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authorJACK <jack9603301@163.com>2021-01-25 02:39:47 +0800
committerChristian Poessinger <christian@poessinger.com>2021-02-05 21:59:34 +0100
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nptv6: T2518: Add document support for nat66
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@@ -8,732 +8,5 @@ NAT
:maxdepth: 1
:includehidden:
- nptv6
-
-:abbr:`NAT (Network Address Translation)` is a common method of
-remapping one IP address space into another by modifying network address
-information in the IP header of packets while they are in transit across
-a traffic routing device. The technique was originally used as a
-shortcut to avoid the need to readdress every host when a network was
-moved. It has become a popular and essential tool in conserving global
-address space in the face of IPv4 address exhaustion. One
-Internet-routable IP address of a NAT gateway can be used for an entire
-private network.
-
-IP masquerading is a technique that hides an entire IP address space,
-usually consisting of private IP addresses, behind a single IP address
-in another, usually public address space. The hidden addresses are
-changed into a single (public) IP address as the source address of the
-outgoing IP packets so they appear as originating not from the hidden
-host but from the routing device itself. Because of the popularity of
-this technique to conserve IPv4 address space, the term NAT has become
-virtually synonymous with IP masquerading.
-
-As network address translation modifies the IP address information in
-packets, NAT implementations may vary in their specific behavior in
-various addressing cases and their effect on network traffic. The
-specifics of NAT behavior are not commonly documented by vendors of
-equipment containing NAT implementations.
-
-The computers on an internal network can use any of the addresses set
-aside by the :abbr:`IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)` for
-private addressing (see :rfc:`1918`). These reserved IP addresses are
-not in use on the Internet, so an external machine will not directly
-route to them. The following addresses are reserved for private use:
-
-* 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (CIDR: 10.0.0.0/8)
-* 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (CIDR: 172.16.0.0/12)
-* 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (CIDR: 192.168.0.0/16)
-
-
-If an ISP deploys a :abbr:`CGN (Carrier-grade NAT)`, and uses
-:rfc:`1918` address space to number customer gateways, the risk of
-address collision, and therefore routing failures, arises when the
-customer network already uses an :rfc:`1918` address space.
-
-This prompted some ISPs to develop a policy within the :abbr:`ARIN
-(American Registry for Internet Numbers)` to allocate new private
-address space for CGNs, but ARIN deferred to the IETF before
-implementing the policy indicating that the matter was not a typical
-allocation issue but a reservation of addresses for technical purposes
-(per :rfc:`2860`).
-
-IETF published :rfc:`6598`, detailing a shared address space for use in
-ISP CGN deployments that can handle the same network prefixes occurring
-both on inbound and outbound interfaces. ARIN returned address space to
-the :abbr:`IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)` for this
-allocation.
-
-The allocated address block is 100.64.0.0/10.
-
-Devices evaluating whether an IPv4 address is public must be updated to
-recognize the new address space. Allocating more private IPv4 address
-space for NAT devices might prolong the transition to IPv6.
-
-Overview
-========
-
-Different NAT Types
--------------------
-
-.. _source-nat:
-
-SNAT
-^^^^
-
-:abbr:`SNAT (Source Network Address Translation)` is the most common
-form of :abbr:`NAT (Network Address Translation)` and is typically
-referred to simply as NAT. To be more correct, what most people refer
-to as :abbr:`NAT (Network Address Translation)` is actually the process
-of :abbr:`PAT (Port Address Translation)`, or NAT overload. SNAT is
-typically used by internal users/private hosts to access the Internet
-- the source address is translated and thus kept private.
-
-.. _destination-nat:
-
-DNAT
-^^^^
-
-:abbr:`DNAT (Destination Network Address Translation)` changes the
-destination address of packets passing through the router, while
-:ref:`source-nat` changes the source address of packets. DNAT is
-typically used when an external (public) host needs to initiate a
-session with an internal (private) host. A customer needs to access a
-private service behind the routers public IP. A connection is
-established with the routers public IP address on a well known port and
-thus all traffic for this port is rewritten to address the internal
-(private) host.
-
-.. _bidirectional-nat:
-
-Bidirectional NAT
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-This is a common scenario where both :ref:`source-nat` and
-:ref:`destination-nat` are configured at the same time. It's commonly
-used then internal (private) hosts need to establish a connection with
-external resources and external systems need to access internal
-(private) resources.
-
-NAT, Routing, Firewall Interaction
-----------------------------------
-
-There is a very nice picture/explanation in the Vyatta documentation
-which should be rewritten here.
-
-NAT Ruleset
------------
-
-:abbr:`NAT (Network Address Translation)` is configured entirely on a
-series of so called `rules`. Rules are numbered and evaluated by the
-underlying OS in numerical order! The rule numbers can be changes by
-utilizing the :cfgcmd:`rename` and :cfgcmd:`copy` commands.
-
-.. note:: Changes to the NAT system only affect newly established
- connections. Already established connections are not affected.
-
-.. hint:: When designing your NAT ruleset leave some space between
- consecutive rules for later extension. Your ruleset could start with
- numbers 10, 20, 30. You thus can later extend the ruleset and place
- new rules between existing ones.
-
-Rules will be created for both :ref:`source-nat` and
-:ref:`destination-nat`.
-
-For :ref:`bidirectional-nat` a rule for both :ref:`source-nat` and
-:ref:`destination-nat` needs to be created.
-
-.. _traffic-filters:
-
-Traffic Filters
----------------
-
-Traffic Filters are used to control which packets will have the defined
-NAT rules applied. Five different filters can be applied within a NAT
-rule.
-
-* **outbound-interface** - applicable only to :ref:`source-nat`. It
- configures the interface which is used for the outside traffic that
- this translation rule applies to.
-
- Example:
-
- .. code-block:: none
-
- set nat source rule 20 outbound-interface eth0
-
-* **inbound-interface** - applicable only to :ref:`destination-nat`. It
- configures the interface which is used for the inside traffic the
- translation rule applies to.
-
- Example:
-
- .. code-block:: none
-
- set nat destination rule 20 inbound-interface eth1
-
-* **protocol** - specify which types of protocols this translation rule
- applies to. Only packets matching the specified protocol are NATed.
- By default this applies to `all` protocols.
-
- Example:
-
- * Set SNAT rule 20 to only NAT TCP and UDP packets
- * Set DNAT rule 20 to only NAT UDP packets
-
- .. code-block:: none
-
- set nat source rule 20 protocol tcp_udp
- set nat destination rule 20 protocol udp
-
-* **source** - specifies which packets the NAT translation rule applies
- to based on the packets source IP address and/or source port. Only
- matching packets are considered for NAT.
-
- Example:
-
- * Set SNAT rule 20 to only NAT packets arriving from the 192.0.2.0/24
- network
- * Set SNAT rule 30 to only NAT packets arriving from the 203.0.113.0/24
- network with a source port of 80 and 443
-
- .. code-block:: none
-
- set nat source rule 20 source address 192.0.2.0/24
- set nat source rule 30 source address 203.0.113.0/24
- set nat source rule 30 source port 80,443
-
-
-* **destination** - specify which packets the translation will be
- applied to, only based on the destination address and/or port number
- configured.
-
- .. note:: If no destination is specified the rule will match on any
- destination address and port.
-
- Example:
-
- * Configure SNAT rule (40) to only NAT packets with a destination
- address of 192.0.2.1.
-
- .. code-block:: none
-
- set nat source rule 40 destination address 192.0.2.1
-
-
-Address Conversion
-------------------
-
-Every NAT rule has a translation command defined. The address defined
-for the translation is the address used when the address information in
-a packet is replaced.
-
-Source Address
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-For :ref:`source-nat` rules the packets source address will be replaced
-with the address specified in the translation command. A port
-translation can also be specified and is part of the translation
-address.
-
-.. note:: The translation address must be set to one of the available
- addresses on the configured `outbound-interface` or it must be set to
- `masquerade` which will use the primary IP address of the
- `outbound-interface` as its translation address.
-
-.. note:: When using NAT for a large number of host systems it
- recommended that a minimum of 1 IP address is used to NAT every 256
- private host systems. This is due to the limit of 65,000 port numbers
- available for unique translations and a reserving an average of
- 200-300 sessions per host system.
-
-Example:
-
-* Define a discrete source IP address of 100.64.0.1 for SNAT rule 20
-* Use address `masquerade` (the interfaces primary address) on rule 30
-* For a large amount of private machines behind the NAT your address
- pool might to be bigger. Use any address in the range 100.64.0.10 -
- 100.64.0.20 on SNAT rule 40 when doing the translation
-
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- set nat source rule 20 translation address 100.64.0.1
- set nat source rule 30 translation address 'masquerade'
- set nat source rule 40 translation address 100.64.0.10-100.64.0.20
-
-
-Destination Address
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-For :ref:`destination-nat` rules the packets destination address will be
-replaced by the specified address in the `translation address` command.
-
-Example:
-
-* DNAT rule 10 replaces the destination address of an inbound packet
- with 192.0.2.10
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- set nat destination rule 10 translation address 192.0.2.10
-
-
-Configuration Examples
-======================
-
-To setup SNAT, we need to know:
-
-* The internal IP addresses we want to translate
-* The outgoing interface to perform the translation on
-* The external IP address to translate to
-
-In the example used for the Quick Start configuration above, we
-demonstrate the following configuration:
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- set nat source rule 100 outbound-interface 'eth0'
- set nat source rule 100 source address '192.168.0.0/24'
- set nat source rule 100 translation address 'masquerade'
-
-Which generates the following configuration:
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- rule 100 {
- outbound-interface eth0
- source {
- address 192.168.0.0/24
- }
- translation {
- address masquerade
- }
- }
-
-In this example, we use **masquerade** as the translation address
-instead of an IP address. The **masquerade** target is effectively an
-alias to say "use whatever IP address is on the outgoing interface",
-rather than a statically configured IP address. This is useful if you
-use DHCP for your outgoing interface and do not know what the external
-address will be.
-
-When using NAT for a large number of host systems it recommended that a
-minimum of 1 IP address is used to NAT every 256 host systems. This is
-due to the limit of 65,000 port numbers available for unique
-translations and a reserving an average of 200-300 sessions per host
-system.
-
-Example: For an ~8,000 host network a source NAT pool of 32 IP addresses
-is recommended.
-
-A pool of addresses can be defined by using a hyphen between two IP
-addresses:
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- set nat source rule 100 translation address '203.0.113.32-203.0.113.63'
-
-.. _avoidng_leaky_nat:
-
-Avoiding "leaky" NAT
---------------------
-
-Linux netfilter will not NAT traffic marked as INVALID. This often
-confuses people into thinking that Linux (or specifically VyOS) has a
-broken NAT implementation because non-NATed traffic is seen leaving an
-external interface. This is actually working as intended, and a packet
-capture of the "leaky" traffic should reveal that the traffic is either
-an additional TCP "RST", "FIN,ACK", or "RST,ACK" sent by client systems
-after Linux netfilter considers the connection closed. The most common
-is the additional TCP RST some host implementations send after
-terminating a connection (which is implementation-specific).
-
-In other words, connection tracking has already observed the connection
-be closed and has transition the flow to INVALID to prevent attacks from
-attempting to reuse the connection.
-
-You can avoid the "leaky" behavior by using a firewall policy that drops
-"invalid" state packets.
-
-Having control over the matching of INVALID state traffic, e.g. the
-ability to selectively log, is an important troubleshooting tool for
-observing broken protocol behavior. For this reason, VyOS does not
-globally drop invalid state traffic, instead allowing the operator to
-make the determination on how the traffic is handled.
-
-.. _hairpin_nat_reflection:
-
-Hairpin NAT/NAT Reflection
---------------------------
-
-A typical problem with using NAT and hosting public servers is the
-ability for internal systems to reach an internal server using it's
-external IP address. The solution to this is usually the use of
-split-DNS to correctly point host systems to the internal address when
-requests are made internally. Because many smaller networks lack DNS
-infrastructure, a work-around is commonly deployed to facilitate the
-traffic by NATing the request from internal hosts to the source address
-of the internal interface on the firewall.
-
-This technique is commonly referred to as NAT Reflection or Hairpin NAT.
-
-Example:
-
-* Redirect Microsoft RDP traffic from the outside (WAN, external) world
- via :ref:`destination-nat` in rule 100 to the internal, private host
- 192.0.2.40.
-
-* Redirect Microsoft RDP traffic from the internal (LAN, private)
- network via :ref:`destination-nat` in rule 110 to the internal,
- private host 192.0.2.40. We also need a :ref:`source-nat` rule 110 for
- the reverse path of the traffic. The internal network 192.0.2.0/24 is
- reachable via interface `eth0.10`.
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- set nat destination rule 100 description 'Regular destination NAT from external'
- set nat destination rule 100 destination port '3389'
- set nat destination rule 100 inbound-interface 'pppoe0'
- set nat destination rule 100 protocol 'tcp'
- set nat destination rule 100 translation address '192.0.2.40'
-
- set nat destination rule 110 description 'NAT Reflection: INSIDE'
- set nat destination rule 110 destination port '3389'
- set nat destination rule 110 inbound-interface 'eth0.10'
- set nat destination rule 110 protocol 'tcp'
- set nat destination rule 110 translation address '192.0.2.40'
-
- set nat source rule 110 description 'NAT Reflection: INSIDE'
- set nat source rule 110 destination address '192.0.2.0/24'
- set nat source rule 110 outbound-interface 'eth0.10'
- set nat source rule 110 protocol 'tcp'
- set nat source rule 110 source address '192.0.2.0/24'
- set nat source rule 110 translation address 'masquerade'
-
-Which results in a configuration of:
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- vyos@vyos# show nat
- destination {
- rule 100 {
- description "Regular destination NAT from external"
- destination {
- port 3389
- }
- inbound-interface pppoe0
- protocol tcp
- translation {
- address 192.0.2.40
- }
- }
- rule 110 {
- description "NAT Reflection: INSIDE"
- destination {
- port 3389
- }
- inbound-interface eth0.10
- protocol tcp
- translation {
- address 192.0.2.40
- }
- }
- }
- source {
- rule 110 {
- description "NAT Reflection: INSIDE"
- destination {
- address 192.0.2.0/24
- }
- outbound-interface eth0.10
- protocol tcp
- source {
- address 192.0.2.0/24
- }
- translation {
- address masquerade
- }
- }
- }
-
-
-Destination NAT
----------------
-
-DNAT is typically referred to as a **Port Forward**. When using VyOS as
-a NAT router and firewall, a common configuration task is to redirect
-incoming traffic to a system behind the firewall.
-
-In this example, we will be using the example Quick Start configuration
-above as a starting point.
-
-To setup a destination NAT rule we need to gather:
-
-* The interface traffic will be coming in on;
-* The protocol and port we wish to forward;
-* The IP address of the internal system we wish to forward traffic to.
-
-In our example, we will be forwarding web server traffic to an internal
-web server on 192.168.0.100. HTTP traffic makes use of the TCP protocol
-on port 80. For other common port numbers, see:
-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers
-
-Our configuration commands would be:
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- set nat destination rule 10 description 'Port Forward: HTTP to 192.168.0.100'
- set nat destination rule 10 destination port '80'
- set nat destination rule 10 inbound-interface 'eth0'
- set nat destination rule 10 protocol 'tcp'
- set nat destination rule 10 translation address '192.168.0.100'
-
-Which would generate the following NAT destination configuration:
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- nat {
- destination {
- rule 10 {
- description "Port Forward: HTTP to 192.168.0.100"
- destination {
- port 80
- }
- inbound-interface eth0
- protocol tcp
- translation {
- address 192.168.0.100
- }
- }
- }
- }
-
-.. note:: If forwarding traffic to a different port than it is arriving
- on, you may also configure the translation port using
- `set nat destination rule [n] translation port`.
-
-This establishes our Port Forward rule, but if we created a firewall
-policy it will likely block the traffic.
-
-It is important to note that when creating firewall rules that the DNAT
-translation occurs **before** traffic traverses the firewall. In other
-words, the destination address has already been translated to
-192.168.0.100.
-
-So in our firewall policy, we want to allow traffic coming in on the
-outside interface, destined for TCP port 80 and the IP address of
-192.168.0.100.
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- set firewall name OUTSIDE-IN rule 20 action 'accept'
- set firewall name OUTSIDE-IN rule 20 destination address '192.168.0.100'
- set firewall name OUTSIDE-IN rule 20 destination port '80'
- set firewall name OUTSIDE-IN rule 20 protocol 'tcp'
- set firewall name OUTSIDE-IN rule 20 state new 'enable'
-
-This would generate the following configuration:
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- rule 20 {
- action accept
- destination {
- address 192.168.0.100
- port 80
- }
- protocol tcp
- state {
- new enable
- }
- }
-
-.. note::
-
- If you have configured the `INSIDE-OUT` policy, you will need to add
- additional rules to permit inbound NAT traffic.
-
-1-to-1 NAT
-----------
-
-Another term often used for DNAT is **1-to-1 NAT**. For a 1-to-1 NAT
-configuration, both DNAT and SNAT are used to NAT all traffic from an
-external IP address to an internal IP address and vice-versa.
-
-Typically, a 1-to-1 NAT rule omits the destination port (all ports) and
-replaces the protocol with either **all** or **ip**.
-
-Then a corresponding SNAT rule is created to NAT outgoing traffic for
-the internal IP to a reserved external IP. This dedicates an external IP
-address to an internal IP address and is useful for protocols which
-don't have the notion of ports, such as GRE.
-
-Here's an extract of a simple 1-to-1 NAT configuration with one internal
-and one external interface:
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- set interfaces ethernet eth0 address '192.168.1.1/24'
- set interfaces ethernet eth0 description 'Inside interface'
- set interfaces ethernet eth1 address '192.0.2.30/24'
- set interfaces ethernet eth1 description 'Outside interface'
- set nat destination rule 2000 description '1-to-1 NAT example'
- set nat destination rule 2000 destination address '192.0.2.30'
- set nat destination rule 2000 inbound-interface 'eth1'
- set nat destination rule 2000 translation address '192.168.1.10'
- set nat source rule 2000 description '1-to-1 NAT example'
- set nat source rule 2000 outbound-interface 'eth1'
- set nat source rule 2000 source address '192.168.1.10'
- set nat source rule 2000 translation address '192.0.2.30'
-
-Firewall rules are written as normal, using the internal IP address as
-the source of outbound rules and the destination of inbound rules.
-
-NAT before VPN
---------------
-
-Some application service providers (ASPs) operate a VPN gateway to
-provide access to their internal resources, and require that a
-connecting organisation translate all traffic to the service provider
-network to a source address provided by the ASP.
-
-Example Network
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-Here's one example of a network environment for an ASP.
-The ASP requests that all connections from this company should come from
-172.29.41.89 - an address that is assigned by the ASP and not in use at
-the customer site.
-
-.. figure:: /_static/images/nat_before_vpn_topology.png
- :scale: 100 %
- :alt: NAT before VPN Topology
-
- NAT before VPN Topology
-
-
-Configuration
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-The required configuration can be broken down into 4 major pieces:
-
-* A dummy interface for the provider-assigned IP;
-* NAT (specifically, Source NAT);
-* IPSec IKE and ESP Groups;
-* IPSec VPN tunnels.
-
-
-Dummy interface
-"""""""""""""""
-
-The dummy interface allows us to have an equivalent of the Cisco IOS
-Loopback interface - a router-internal interface we can use for IP
-addresses the router must know about, but which are not actually
-assigned to a real network.
-
-We only need a single step for this interface:
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- set interfaces dummy dum0 address '172.29.41.89/32'
-
-NAT Configuration
-"""""""""""""""""
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- set nat source rule 110 description 'Internal to ASP'
- set nat source rule 110 destination address '172.27.1.0/24'
- set nat source rule 110 outbound-interface 'any'
- set nat source rule 110 source address '192.168.43.0/24'
- set nat source rule 110 translation address '172.29.41.89'
- set nat source rule 120 description 'Internal to ASP'
- set nat source rule 120 destination address '10.125.0.0/16'
- set nat source rule 120 outbound-interface 'any'
- set nat source rule 120 source address '192.168.43.0/24'
- set nat source rule 120 translation address '172.29.41.89'
-
-IPSec IKE and ESP
-"""""""""""""""""
-
-The ASP has documented their IPSec requirements:
-
-* IKE Phase:
-
- * aes256 Encryption
- * sha256 Hashes
-
-* ESP Phase:
-
- * aes256 Encryption
- * sha256 Hashes
- * DH Group 14
-
-
-Additionally, we want to use VPNs only on our eth1 interface (the
-external interface in the image above)
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- set vpn ipsec ike-group my-ike ikev2-reauth 'no'
- set vpn ipsec ike-group my-ike key-exchange 'ikev1'
- set vpn ipsec ike-group my-ike lifetime '7800'
- set vpn ipsec ike-group my-ike proposal 1 dh-group '14'
- set vpn ipsec ike-group my-ike proposal 1 encryption 'aes256'
- set vpn ipsec ike-group my-ike proposal 1 hash 'sha256'
-
- set vpn ipsec esp-group my-esp compression 'disable'
- set vpn ipsec esp-group my-esp lifetime '3600'
- set vpn ipsec esp-group my-esp mode 'tunnel'
- set vpn ipsec esp-group my-esp pfs 'disable'
- set vpn ipsec esp-group my-esp proposal 1 encryption 'aes256'
- set vpn ipsec esp-group my-esp proposal 1 hash 'sha256'
-
- set vpn ipsec ipsec-interfaces interface 'eth1'
-
-IPSec VPN Tunnels
-"""""""""""""""""
-
-We'll use the IKE and ESP groups created above for this VPN. Because we
-need access to 2 different subnets on the far side, we will need two
-different tunnels. If you changed the names of the ESP group and IKE
-group in the previous step, make sure you use the correct names here
-too.
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- set vpn ipsec site-to-site peer 198.51.100.243 authentication mode 'pre-shared-secret'
- set vpn ipsec site-to-site peer 198.51.100.243 authentication pre-shared-secret 'PASSWORD IS HERE'
- set vpn ipsec site-to-site peer 198.51.100.243 connection-type 'initiate'
- set vpn ipsec site-to-site peer 198.51.100.243 default-esp-group 'my-esp'
- set vpn ipsec site-to-site peer 198.51.100.243 ike-group 'my-ike'
- set vpn ipsec site-to-site peer 198.51.100.243 ikev2-reauth 'inherit'
- set vpn ipsec site-to-site peer 198.51.100.243 local-address '203.0.113.46'
- set vpn ipsec site-to-site peer 198.51.100.243 tunnel 0 local prefix '172.29.41.89/32'
- set vpn ipsec site-to-site peer 198.51.100.243 tunnel 0 remote prefix '172.27.1.0/24'
- set vpn ipsec site-to-site peer 198.51.100.243 tunnel 1 local prefix '172.29.41.89/32'
- set vpn ipsec site-to-site peer 198.51.100.243 tunnel 1 remote prefix '10.125.0.0/16'
-
-Testing and Validation
-""""""""""""""""""""""
-
-If you've completed all the above steps you no doubt want to see if it's
-all working.
-
-Start by checking for IPSec SAs (Security Associations) with:
-
-.. code-block:: none
-
- $ show vpn ipsec sa
-
- Peer ID / IP Local ID / IP
- ------------ -------------
- 198.51.100.243 203.0.113.46
-
- Tunnel State Bytes Out/In Encrypt Hash NAT-T A-Time L-Time Proto
- ------ ----- ------------- ------- ---- ----- ------ ------ -----
- 0 up 0.0/0.0 aes256 sha256 no 1647 3600 all
- 1 up 0.0/0.0 aes256 sha256 no 865 3600 all
-
-That looks good - we defined 2 tunnels and they're both up and running.
+ nat44
+ nat66