   # show ip bgp vrf <VRF>
+   # show bgp vrf <VRF> ipv6
+
+   vyos@Core:~$ show ip bgp vrf LAN1
+   BGP table version is 3, local router ID is 10.1.1.1, vrf id 8
+   Default local pref 100, local AS 64496
+   Status codes:  s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, = multipath,
+                  i internal, r RIB-failure, S Stale, R Removed
+   Nexthop codes: @NNN nexthop's vrf id, < announce-nh-self
+   Origin codes:  i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
+   RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found
+
+      Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
+   *> 10.0.0.0/24      10.1.1.2                 0         32768 ?
+
+   vyos@Core# run show bgp vrf LAN1 ipv6
+   BGP table version is 13, local router ID is 10.1.1.1, vrf id 8
+   Default local pref 100, local AS 64496
+   Status codes:  s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, = multipath,
+                  i internal, r RIB-failure, S Stale, R Removed
+   Nexthop codes: @NNN nexthop's vrf id, < announce-nh-self
+   Origin codes:  i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
+   RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found
+
+      Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
+   *> 2001:db8:0:1::/64
+                       2001:db8::1              0         32768 ?
+
+
+Step 3: VPN Configuration
+-------------------------
+
+- Configuration
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Within the VRF we set the Route-Distinguisher (RD) and Route-Targets (RT), then
+we enable the export/import VPN.
+
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   # set Route-distinguisher
+   set vrf name <VRF> protocols bgp address-family <AF IPv4/IPv6> rd vpn export '<RD>'
+
+   # set route-target for import/export
+   # Note: RT are a list that can be more than one community between apostrophe
+   #       and separated by blank space. Ex: '<RT:1> <RT:2> <RT:3>'
+   set vrf name <VRF> protocols bgp address-family <AF IPv4/IPv6> route-target vpn export '<RT:Export>'
+   set vrf name <VRF> protocols bgp address-family <AF IPv4/IPv6> route-target vpn import '<RT:Import>'
+
+   # Enable VPN export/import under this VRF
+   set vrf name <VRF> protocols bgp address-family <AF IPv4/IPv6> export vpn
+   set vrf name <VRF> protocols bgp address-family <AF IPv4/IPv6> import vpn
+
+A key point to understand is that if we need two VRFs to communicate between
+each other EXPORT rt from VRF1 has to be in the IMPORT rt list from VRF2. But
+this is only in ONE direction, to complete the communication the EXPORT rt from
+VRF2 has to be in the IMPORT rt list from VRF1.
+
+There are some cases where this is not needed -for example, in some
+DDoS appliance- but most inter-vrf routing designs use the above configurations.
+
+- Verification
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+After configured all the VRFs involved in this topology we take a deeper look
+at both BGP and Routing table for the VRF LAN1
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   # show ip bgp vrf <VRF>
+   # show bgp vrf <VRF> ipv6
+
+   vyos@Core# run show ip bgp vrf LAN1
+   BGP table version is 53, local router ID is 10.1.1.1, vrf id 8
+   Default local pref 100, local AS 64496
+   Status codes:  s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, = multipath,
+                  i internal, r RIB-failure, S Stale, R Removed
+   Nexthop codes: @NNN nexthop's vrf id, < announce-nh-self
+   Origin codes:  i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
+   RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found
+
+      Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
+   *> 0.0.0.0/0        10.2.2.2@7<                            0 64497 i
+   *> 10.0.0.0/24      10.1.1.2                 0         32768 ?
+   *> 10.2.2.0/30      10.2.2.2@7<              0             0 64497 ?
+   *> 192.0.2.0/24     10.2.2.2@7<              0             0 64497 ?
+   *> 192.168.0.0/24   192.168.3.2@11<          0         32768 ?
+   *> 198.51.100.0/24  10.2.2.2@7<              0             0 64497 ?
+   *> 203.0.113.0/24   10.2.2.2@7<              0             0 64497 ?
+
+   vyos@Core# run show bgp vrf LAN1 ipv6
+   BGP table version is 13, local router ID is 10.1.1.1, vrf id 8
+   Default local pref 100, local AS 64496
+   Status codes:  s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, = multipath,
+                  i internal, r RIB-failure, S Stale, R Removed
+   Nexthop codes: @NNN nexthop's vrf id, < announce-nh-self
+   Origin codes:  i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
+   RPKI validation codes: V valid, I invalid, N Not found
+
+   Network          Next Hop            Metric LocPrf Weight Path
+   *> ::/0             fe80::5200:ff:fe02:3@7<
+                                                              0 64497 i
+   *> 2001:db8::6/127  fe80::5200:ff:fe02:3@7<
+                                                0             0 64497 ?
+   *> 2001:db8:0:1::/64
+                       2001:db8::1              0         32768 ?
+   *> 2001:db8:0:3::/64
+                       2001:db8::5@11<          0         32768 ?
+   *> 2001:db8:1::/48  fe80::5200:ff:fe02:3@7<
+                                                0             0 64497 ?
+   *> 2001:db8:2::/48  fe80::5200:ff:fe02:3@7<
+                                                0             0 64497 ?
+   *> 2001:db8:3::/48  fe80::5200:ff:fe02:3@7<
+                                                0             0 64497 ?
+
+
+   # show ip route vrf <VRF>
+   # show ipv6 route vrf <VRF>
+
+   vyos@Core:~$ show ip route vrf LAN1
+   Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP,
+          O - OSPF, I - IS-IS, B - BGP, E - EIGRP, N - NHRP,
+          T - Table, v - VNC, V - VNC-Direct, A - Babel, F - PBR,
+          f - OpenFabric,
+          > - selected route, * - FIB route, q - queued, r - rejected, b - backup
+          t - trapped, o - offload failure
+
+   VRF LAN1:
+   B>* 0.0.0.0/0 [20/0] via 10.2.2.2, eth3 (vrf Internet), weight 1, 00:00:38
+   S>* 10.0.0.0/24 [1/0] via 10.1.1.2, eth0, weight 1, 00:29:57
+   C>* 10.1.1.0/30 is directly connected, eth0, 00:29:59
+   B   10.2.2.0/30 [20/0] via 10.2.2.2 (vrf Internet) inactive, weight 1, 00:00:38
+   B>* 172.16.0.0/24 [20/0] via 172.16.2.2, eth1 (vrf LAN2), weight 1, 00:00:38
+   B>* 192.0.2.0/24 [20/0] via 10.2.2.2, eth3 (vrf Internet), weight 1, 00:00:38
+   B>* 198.51.100.0/24 [20/0] via 10.2.2.2, eth3 (vrf Internet), weight 1, 00:00:38
+   B>* 203.0.113.0/24 [20/0] via 10.2.2.2, eth3 (vrf Internet), weight 1, 00:00:38
+
+   vyos@Core# run show ipv6 route vrf LAN1
+   Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIPng,
+          O - OSPFv3, I - IS-IS, B - BGP, N - NHRP, T - Table,
+          v - VNC, V - VNC-Direct, A - Babel, F - PBR,
+          f - OpenFabric,
+          > - selected route, * - FIB route, q - queued, r - rejected, b - backup
+          t - trapped, o - offload failure
+
+   VRF LAN1:
+   B>* ::/0 [20/0] via fe80::5200:ff:fe02:3, eth3 (vrf Internet), weight 1, 00:07:50
+   C>* 2001:db8::/127 is directly connected, eth0, 05:33:43
+   B>* 2001:db8::6/127 [20/0] via fe80::5200:ff:fe02:3, eth3 (vrf Internet), weight 1, 00:07:50
+   S>* 2001:db8:0:1::/64 [1/0] via 2001:db8::1, eth0, weight 1, 05:31:03
+   B>* 2001:db8:0:3::/64 [20/0] via 2001:db8::5, eth2 (vrf Management), weight 1, 00:07:50
+   B>* 2001:db8:1::/48 [20/0] via fe80::5200:ff:fe02:3, eth3 (vrf Internet), weight 1, 00:07:50
+   B>* 2001:db8:2::/48 [20/0] via fe80::5200:ff:fe02:3, eth3 (vrf Internet), weight 1, 00:07:50
+   B>* 2001:db8:3::/48 [20/0] via fe80::5200:ff:fe02:3, eth3 (vrf Internet), weight 1, 00:07:50
+   C>* fe80::/64 is directly connected, eth0, 05:33:43
+
+
+As we can see in the BGP table any imported route has been injected with a "@"
+followed by the VPN id; In the routing table of the VRF, if the route was
+installed, we can see -between round brackets- the exported VRF table.
+
+Step 4: End to End verification
+-------------------------------
+
+Now we perform some end-to-end testing
+
+- From Management to LAN1/LAN2
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   vyos@Management:~$ ping 10.0.0.1 source-address 192.168.0.1
+   PING 10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1) from 192.168.0.1 : 56(84) bytes of data.
+   64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=1.93 ms
+   64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=2.12 ms
+   64 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=63 time=2.12 ms
+   ^C
+   --- 10.0.0.1 ping statistics ---
+   3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2005ms
+   rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.931/2.056/2.123/0.088 ms
+   vyos@Management:~$ ping 172.16.0.1 source-address 192.168.0.1
+   PING 172.16.0.1 (172.16.0.1) from 192.168.0.1 : 56(84) bytes of data.
+   64 bytes from 172.16.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=1.62 ms
+   64 bytes from 172.16.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=1.75 ms
+   ^C
+   --- 172.16.0.1 ping statistics ---
+   2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1001ms
+   rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.621/1.686/1.752/0.065 ms
+   vyos@Management:~$ ping 2001:db8:0:1::1 source-address 2001:db8:0:3::1
+   PING 2001:db8:0:1::1(2001:db8:0:1::1) from 2001:db8:0:3::1 : 56 data bytes
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:0:1::1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=2.44 ms
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:0:1::1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=2.40 ms
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:0:1::1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=63 time=2.41 ms
+   ^C
+   --- 2001:db8:0:1::1 ping statistics ---
+   3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms
+   rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.399/2.418/2.442/0.017 ms
+   vyos@Management:~$ ping 2001:db8:0:2::1 source-address 2001:db8:0:3::1
+   PING 2001:db8:0:2::1(2001:db8:0:2::1) from 2001:db8:0:3::1 : 56 data bytes
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:0:2::1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=1.66 ms
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:0:2::1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=1.99 ms
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:0:2::1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=63 time=1.88 ms
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:0:2::1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=63 time=2.32 ms
+   ^C
+   --- 2001:db8:0:2::1 ping statistics ---
+   4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3005ms
+   rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.660/1.960/2.315/0.236 ms
+
+- From Management to Outside (fails as intended)
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   vyos@Management:~$ show ip route
+   Codes: K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP,
+          O - OSPF, I - IS-IS, B - BGP, E - EIGRP, N - NHRP,
+          T - Table, v - VNC, V - VNC-Direct, A - Babel, F - PBR,
+          f - OpenFabric,
+          > - selected route, * - FIB route, q - queued, r - rejected, b - backup
+          t - trapped, o - offload failure
+
+   S>* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.3.1, eth2, weight 1, 00:01:58
+   C>* 192.168.0.0/24 is directly connected, dum0, 00:02:05
+   C>* 192.168.3.0/30 is directly connected, eth2, 00:02:03
+   vyos@Management:~$ ping 192.0.2.1
+   PING 192.0.2.1 (192.0.2.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
+   From 192.168.3.1 icmp_seq=1 Destination Net Unreachable
+   From 192.168.3.1 icmp_seq=2 Destination Net Unreachable
+   ^C
+   --- 192.0.2.1 ping statistics ---
+   2 packets transmitted, 0 received, +2 errors, 100% packet loss, time 1002ms
+
+   vyos@Management:~$ ping 195.51.100.1
+   PING 195.51.100.1 (195.51.100.1) 56(84) bytes of data.
+   From 192.168.3.1 icmp_seq=1 Destination Net Unreachable
+   From 192.168.3.1 icmp_seq=2 Destination Net Unreachable
+   From 192.168.3.1 icmp_seq=3 Destination Net Unreachable
+   ^C
+   --- 195.51.100.1 ping statistics ---
+   3 packets transmitted, 0 received, +3 errors, 100% packet loss, time 2003ms
+
+   vyos@Management:~$ ping 2001:db8:1::1
+   PING 2001:db8:1::1(2001:db8:1::1) 56 data bytes
+   From 2001:db8::4 icmp_seq=1 Destination unreachable: No route
+   From 2001:db8::4 icmp_seq=2 Destination unreachable: No route
+   ^C
+   --- 2001:db8:1::1 ping statistics ---
+   2 packets transmitted, 0 received, +2 errors, 100% packet loss, time 1002ms
+
+   vyos@Management:~$ ping 2001:db8:2::1
+   PING 2001:db8:2::1(2001:db8:2::1) 56 data bytes
+   From 2001:db8::4 icmp_seq=1 Destination unreachable: No route
+   From 2001:db8::4 icmp_seq=2 Destination unreachable: No route
+   ^C
+   --- 2001:db8:2::1 ping statistics ---
+   2 packets transmitted, 0 received, +2 errors, 100% packet loss, time 1002ms
+
+
+- LAN1 to Outside
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   vyos@LAN1:~$ ping 192.0.2.1 source-address 10.0.0.1
+   PING 192.0.2.1 (192.0.2.1) from 10.0.0.1 : 56(84) bytes of data.
+   64 bytes from 192.0.2.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=1.47 ms
+   64 bytes from 192.0.2.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=1.41 ms
+   64 bytes from 192.0.2.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=63 time=1.80 ms
+   ^C
+   --- 192.0.2.1 ping statistics ---
+   3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2004ms
+   rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.414/1.563/1.803/0.171 ms
+   vyos@LAN1:~$ ping 198.51.100.1 source-address 10.0.0.1
+   PING 198.51.100.1 (198.51.100.1) from 10.0.0.1 : 56(84) bytes of data.
+   64 bytes from 198.51.100.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=1.71 ms
+   64 bytes from 198.51.100.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=1.83 ms
+   ^C
+   --- 198.51.100.1 ping statistics ---
+   2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1002ms
+   rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.705/1.766/1.828/0.061 ms
+   vyos@LAN1:~$ ping 203.0.113.1 source-address 10.0.0.1
+   PING 203.0.113.1 (203.0.113.1) from 10.0.0.1 : 56(84) bytes of data.
+   64 bytes from 203.0.113.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=1.25 ms
+   64 bytes from 203.0.113.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=1.88 ms
+   ^C
+   --- 203.0.113.1 ping statistics ---
+   2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1003ms
+   rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.249/1.566/1.884/0.317 ms
+   vyos@LAN1:~$ ping 2001:db8:1::1 source-address 2001:db8:0:1::1
+   PING 2001:db8:1::1(2001:db8:1::1) from 2001:db8:0:1::1 : 56 data bytes
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:1::1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=2.35 ms
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:1::1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=2.29 ms
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:1::1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=63 time=2.22 ms
+   ^C
+   --- 2001:db8:1::1 ping statistics ---
+   3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2004ms
+   rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.215/2.285/2.352/0.055 ms
+   vyos@LAN1:~$ ping 2001:db8:2::1 source-address 2001:db8:0:1::1
+   PING 2001:db8:2::1(2001:db8:2::1) from 2001:db8:0:1::1 : 56 data bytes
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:2::1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=1.37 ms
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:2::1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=2.68 ms
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:2::1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=63 time=2.00 ms
+   ^C
+   --- 2001:db8:2::1 ping statistics ---
+   3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms
+   rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.367/2.015/2.679/0.535 ms
+
+
+.. note:: we are using "source-address" option cause we are not redistributing
+   connected interfaces into BGP on the Core router hence there is no comeback
+   route and ping will fail.
+
+- LAN1 to LAN2
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   vyos@LAN1:~$ ping 172.16.0.1 source-address 10.0.0.1
+   PING 172.16.0.1 (172.16.0.1) from 10.0.0.1 : 56(84) bytes of data.
+   64 bytes from 172.16.0.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=3.00 ms
+   64 bytes from 172.16.0.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=2.20 ms
+   ^C
+   --- 172.16.0.1 ping statistics ---
+   2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1002ms
+   rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.199/2.600/3.001/0.401 ms
+   vyos@LAN1:~$ ping 2001:db8:0:2::1 source 2001:db8:0:1::1
+   PING 2001:db8:0:2::1(2001:db8:0:2::1) from 2001:db8:0:1::1 : 56 data bytes
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:0:2::1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=4.82 ms
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:0:2::1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=1.95 ms
+   64 bytes from 2001:db8:0:2::1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=63 time=1.98 ms
+   ^C
+   --- 2001:db8:0:2::1 ping statistics ---
+   3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms
+   rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.949/2.915/4.815/1.343 ms
+
+***********
+Conclusions
+***********
+
+Inter-VRF routing is a well-known solution to address complex routing scenarios
+that enable -in a dynamic way- to leak routes between VRFs. Is recommended to
+take special consideration while designing route-targets and its application as
+it can minimize future interventions while creating a new VRF will automatically
+take the desired effect in its propagation.
+
+**********
+Appendix-A
+**********
+
+Full configuration from all devices
+-----------------------------------
+
+- Core
+^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   set interfaces ethernet eth0 address '10.1.1.1/30'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth0 address '2001:db8::/127'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth0 vrf 'LAN1'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth1 address '172.16.2.1/30'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth1 address '2001:db8::2/127'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth1 vrf 'LAN2'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth2 address '192.168.3.1/30'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth2 address '2001:db8::4/127'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth2 vrf 'Management'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth3 address '10.2.2.1/30'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth3 address '2001:db8::6/127'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth3 vrf 'Internet'
+   set protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast
+   set protocols bgp local-as '64496'
+   set vrf name Internet protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast export vpn
+   set vrf name Internet protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast import vpn
+   set vrf name Internet protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast rd vpn export '64496:100'
+   set vrf name Internet protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast route-target vpn export '64496:100'
+   set vrf name Internet protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast route-target vpn import '64496:1 64496:2'
+   set vrf name Internet protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast export vpn
+   set vrf name Internet protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast import vpn
+   set vrf name Internet protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast rd vpn export '64496:100'
+   set vrf name Internet protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast route-target vpn export '64496:100'
+   set vrf name Internet protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast route-target vpn import '64496:1 64496:2'
+   set vrf name Internet protocols bgp local-as '64496'
+   set vrf name Internet protocols bgp neighbor 10.2.2.2 address-family ipv4-unicast
+   set vrf name Internet protocols bgp neighbor 10.2.2.2 remote-as '64497'
+   set vrf name Internet protocols bgp neighbor 2001:db8::7 address-family ipv6-unicast
+   set vrf name Internet protocols bgp neighbor 2001:db8::7 remote-as '64497'
+   set vrf name Internet table '104'
+   set vrf name LAN1 protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast export vpn
+   set vrf name LAN1 protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast import vpn
+   set vrf name LAN1 protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast rd vpn export '64496:1'
+   set vrf name LAN1 protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast redistribute static
+   set vrf name LAN1 protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast route-target vpn export '64496:1'
+   set vrf name LAN1 protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast route-target vpn import '64496:100 64996:50 64496:2'
+   set vrf name LAN1 protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast export vpn
+   set vrf name LAN1 protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast import vpn
+   set vrf name LAN1 protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast rd vpn export '64496:1'
+   set vrf name LAN1 protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast redistribute static
+   set vrf name LAN1 protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast route-target vpn export '64496:1'
+   set vrf name LAN1 protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast route-target vpn import '64496:100 64496:50 64496:2'
+   set vrf name LAN1 protocols bgp local-as '64496'
+   set vrf name LAN1 protocols static route 10.0.0.0/24 next-hop 10.1.1.2
+   set vrf name LAN1 protocols static route6 2001:db8:0:1::/64 next-hop 2001:db8::1
+   set vrf name LAN1 table '101'
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast export vpn
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast import vpn
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast rd vpn export '64496:2'
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast redistribute static
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast route-target vpn export '64496:2'
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast route-target vpn import '64496:100 64496:50 64496:1'
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast export vpn
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast import vpn
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast rd vpn export '64496:2'
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast redistribute static
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast route-target vpn export '64496:2'
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast route-target vpn import '64496:100 64496:50 64496:1'
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols bgp local-as '64496'
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols static route 172.16.0.0/24 next-hop 172.16.2.2
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols static route6 2001:db8:0:2::/64 next-hop 2001:db8::3
+   set vrf name LAN2 table '102'
+   set vrf name Management protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast export vpn
+   set vrf name Management protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast import vpn
+   set vrf name Management protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast rd vpn export '64496:50'
+   set vrf name Management protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast redistribute static
+   set vrf name Management protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast route-target vpn export '64496:50'
+   set vrf name Management protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast route-target vpn import '64496:1 64496:2'
+   set vrf name Management protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast export vpn
+   set vrf name Management protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast import vpn
+   set vrf name Management protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast rd vpn export '64496:50'
+   set vrf name Management protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast redistribute static
+   set vrf name Management protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast route-target vpn export '64496:50'
+   set vrf name Management protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast route-target vpn import '64496:1 64496:2'
+   set vrf name Management protocols bgp local-as '64496'
+   set vrf name Management protocols static route 192.168.0.0/24 next-hop 192.168.3.2
+   set vrf name Management protocols static route6 2001:db8:0:3::/64 next-hop 2001:db8::5
+   set vrf name Management table '103'
+
+
+- LAN1
+^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   set interfaces dummy dum0 address '10.0.0.1/24'
+   set interfaces dummy dum0 address '2001:db8:0:1::1/64'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth0 address '10.1.1.2/30'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth0 address '2001:db8::1/127'
+   set protocols static route 0.0.0.0/0 next-hop 10.1.1.1
+   set protocols static route6 ::/0 next-hop 2001:db8::*
+
+- LAN2
+^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: none
+   set interfaces dummy dum0 address '172.16.0.1/24'
+   set interfaces dummy dum0 address '2001:db8:0:2::1/64'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth0 hw-id '50:00:00:03:00:00'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth1 address '172.16.2.2/30'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth1 address '2001:db8::3/127'
+   set protocols static route 0.0.0.0/0 next-hop 172.16.2.1
+   set protocols static route6 ::/0 next-hop 2001:db8::2
+
+- Management
+^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   set interfaces dummy dum0 address '192.168.0.1/24'
+   set interfaces dummy dum0 address '2001:db8:0:3::1/64'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth2 address '192.168.3.2/30'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth2 address '2001:db8::5/127'
+   set protocols static route 0.0.0.0/0 next-hop 192.168.3.1
+   set protocols static route6 ::/0 next-hop 2001:db8::4
+
+- ISP
+^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   set interfaces dummy dum0 address '192.0.2.1/24'
+   set interfaces dummy dum0 address '2001:db8:1::1/48'
+   set interfaces dummy dum1 address '198.51.100.1/24'
+   set interfaces dummy dum1 address '2001:db8:2::1/48'
+   set interfaces dummy dum2 address '203.0.113.1/24'
+   set interfaces dummy dum2 address '2001:db8:3::1/48'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth3 address '10.2.2.2/30'
+   set interfaces ethernet eth3 address '2001:db8::7/127'
+   set protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast redistribute connected
+   set protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast redistribute connected
+   set protocols bgp local-as '64497'
+   set protocols bgp neighbor 10.2.2.1 address-family ipv4-unicast default-originate
+   set protocols bgp neighbor 10.2.2.1 remote-as '64496'
+   set protocols bgp neighbor 2001:db8::6 address-family ipv6-unicast default-originate
+   set protocols bgp neighbor 2001:db8::6 remote-as '64496'
+   set protocols static route 0.0.0.0/0 next-hop 10.2.2.1
+   set protocols static route6 ::/0 next-hop 2001:db8::6
+
+**********
+Appendix-B
+**********
+
+Route-Filtering
+---------------
+
+When importing routes using MP-BGP it is possible to filter a subset of them
+before are injected in the BGP table. One of the most common case is to use a
+route-map with an prefix-list.
+
+- Configuration
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+We create a prefix-list first and add all the routes we need to.
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   # set both ipv4 and ipv6 policies
+
+   set policy prefix-list LAN2-Internet rule 1 action 'permit'
+   set policy prefix-list LAN2-Internet rule 1 le '24'
+   set policy prefix-list LAN2-Internet rule 1 prefix '198.51.0.0/16'
+   set policy prefix-list LAN2-Internet rule 2 action 'permit'
+   set policy prefix-list LAN2-Internet rule 2 prefix '192.0.2.0/24'
+   set policy prefix-list LAN2-Internet rule 3 action 'permit'
+   set policy prefix-list LAN2-Internet rule 3 prefix '192.168.0.0/24'
+   set policy prefix-list LAN2-Internet rule 4 action 'permit'
+   set policy prefix-list LAN2-Internet rule 4 prefix '10.0.0.0/24'
+
+   set policy prefix-list6 LAN2-Internet-v6 rule 1 action 'permit'
+   set policy prefix-list6 LAN2-Internet-v6 rule 1 prefix '2001:db8:1::/48'
+   set policy prefix-list6 LAN2-Internet-v6 rule 2 action 'permit'
+   set policy prefix-list6 LAN2-Internet-v6 rule 2 prefix '2001:db8:2::/48'
+   set policy prefix-list6 LAN2-Internet-v6 rule 3 action 'permit'
+   set policy prefix-list6 LAN2-Internet-v6 rule 3 prefix '2001:db8:0:3::/64'
+   set policy prefix-list6 LAN2-Internet-v6 rule 4 action 'permit'
+   set policy prefix-list6 LAN2-Internet-v6 rule 4 prefix '2001:db8:0:1::/64'
+
+Then add a route-map and reference to above prefix. Consider that the actions
+taken inside the prefix will MATCH the routes that will be affected by the
+actions inside the rules of the route-map.
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   set policy route-map LAN2-Internet rule 1 action 'permit'
+   set policy route-map LAN2-Internet rule 1 match ip address prefix-list 'LAN2-Internet'
+
+   set policy route-map LAN2-Internet-v6 rule 1 action 'permit'
+   set policy route-map LAN2-Internet-v6 rule 1 match ipv6 address prefix-list 'LAN2-Internet-v6'
+
+We are using a "white list" approach by allowing only what is necessary. In case
+that need to implement a "black list" approach you will ned to change the action
+in the route-map for a deny BUT you need to add a rule that permit the rest due
+to the implicit deny in the route-map.
+
+Then we need to attach the policy into the bgp process. This needs to be under
+the import statement in the vrf we need to filter.
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols bgp address-family ipv4-unicast route-map vpn import 'LAN2-Internet'
+   set vrf name LAN2 protocols bgp address-family ipv6-unicast route-map vpn import 'LAN2-Internet-v6'
+
+
+- Verification
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+   # show ip route vrf LAN2
+
+   B>* 10.0.0.0/24 [20/0] via 10.1.1.2, eth0 (vrf LAN1), weight 1, 00:45:28
+   S>* 172.16.0.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.2.2, eth1, weight 1, 00:45:32
+   C>* 172.16.2.0/30 is directly connected, eth1, 00:45:39
+   B>* 192.0.2.0/24 [20/0] via 10.2.2.2, eth3 (vrf Internet), weight 1, 00:45:24
+   B>* 192.168.0.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.3.2, eth2 (vrf Managment), weight 1, 00:45:27
+   B>* 198.51.100.0/24 [20/0] via 10.2.2.2, eth3 (vrf Internet), weight 1, 00:45:24
+
+   # show ipv6 route vrf LAN2
+
+   C>* 2001:db8::2/127 is directly connected, eth1, 00:46:26
+   B>* 2001:db8:0:1::/64 [20/0] via 2001:db8::1, eth0 (vrf LAN1), weight 1, 00:46:17
+   S>* 2001:db8:0:2::/64 [1/0] via 2001:db8::3, eth1, weight 1, 00:46:21
+   B>* 2001:db8:0:3::/64 [20/0] via 2001:db8::5, eth2 (vrf Managment), weight 1, 00:46:16
+   B>* 2001:db8:1::/48 [20/0] via fe80::5200:ff:fe02:3, eth3 (vrf Internet), weight 1, 00:46:13
+   B>* 2001:db8:2::/48 [20/0] via fe80::5200:ff:fe02:3, eth3 (vrf Internet), weight 1, 00:46:13
+   C>* fe80::/64 is directly connected, eth1, 00:46:27
+
+As we can see even if both VRF LAN1 and LAN2 has the same import RTs we are able
+to select which routes are effectively imported and installed.
+