.. _interfaces-tunnel: Tunnel Interfaces ================= This article touches on 'classic' IP tunneling protocols. GRE is often seen as a one size fits all solution when it comes to classic IP tunneling protocols, and for a good reason. However, there are more specialized options, and many of them are supported by VyOS. There are also rather obscure GRE options that can be useful. All those protocols are grouped under 'interfaces tunnel' in VyOS. Let's take a closer look at the protocols and options currently supported by VyOS. IPIP ---- This is one of the simplest types of tunnels, as defined by RFC2003_. It takes an IPv4 packet and sends it as a payload of another IPv4 packet. For this reason, there are no other configuration options for this kind of tunnel. An example: .. code-block:: console set interfaces tunnel tun0 encapsulation ipip set interfaces tunnel tun0 local-ip 192.0.2.10 set interfaces tunnel tun0 remote-ip 203.0.113.20 set interfaces tunnel tun0 address 192.168.100.200 IP6IP6 ------ This is the IPv6 counterpart of IPIP. I'm not aware of an RFC that defines this encapsulation specifically, but it's a natural specific case of IPv6 encapsulation mechanisms described in RFC2473_. It's not likely that anyone will need it any time soon, but it does exist. An example: .. code-block:: console set interfaces tunnel tun0 encapsulation ipip set interfaces tunnel tun0 local-ip 2001:db8:aa::1/64 set interfaces tunnel tun0 remote-ip 2001:db8:aa::2/64 set interfaces tunnel tun0 address 2001:db8:bb::1/64 IPIP6 ----- In the future this is expected to be a very useful protocol (though there are `other proposals`_). As the name implies, it's IPv4 encapsulated in IPv6, as simple as that. An example: .. code-block:: console set interfaces tunnel tun0 encapsulation ipip6 set interfaces tunnel tun0 local-ip 2001:db8:aa::1/64 set interfaces tunnel tun0 remote-ip 2001:db8:aa::2/64 set interfaces tunnel tun0 address 192.168.70.80 6in4 (SIT) ---------- 6in4 uses tunneling to encapsulate IPv6 traffic over IPv4 links as defined in RFC4213_. The 6in4 traffic is sent over IPv4 inside IPv4 packets whose IP headers have the IP protocol number set to 41. This protocol number is specifically designated for IPv6 encapsulation, the IPv4 packet header is immediately followed by the IPv6 packet being carried. The encapsulation overhead is the size of the IPv4 header of 20 bytes, therefore with an MTU of 1500 bytes, IPv6 packets of 1480 bytes can be sent without fragmentation. This tunneling technique is frequently used by IPv6 tunnel brokers like `Hurricane Electric`_. An example: .. code-block:: console set interfaces tunnel tun0 encapsulation sit set interfaces tunnel tun0 local-ip 192.0.2.10 set interfaces tunnel tun0 remote-ip 192.0.2.20 set interfaces tunnel tun0 address 2001:db8:bb::1/64 A full example of a Tunnelbroker.net config can be found at :ref:`here `. Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) ----------------------------------- A GRE tunnel operates at layer 3 of the OSI model and is repsented by IP protocol 47. The main benefit of a GRE tunnel is that you are able to route traffic across disparate networks. GRE also supports multicast traffic and supports routing protocols that leverage multicast to form neighbor adjacencies. Configuration ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ A basic configuration requires a tunnel source (local-ip), a tunnel destination (remote-ip), an encapsulation type (gre), and an address (ipv4/ipv6). Below is a configuration example taken from a VyOS router and a Cisco IOS router. The main difference between these two configurations is that VyOS requires you explicitly configure the encapsulation type. The Cisco router defaults to 'gre ip' otherwise it would have to be configured as well. **VyOS Router:** .. code-block:: console set interfaces tunnel tun100 address '10.0.0.1/30' set interfaces tunnel tun100 encapsulation 'gre' set interfaces tunnel tun100 local-ip '198.51.100.2' set interfaces tunnel tun100 remote-ip '203.0.113.10' **Cisco IOS Router:** .. code-block:: console interface Tunnel100 ip address 10.0.0.2 255.255.255.252 tunnel source 203.0.113.10 tunnel destination 198.51.100.2 Troubleshooting ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ GRE is a well defined standard that is common in most networks. While not inherently difficult to configure there are a couple of things to keep in mind to make sure the configuration performs as expected. A common cause for GRE tunnels to fail to come up correctly include ACL or Firewall configurations that are discarding IP protocol 47 or blocking your source/desintation traffic. **1. Confirm IP connectivity between tunnel local-ip and remote-ip:** .. code-block:: console vyos@vyos:~$ ping 203.0.113.10 interface 198.51.100.2 count 4 PING 203.0.113.10 (203.0.113.10) from 198.51.100.2 : 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 203.0.113.10: icmp_seq=1 ttl=254 time=0.807 ms 64 bytes from 203.0.113.10: icmp_seq=2 ttl=254 time=1.50 ms 64 bytes from 203.0.113.10: icmp_seq=3 ttl=254 time=0.624 ms 64 bytes from 203.0.113.10: icmp_seq=4 ttl=254 time=1.41 ms --- 203.0.113.10 ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3007ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.624/1.087/1.509/0.381 ms **2. Confirm the link type has been set to GRE:** .. code-block:: console vyos@vyos:~$ show interfaces tunnel tun100 tun100@NONE: mtu 1476 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000 link/gre 198.51.100.2 peer 203.0.113.10 inet 10.0.0.1/30 brd 10.0.0.3 scope global tun100 valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever inet6 fe80::5efe:c612:2/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever RX: bytes packets errors dropped overrun mcast 2183 27 0 0 0 0 TX: bytes packets errors dropped carrier collisions 836 9 0 0 0 0 **3. Confirm IP connectivity across the tunnel:** .. code-block:: console vyos@vyos:~$ ping 10.0.0.2 interface 10.0.0.1 count 4 PING 10.0.0.2 (10.0.0.2) from 10.0.0.1 : 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=255 time=1.05 ms 64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=255 time=1.88 ms 64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=255 time=1.98 ms 64 bytes from 10.0.0.2: icmp_seq=4 ttl=255 time=1.98 ms --- 10.0.0.2 ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3008ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.055/1.729/1.989/0.395 ms Virtual Tunnel Interface (VTI) ------------------------------ Set Virtual Tunnel Interface .. code-block:: console set interfaces vti vti0 address 192.168.2.249/30 set interfaces vti vti0 address 2001:db8:2::249/64 Results in: .. code-block:: console vyos@vyos# show interfaces vti vti vti0 { address 192.168.2.249/30 address 2001:db8:2::249/64 description "Description" } .. _RFC2003: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2003 .. _RFC2473: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2473 .. _`other proposals`: https://www.isc.org/downloads/aftr .. _RFC4213: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4213 .. _`Hurricane Electric`: https://tunnelbroker.net/