path: root/cloudinit/distros/__init__.py

# vi: ts=4 expandtab
#
#    Copyright (C) 2012 Canonical Ltd.
#    Copyright (C) 2012, 2013 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
#    Copyright (C) 2012 Yahoo! Inc.
#
#    Author: Scott Moser <scott.moser@canonical.com>
#    Author: Juerg Haefliger <juerg.haefliger@hp.com>
#    Author: Joshua Harlow <harlowja@yahoo-inc.com>
#    Author: Ben Howard <ben.howard@canonical.com>
#
#    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
#    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, as
#    published by the Free Software Foundation.
#
#    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
#    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
#    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
#    GNU General Public License for more details.
#
#    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
#    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

from StringIO import StringIO

import abc
import itertools
import os
import re

from cloudinit import importer
from cloudinit import log as logging
from cloudinit import ssh_util
from cloudinit import type_utils
from cloudinit import util

from cloudinit.distros.parsers import hosts

OSFAMILIES = {
    'debian': ['debian', 'ubuntu'],
    'redhat': ['fedora', 'rhel'],
    'suse': ['sles']
}

LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)


class Distro(object):
    __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
    hosts_fn = "/etc/hosts"
    ci_sudoers_fn = "/etc/sudoers.d/90-cloud-init-users"
    hostname_conf_fn = "/etc/hostname"

    def __init__(self, name, cfg, paths):
        self._paths = paths
        self._cfg = cfg
        self.name = name

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def install_packages(self, pkglist):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def _write_network(self, settings):
        # In the future use the http://fedorahosted.org/netcf/
        # to write this blob out in a distro format
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def get_option(self, opt_name, default=None):
        return self._cfg.get(opt_name, default)

    def set_hostname(self, hostname, fqdn=None):
        writeable_hostname = self._select_hostname(hostname, fqdn)
        self._write_hostname(writeable_hostname, self.hostname_conf_fn)
        self._apply_hostname(hostname)

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def package_command(self, cmd, args=None, pkgs=None):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def update_package_sources(self):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def get_primary_arch(self):
        arch = os.uname[4]
        if arch in ("i386", "i486", "i586", "i686"):
            return "i386"
        return arch

    def _get_arch_package_mirror_info(self, arch=None):
        mirror_info = self.get_option("package_mirrors", [])
        if not arch:
            arch = self.get_primary_arch()
        return _get_arch_package_mirror_info(mirror_info, arch)

    def get_package_mirror_info(self, arch=None,
                                availability_zone=None):
        # This resolves the package_mirrors config option
        # down to a single dict of {mirror_name: mirror_url}
        arch_info = self._get_arch_package_mirror_info(arch)
        return _get_package_mirror_info(availability_zone=availability_zone,
                                        mirror_info=arch_info)

    def apply_network(self, settings, bring_up=True):
        # Write it out
        dev_names = self._write_network(settings)
        # Now try to bring them up
        if bring_up:
            return self._bring_up_interfaces(dev_names)
        return False

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def apply_locale(self, locale, out_fn=None):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def set_timezone(self, tz):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def _get_localhost_ip(self):
        return "127.0.0.1"

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def _read_hostname(self, filename, default=None):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def _write_hostname(self, hostname, filename):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def _read_system_hostname(self):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def _apply_hostname(self, hostname):
        # This really only sets the hostname
        # temporarily (until reboot so it should
        # not be depended on). Use the write
        # hostname functions for 'permanent' adjustments.
        LOG.debug("Non-persistently setting the system hostname to %s",
                  hostname)
        try:
            util.subp(['hostname', hostname])
        except util.ProcessExecutionError:
            util.logexc(LOG, "Failed to non-persistently adjust the system "
                        "hostname to %s", hostname)

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def _select_hostname(self, hostname, fqdn):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    @staticmethod
    def expand_osfamily(family_list):
        distros = []
        for family in family_list:
            if not family in OSFAMILIES:
                raise ValueError("No distibutions found for osfamily %s"
                                 % (family))
            distros.extend(OSFAMILIES[family])
        return distros

    def update_hostname(self, hostname, fqdn, prev_hostname_fn):
        applying_hostname = hostname

        # Determine what the actual written hostname should be
        hostname = self._select_hostname(hostname, fqdn)

        # If the previous hostname file exists lets see if we
        # can get a hostname from it
        if prev_hostname_fn and os.path.exists(prev_hostname_fn):
            prev_hostname = self._read_hostname(prev_hostname_fn)
        else:
            prev_hostname = None

        # Lets get where we should write the system hostname
        # and what the system hostname is
        (sys_fn, sys_hostname) = self._read_system_hostname()
        update_files = []

        # If there is no previous hostname or it differs
        # from what we want, lets update it or create the
        # file in the first place
        if not prev_hostname or prev_hostname != hostname:
            update_files.append(prev_hostname_fn)

        # If the system hostname is different than the previous
        # one or the desired one lets update it as well
        if (not sys_hostname) or (sys_hostname == prev_hostname
                                  and sys_hostname != hostname):
            update_files.append(sys_fn)

        # Remove duplicates (incase the previous config filename)
        # is the same as the system config filename, don't bother
        # doing it twice
        update_files = set([f for f in update_files if f])
        LOG.debug("Attempting to update hostname to %s in %s files",
                  hostname, len(update_files))

        for fn in update_files:
            try:
                self._write_hostname(hostname, fn)
            except IOError:
                util.logexc(LOG, "Failed to write hostname %s to %s", hostname,
                            fn)

        if (sys_hostname and prev_hostname and
            sys_hostname != prev_hostname):
            LOG.debug("%s differs from %s, assuming user maintained hostname.",
                       prev_hostname_fn, sys_fn)

        # If the system hostname file name was provided set the
        # non-fqdn as the transient hostname.
        if sys_fn in update_files:
            self._apply_hostname(applying_hostname)

    def update_etc_hosts(self, hostname, fqdn):
        header = ''
        if os.path.exists(self.hosts_fn):
            eh = hosts.HostsConf(util.load_file(self.hosts_fn))
        else:
            eh = hosts.HostsConf('')
            header = util.make_header(base="added")
        local_ip = self._get_localhost_ip()
        prev_info = eh.get_entry(local_ip)
        need_change = False
        if not prev_info:
            eh.add_entry(local_ip, fqdn, hostname)
            need_change = True
        else:
            need_change = True
            for entry in prev_info:
                entry_fqdn = None
                entry_aliases = []
                if len(entry) >= 1:
                    entry_fqdn = entry[0]
                if len(entry) >= 2:
                    entry_aliases = entry[1:]
                if entry_fqdn is not None and entry_fqdn == fqdn:
                    if hostname in entry_aliases:
                        # Exists already, leave it be
                        need_change = False
            if need_change:
                # Doesn't exist, add that entry in...
                new_entries = list(prev_info)
                new_entries.append([fqdn, hostname])
                eh.del_entries(local_ip)
                for entry in new_entries:
                    if len(entry) == 1:
                        eh.add_entry(local_ip, entry[0])
                    elif len(entry) >= 2:
                        eh.add_entry(local_ip, *entry)
        if need_change:
            contents = StringIO()
            if header:
                contents.write("%s\n" % (header))
            contents.write("%s\n" % (eh))
            util.write_file(self.hosts_fn, contents.getvalue(), mode=0644)

    def _bring_up_interface(self, device_name):
        cmd = ['ifup', device_name]
        LOG.debug("Attempting to run bring up interface %s using command %s",
                   device_name, cmd)
        try:
            (_out, err) = util.subp(cmd)
            if len(err):
                LOG.warn("Running %s resulted in stderr output: %s", cmd, err)
            return True
        except util.ProcessExecutionError:
            util.logexc(LOG, "Running interface command %s failed", cmd)
            return False

    def _bring_up_interfaces(self, device_names):
        am_failed = 0
        for d in device_names:
            if not self._bring_up_interface(d):
                am_failed += 1
        if am_failed == 0:
            return True
        return False

    def get_default_user(self):
        return self.get_option('default_user')

    def add_user(self, name, **kwargs):
        """
        Add a user to the system using standard GNU tools
        """
        if util.is_user(name):
            LOG.info("User %s already exists, skipping." % name)
            return

        adduser_cmd = ['useradd', name]
        log_adduser_cmd = ['useradd', name]

        # Since we are creating users, we want to carefully validate the
        # inputs. If something goes wrong, we can end up with a system
        # that nobody can login to.
        adduser_opts = {
            "gecos": '--comment',
            "homedir": '--home',
            "primary_group": '--gid',
            "groups": '--groups',
            "passwd": '--password',
            "shell": '--shell',
            "expiredate": '--expiredate',
            "inactive": '--inactive',
            "selinux_user": '--selinux-user',
        }

        adduser_flags = {
            "no_user_group": '--no-user-group',
            "system": '--system',
            "no_log_init": '--no-log-init',
        }

        redact_opts = ['passwd']

        # Check the values and create the command
        for key, val in kwargs.iteritems():

            if key in adduser_opts and val and isinstance(val, str):
                adduser_cmd.extend([adduser_opts[key], val])

                # Redact certain fields from the logs
                if key in redact_opts:
                    log_adduser_cmd.extend([adduser_opts[key], 'REDACTED'])
                else:
                    log_adduser_cmd.extend([adduser_opts[key], val])

            elif key in adduser_flags and val:
                adduser_cmd.append(adduser_flags[key])
                log_adduser_cmd.append(adduser_flags[key])

        # Don't create the home directory if directed so or if the user is a
        # system user
        if 'no_create_home' in kwargs or 'system' in kwargs:
            adduser_cmd.append('-M')
            log_adduser_cmd.append('-M')
        else:
            adduser_cmd.append('-m')
            log_adduser_cmd.append('-m')

        # Run the command
        LOG.debug("Adding user %s", name)
        try:
            util.subp(adduser_cmd, logstring=log_adduser_cmd)
        except Exception as e:
            util.logexc(LOG, "Failed to create user %s", name)
            raise e

    def create_user(self, name, **kwargs):
        """
        Creates users for the system using the GNU passwd tools. This
        will work on an GNU system. This should be overriden on
        distros where useradd is not desirable or not available.
        """

        # Add the user
        self.add_user(name, **kwargs)

        # Set password if plain-text password provided and non-empty
        if 'plain_text_passwd' in kwargs and kwargs['plain_text_passwd']:
            self.set_passwd(name, kwargs['plain_text_passwd'])

        # Default locking down the account.  'lock_passwd' defaults to True.
        # lock account unless lock_password is False.
        if kwargs.get('lock_passwd', True):
            self.lock_passwd(name)

        # Configure sudo access
        if 'sudo' in kwargs:
            self.write_sudo_rules(name, kwargs['sudo'])

        # Import SSH keys
        if 'ssh_authorized_keys' in kwargs:
            keys = set(kwargs['ssh_authorized_keys']) or []
            ssh_util.setup_user_keys(keys, name, options=None)

        return True

    def lock_passwd(self, name):
        """
        Lock the password of a user, i.e., disable password logins
        """
        try:
            # Need to use the short option name '-l' instead of '--lock'
            # (which would be more descriptive) since SLES 11 doesn't know
            # about long names.
            util.subp(['passwd', '-l', name])
        except Exception as e:
            util.logexc(LOG, 'Failed to disable password for user %s', name)
            raise e

    def set_passwd(self, user, passwd, hashed=False):
        pass_string = '%s:%s' % (user, passwd)
        cmd = ['chpasswd']

        if hashed:
            # Need to use the short option name '-e' instead of '--encrypted'
            # (which would be more descriptive) since SLES 11 doesn't know
            # about long names.
            cmd.append('-e')

        try:
            util.subp(cmd, pass_string, logstring="chpasswd for %s" % user)
        except Exception as e:
            util.logexc(LOG, "Failed to set password for %s", user)
            raise e

        return True

    def ensure_sudo_dir(self, path, sudo_base='/etc/sudoers'):
        # Ensure the dir is included and that
        # it actually exists as a directory
        sudoers_contents = ''
        base_exists = False
        if os.path.exists(sudo_base):
            sudoers_contents = util.load_file(sudo_base)
            base_exists = True
        found_include = False
        for line in sudoers_contents.splitlines():
            line = line.strip()
            include_match = re.search(r"^#includedir\s+(.*)$", line)
            if not include_match:
                continue
            included_dir = include_match.group(1).strip()
            if not included_dir:
                continue
            included_dir = os.path.abspath(included_dir)
            if included_dir == path:
                found_include = True
                break
        if not found_include:
            try:
                if not base_exists:
                    lines = [('# See sudoers(5) for more information'
                              ' on "#include" directives:'), '',
                             util.make_header(base="added"),
                             "#includedir %s" % (path), '']
                    sudoers_contents = "\n".join(lines)
                    util.write_file(sudo_base, sudoers_contents, 0440)
                else:
                    lines = ['', util.make_header(base="added"),
                             "#includedir %s" % (path), '']
                    sudoers_contents = "\n".join(lines)
                    util.append_file(sudo_base, sudoers_contents)
                LOG.debug("Added '#includedir %s' to %s" % (path, sudo_base))
            except IOError as e:
                util.logexc(LOG, "Failed to write %s", sudo_base)
                raise e
        util.ensure_dir(path, 0750)

    def write_sudo_rules(self, user, rules, sudo_file=None):
        if not sudo_file:
            sudo_file = self.ci_sudoers_fn

        lines = [
            '',
            "# User rules for %s" % user,
        ]
        if isinstance(rules, (list, tuple)):
            for rule in rules:
                lines.append("%s %s" % (user, rule))
        elif isinstance(rules, (basestring, str)):
            lines.append("%s %s" % (user, rules))
        else:
            msg = "Can not create sudoers rule addition with type %r"
            raise TypeError(msg % (type_utils.obj_name(rules)))
        content = "\n".join(lines)
        content += "\n"  # trailing newline

        self.ensure_sudo_dir(os.path.dirname(sudo_file))
        if not os.path.exists(sudo_file):
            contents = [
                util.make_header(),
                content,
            ]
            try:
                util.write_file(sudo_file, "\n".join(contents), 0440)
            except IOError as e:
                util.logexc(LOG, "Failed to write sudoers file %s", sudo_file)
                raise e
        else:
            try:
                util.append_file(sudo_file, content)
            except IOError as e:
                util.logexc(LOG, "Failed to append sudoers file %s", sudo_file)
                raise e

    def create_group(self, name, members):
        group_add_cmd = ['groupadd', name]

        # Check if group exists, and then add it doesn't
        if util.is_group(name):
            LOG.warn("Skipping creation of existing group '%s'" % name)
        else:
            try:
                util.subp(group_add_cmd)
                LOG.info("Created new group %s" % name)
            except Exception:
                util.logexc("Failed to create group %s", name)

        # Add members to the group, if so defined
        if len(members) > 0:
            for member in members:
                if not util.is_user(member):
                    LOG.warn("Unable to add group member '%s' to group '%s'"
                            "; user does not exist.", member, name)
                    continue

                util.subp(['usermod', '-a', '-G', name, member])
                LOG.info("Added user '%s' to group '%s'" % (member, name))


def _get_package_mirror_info(mirror_info, availability_zone=None,
                             mirror_filter=util.search_for_mirror):
    # given a arch specific 'mirror_info' entry (from package_mirrors)
    # search through the 'search' entries, and fallback appropriately
    # return a dict with only {name: mirror} entries.
    if not mirror_info:
        mirror_info = {}

    ec2_az_re = ("^[a-z][a-z]-(%s)-[1-9][0-9]*[a-z]$" %
        "north|northeast|east|southeast|south|southwest|west|northwest")

    subst = {}
    if availability_zone:
        subst['availability_zone'] = availability_zone

    if availability_zone and re.match(ec2_az_re, availability_zone):
        subst['ec2_region'] = "%s" % availability_zone[0:-1]

    results = {}
    for (name, mirror) in mirror_info.get('failsafe', {}).iteritems():
        results[name] = mirror

    for (name, searchlist) in mirror_info.get('search', {}).iteritems():
        mirrors = []
        for tmpl in searchlist:
            try:
                mirrors.append(tmpl % subst)
            except KeyError:
                pass

        found = mirror_filter(mirrors)
        if found:
            results[name] = found

    LOG.debug("filtered distro mirror info: %s" % results)

    return results


def _get_arch_package_mirror_info(package_mirrors, arch):
    # pull out the specific arch from a 'package_mirrors' config option
    default = None
    for item in package_mirrors:
        arches = item.get("arches")
        if arch in arches:
            return item
        if "default" in arches:
            default = item
    return default


# Normalizes a input group configuration
# which can be a comma seperated list of
# group names, or a list of group names
# or a python dictionary of group names
# to a list of members of that group.
#
# The output is a dictionary of group
# names => members of that group which
# is the standard form used in the rest
# of cloud-init
def _normalize_groups(grp_cfg):
    if isinstance(grp_cfg, (str, basestring)):
        grp_cfg = grp_cfg.strip().split(",")
    if isinstance(grp_cfg, (list)):
        c_grp_cfg = {}
        for i in grp_cfg:
            if isinstance(i, (dict)):
                for k, v in i.items():
                    if k not in c_grp_cfg:
                        if isinstance(v, (list)):
                            c_grp_cfg[k] = list(v)
                        elif isinstance(v, (basestring, str)):
                            c_grp_cfg[k] = [v]
                        else:
                            raise TypeError("Bad group member type %s" %
                                            type_utils.obj_name(v))
                    else:
                        if isinstance(v, (list)):
                            c_grp_cfg[k].extend(v)
                        elif isinstance(v, (basestring, str)):
                            c_grp_cfg[k].append(v)
                        else:
                            raise TypeError("Bad group member type %s" %
                                            type_utils.obj_name(v))
            elif isinstance(i, (str, basestring)):
                if i not in c_grp_cfg:
                    c_grp_cfg[i] = []
            else:
                raise TypeError("Unknown group name type %s" %
                                type_utils.obj_name(i))
        grp_cfg = c_grp_cfg
    groups = {}
    if isinstance(grp_cfg, (dict)):
        for (grp_name, grp_members) in grp_cfg.items():
            groups[grp_name] = util.uniq_merge_sorted(grp_members)
    else:
        raise TypeError(("Group config must be list, dict "
                         " or string types only and not %s") %
                        type_utils.obj_name(grp_cfg))
    return groups


# Normalizes a input group configuration
# which can be a comma seperated list of
# user names, or a list of string user names
# or a list of dictionaries with components
# that define the user config + 'name' (if
# a 'name' field does not exist then the
# default user is assumed to 'own' that
# configuration.
#
# The output is a dictionary of user
# names => user config which is the standard
# form used in the rest of cloud-init. Note
# the default user will have a special config
# entry 'default' which will be marked as true
# all other users will be marked as false.
def _normalize_users(u_cfg, def_user_cfg=None):
    if isinstance(u_cfg, (dict)):
        ad_ucfg = []
        for (k, v) in u_cfg.items():
            if isinstance(v, (bool, int, basestring, str, float)):
                if util.is_true(v):
                    ad_ucfg.append(str(k))
            elif isinstance(v, (dict)):
                v['name'] = k
                ad_ucfg.append(v)
            else:
                raise TypeError(("Unmappable user value type %s"
                                 " for key %s") % (type_utils.obj_name(v), k))
        u_cfg = ad_ucfg
    elif isinstance(u_cfg, (str, basestring)):
        u_cfg = util.uniq_merge_sorted(u_cfg)

    users = {}
    for user_config in u_cfg:
        if isinstance(user_config, (str, basestring, list)):
            for u in util.uniq_merge(user_config):
                if u and u not in users:
                    users[u] = {}
        elif isinstance(user_config, (dict)):
            if 'name' in user_config:
                n = user_config.pop('name')
                prev_config = users.get(n) or {}
                users[n] = util.mergemanydict([prev_config,
                                               user_config])
            else:
                # Assume the default user then
                prev_config = users.get('default') or {}
                users['default'] = util.mergemanydict([prev_config,
                                                       user_config])
        else:
            raise TypeError(("User config must be dictionary/list "
                             " or string types only and not %s") %
                            type_utils.obj_name(user_config))

    # Ensure user options are in the right python friendly format
    if users:
        c_users = {}
        for (uname, uconfig) in users.items():
            c_uconfig = {}
            for (k, v) in uconfig.items():
                k = k.replace('-', '_').strip()
                if k:
                    c_uconfig[k] = v
            c_users[uname] = c_uconfig
        users = c_users

    # Fixup the default user into the real
    # default user name and replace it...
    def_user = None
    if users and 'default' in users:
        def_config = users.pop('default')
        if def_user_cfg:
            # Pickup what the default 'real name' is
            # and any groups that are provided by the
            # default config
            def_user_cfg = def_user_cfg.copy()
            def_user = def_user_cfg.pop('name')
            def_groups = def_user_cfg.pop('groups', [])
            # Pickup any config + groups for that user name
            # that we may have previously extracted
            parsed_config = users.pop(def_user, {})
            parsed_groups = parsed_config.get('groups', [])
            # Now merge our extracted groups with
            # anything the default config provided
            users_groups = util.uniq_merge_sorted(parsed_groups, def_groups)
            parsed_config['groups'] = ",".join(users_groups)
            # The real config for the default user is the
            # combination of the default user config provided
            # by the distro, the default user config provided
            # by the above merging for the user 'default' and
            # then the parsed config from the user's 'real name'
            # which does not have to be 'default' (but could be)
            users[def_user] = util.mergemanydict([def_user_cfg,
                                                  def_config,
                                                  parsed_config])

    # Ensure that only the default user that we
    # found (if any) is actually marked as being
    # the default user
    if users:
        for (uname, uconfig) in users.items():
            if def_user and uname == def_user:
                uconfig['default'] = True
            else:
                uconfig['default'] = False

    return users


# Normalizes a set of user/users and group
# dictionary configuration into a useable
# format that the rest of cloud-init can
# understand using the default user
# provided by the input distrobution (if any)
# to allow for mapping of the 'default' user.
#
# Output is a dictionary of group names -> [member] (list)
# and a dictionary of user names -> user configuration (dict)
#
# If 'user' exists it will override
# the 'users'[0] entry (if a list) otherwise it will
# just become an entry in the returned dictionary (no override)
def normalize_users_groups(cfg, distro):
    if not cfg:
        cfg = {}

    users = {}
    groups = {}
    if 'groups' in cfg:
        groups = _normalize_groups(cfg['groups'])

    # Handle the previous style of doing this where the first user
    # overrides the concept of the default user if provided in the user: XYZ
    # format.
    old_user = {}
    if 'user' in cfg and cfg['user']:
        old_user = cfg['user']
        # Translate it into the format that is more useful
        # going forward
        if isinstance(old_user, (basestring, str)):
            old_user = {
                'name': old_user,
            }
        if not isinstance(old_user, (dict)):
            LOG.warn(("Format for 'user' key must be a string or "
                      "dictionary and not %s"), type_utils.obj_name(old_user))
            old_user = {}

    # If no old user format, then assume the distro
    # provides what the 'default' user maps to, but notice
    # that if this is provided, we won't automatically inject
    # a 'default' user into the users list, while if a old user
    # format is provided we will.
    distro_user_config = {}
    try:
        distro_user_config = distro.get_default_user()
    except NotImplementedError:
        LOG.warn(("Distro has not implemented default user "
                  "access. No distribution provided default user"
                  " will be normalized."))

    # Merge the old user (which may just be an empty dict when not
    # present with the distro provided default user configuration so
    # that the old user style picks up all the distribution specific
    # attributes (if any)
    default_user_config = util.mergemanydict([old_user, distro_user_config])

    base_users = cfg.get('users', [])
    if not isinstance(base_users, (list, dict, str, basestring)):
        LOG.warn(("Format for 'users' key must be a comma separated string"
                  " or a dictionary or a list and not %s"),
                 type_utils.obj_name(base_users))
        base_users = []

    if old_user:
        # Ensure that when user: is provided that this user
        # always gets added (as the default user)
        if isinstance(base_users, (list)):
            # Just add it on at the end...
            base_users.append({'name': 'default'})
        elif isinstance(base_users, (dict)):
            base_users['default'] = dict(base_users).get('default', True)
        elif isinstance(base_users, (str, basestring)):
            # Just append it on to be re-parsed later
            base_users += ",default"

    users = _normalize_users(base_users, default_user_config)
    return (users, groups)


# Given a user dictionary config it will
# extract the default user name and user config
# from that list and return that tuple or
# return (None, None) if no default user is
# found in the given input
def extract_default(users, default_name=None, default_config=None):
    if not users:
        users = {}

    def safe_find(entry):
        config = entry[1]
        if not config or 'default' not in config:
            return False
        else:
            return config['default']

    tmp_users = users.items()
    tmp_users = dict(itertools.ifilter(safe_find, tmp_users))
    if not tmp_users:
        return (default_name, default_config)
    else:
        name = tmp_users.keys()[0]
        config = tmp_users[name]
        config.pop('default', None)
        return (name, config)


def fetch(name):
    locs = importer.find_module(name,
                                ['', __name__],
                                ['Distro'])
    if not locs:
        raise ImportError("No distribution found for distro %s"
                           % (name))
    mod = importer.import_module(locs[0])
    cls = getattr(mod, 'Distro')
    return cls