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*********************
Hacking on cloud-init
*********************
This document describes how to contribute changes to cloud-init.
It assumes you have a `GitHub`_ account, and refers to your GitHub user
as ``GH_USER`` throughout.
Do these things once
====================
* To contribute, you must sign the Canonical `contributor license agreement`_
* If you have already signed it as an individual, your Launchpad user
will be listed in the `contributor-agreement-canonical`_ group.
(Unfortunately there is no easy way to check if an organization or
company you are doing work for has signed.)
* When signing it:
* ensure that you fill in the GitHub username field.
* when prompted for 'Project contact' or 'Canonical Project
Manager', enter 'Josh Powers'.
* If your company has signed the CLA for you, please contact us to
help in verifying which Launchpad/GitHub accounts are associated
with the company.
* For any questions or help with the process, please email `Josh
Powers <mailto:josh.powers@canonical.com>`_ with the subject,
"Cloud-Init CLA"
* You also may contact user ``powersj`` in the ``#cloud-init``
channel on the Freenode IRC network.
* Configure git with your email and name for commit messages.
Your name will appear in commit messages and will also be used in
changelogs or release notes. Give yourself credit!::
git config user.name "Your Name"
git config user.email "Your Email"
* Sign into your `GitHub`_ account
* Fork the upstream `repository`_ on Github and clicking on the ``Fork`` button
* Create a new remote pointing to your personal GitHub repository.
.. code:: sh
git clone git://github.com/canonical/cloud-init
cd cloud-init
git remote add GH_USER git@github.com:GH_USER/cloud-init.git
git push GH_USER master
* Read through the cloud-init `Code Review Process`_, so you understand
how your changes will end up in cloud-init's codebase.
.. _GitHub: https://github.com
.. _Launchpad: https://launchpad.net
.. _repository: https://github.com/canonical/cloud-init
.. _contributor license agreement: https://ubuntu.com/legal/contributors
.. _contributor-agreement-canonical: https://launchpad.net/%7Econtributor-agreement-canonical/+members
Transferring CLA Signatures from Launchpad to Github
----------------------------------------------------
For existing contributors who have signed the agreement in Launchpad
before the Github username field was included, we need to verify the
link between your `Launchpad`_ account and your `GitHub`_ account. To
enable us to do this, we ask that you create a branch with both your
Launchpad and GitHub usernames against both the Launchpad and GitHub
cloud-init repositories. We've added a tool
(``tools/migrate-lp-user-to-github``) to the cloud-init repository to
handle this migration as automatically as possible.
The cloud-init team will review the two merge proposals and verify that
the CLA has been signed for the Launchpad user and record the
associated GitHub account.
Do these things for each feature or bug
=======================================
* Create a new topic branch for your work::
git checkout -b my-topic-branch
* Make and commit your changes (note, you can make multiple commits,
fixes, more commits.)::
git commit
* Run unit tests and lint/formatting checks with `tox`_::
tox
* Push your changes to your personal GitHub repository::
git push -u GH_USER my-topic-branch
* Use your browser to create a merge request:
- Open the branch on GitHub
- You can see a web view of your repository and navigate to the branch at:
``https://github.com/GH_USER/cloud-init/tree/my-topic-branch``
- Click 'Pull Request`
- Fill out the pull request title, summarizing the change and a longer
message indicating important details about the changes included, like ::
Activate the frobnicator.
The frobnicator was previously inactive and now runs by default.
This may save the world some day. Then, list the bugs you fixed
as footers with syntax as shown here.
The commit message should be one summary line of less than
74 characters followed by a blank line, and then one or more
paragraphs describing the change and why it was needed.
This is the message that will be used on the commit when it
is sqaushed and merged into trunk.
LP: #1
Note that the project continues to use LP: #NNNNN format for closing
launchpad bugs rather than GitHub Issues.
- Click 'Create Pull Request`
Then, someone in the `Ubuntu Server`_ team will review your changes and
follow up in the pull request. Look at the `Code Review Process`_ doc
to understand the following steps.
Feel free to ping and/or join ``#cloud-init`` on freenode irc if you
have any questions.
.. _tox: https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
.. _Ubuntu Server: https://github.com/orgs/canonical/teams/ubuntu-server
.. _Code Review Process: https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/topics/code_review.html
Design
======
This section captures design decisions that are helpful to know when
hacking on cloud-init.
Cloud Config Modules
--------------------
* Any new modules should use underscores in any new config options and not
hyphens (e.g. `new_option` and *not* `new-option`).
Unit Testing
------------
cloud-init uses `pytest`_ to run its tests, and has tests written both
as ``unittest.TestCase`` sub-classes and as un-subclassed pytest tests.
The following guidelines should be following:
* For ease of organisation and greater accessibility for developers not
familiar with pytest, all cloud-init unit tests must be contained
within test classes
* Put another way, module-level test functions should not be used
* pytest test classes should use `pytest fixtures`_ to share
functionality instead of inheritance
* As all tests are contained within classes, it is acceptable to mix
``TestCase`` test classes and pytest test classes within the same
test file
* These can be easily distinguished by their definition: pytest
classes will not use inheritance at all (e.g.
`TestGetPackageMirrorInfo`_), whereas ``TestCase`` classes will
subclass (indirectly) from ``TestCase`` (e.g.
`TestPrependBaseCommands`_)
* pytest tests should use bare ``assert`` statements, to take advantage
of pytest's `assertion introspection`_
* For ``==`` and other commutative assertions, the expected value
should be placed before the value under test:
``assert expected_value == function_under_test()``
.. _pytest: https://docs.pytest.org/
.. _pytest fixtures: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/fixture.html
.. _TestGetPackageMirrorInfo: https://github.com/canonical/cloud-init/blob/42f69f410ab8850c02b1f53dd67c132aa8ef64f5/cloudinit/distros/tests/test_init.py\#L15
.. _TestPrependBaseCommands: https://github.com/canonical/cloud-init/blob/master/cloudinit/tests/test_subp.py#L9
.. _assertion introspection: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/assert.html
Type Annotations
----------------
The cloud-init codebase uses Python's annotation support for storing
type annotations in the style specified by `PEP-484`_. Their use in
the codebase is encouraged but with one important caveat: types from
the ``typing`` module cannot be used.
cloud-init still supports Python 3.4, which doesn't have the ``typing``
module in the stdlib. This means that the use of any types from the
``typing`` module in the codebase would require installation of an
additional Python module on platforms using Python 3.4. As such
platforms are generally in maintenance mode, the introduction of a new
dependency may act as a break in compatibility in practical terms.
Similarly, only function annotations are appropriate for use, as the
variable annotations specified in `PEP-526`_ were introduced in Python
3.6.
.. _PEP-484: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0484/
.. _PEP-526: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0526/
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