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+.. _bgp:
+
+###
+BGP
+###
+
+:abbr:`BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)` is one of the Exterior Gateway Protocols
+and the de facto standard interdomain routing protocol. The latest BGP version
+is 4. BGP-4 is described in :rfc:`1771` and updated by :rfc:`4271`. :rfc:`2858`
+adds multiprotocol support to BGP.
+
+VyOS makes use of :abbr:`FRR (Free Range Routing)` and we would like to thank
+them for their effort!
+
+Basic Concepts
+==============
+
+.. _bgp-autonomous-systems:
+
+Autonomous Systems
+------------------
+
+From :rfc:`1930`:
+
+   An AS is a connected group of one or more IP prefixes run by one or more
+   network operators which has a SINGLE and CLEARLY DEFINED routing policy.
+
+Each AS has an identifying number associated with it called an :abbr:`ASN
+(Autonomous System Number)`. This is a two octet value ranging in value from 1
+to 65535. The AS numbers 64512 through 65535 are defined as private AS numbers.
+Private AS numbers must not be advertised on the global Internet.
+
+The :abbr:`ASN (Autonomous System Number)` is one of the essential elements of
+BGP. BGP is a distance vector routing protocol, and the AS-Path framework
+provides distance vector metric and loop detection to BGP.
+
+.. _bgp-address-families:
+
+Address Families
+----------------
+
+Multiprotocol extensions enable BGP to carry routing information for multiple
+network layer protocols. BGP supports an Address Family Identifier (AFI) for
+IPv4 and IPv6.
+
+.. _bgp-route-selection:
+
+Route Selection
+---------------
+
+The route selection process used by FRR's BGP implementation uses the following
+decision criterion, starting at the top of the list and going towards the
+bottom until one of the factors can be used.
+
+1. **Weight check**
+
+   Prefer higher local weight routes to lower routes.
+
+2. **Local preference check**
+
+   Prefer higher local preference routes to lower.
+
+3. **Local route check**
+
+   Prefer local routes (statics, aggregates, redistributed) to received routes.
+
+4. **AS path length check**
+
+   Prefer shortest hop-count AS_PATHs.
+
+5. **Origin check**
+
+   Prefer the lowest origin type route. That is, prefer IGP origin routes to
+   EGP, to Incomplete routes.
+
+6. **MED check**
+
+   Where routes with a MED were received from the same AS, prefer the route
+   with the lowest MED.
+
+7. **External check**
+
+   Prefer the route received from an external, eBGP peer over routes received
+   from other types of peers.
+
+8. **IGP cost check**
+
+   Prefer the route with the lower IGP cost.
+
+9. **Multi-path check**
+
+   If multi-pathing is enabled, then check whether the routes not yet
+   distinguished in preference may be considered equal. If
+   :cfgcmd:`bgp bestpath as-path multipath-relax` is set, all such routes are
+   considered equal, otherwise routes received via iBGP with identical AS_PATHs
+   or routes received from eBGP neighbours in the same AS are considered equal.
+
+10. **Already-selected external check**
+
+    Where both routes were received from eBGP peers, then prefer the route
+    which is already selected. Note that this check is not applied if
+    :cfgcmd:`bgp bestpath compare-routerid` is configured. This check can
+    prevent some cases of oscillation.
+
+11. **Router-ID check**
+
+    Prefer the route with the lowest `router-ID`. If the route has an
+    `ORIGINATOR_ID` attribute, through iBGP reflection, then that router ID is
+    used, otherwise the `router-ID` of the peer the route was received from is
+    used.
+
+12. **Cluster-List length check**
+
+    The route with the shortest cluster-list length is used. The cluster-list
+    reflects the iBGP reflection path the route has taken.
+
+13. **Peer address**
+
+    Prefer the route received from the peer with the higher transport layer
+    address, as a last-resort tie-breaker.
+
+.. _bgp-capability-negotiation:
+
+Capability Negotiation
+----------------------
+
+When adding IPv6 routing information exchange feature to BGP. There were some
+proposals. :abbr:`IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)`
+:abbr:`IDR (Inter Domain Routing)` adopted a proposal called Multiprotocol
+Extension for BGP. The specification is described in :rfc:`2283`. The protocol
+does not define new protocols. It defines new attributes to existing BGP. When
+it is used exchanging IPv6 routing information it is called BGP-4+. When it is
+used for exchanging multicast routing information it is called MBGP.
+
+*bgpd* supports Multiprotocol Extension for BGP. So if a remote peer supports
+the protocol, *bgpd* can exchange IPv6 and/or multicast routing information.
+
+Traditional BGP did not have the feature to detect a remote peer's
+capabilities, e.g. whether it can handle prefix types other than IPv4 unicast
+routes. This was a big problem using Multiprotocol Extension for BGP in an
+operational network. :rfc:`2842` adopted a feature called Capability
+Negotiation. *bgpd* use this Capability Negotiation to detect the remote peer's
+capabilities. If a peer is only configured as an IPv4 unicast neighbor, *bgpd*
+does not send these Capability Negotiation packets (at least not unless other
+optional BGP features require capability negotiation).
+
+By default, FRR will bring up peering with minimal common capability for the
+both sides. For example, if the local router has unicast and multicast
+capabilities and the remote router only has unicast capability the local router
+will establish the connection with unicast only capability. When there are no
+common capabilities, FRR sends Unsupported Capability error and then resets the
+connection.
+
+.. _bgp-router-configuration:
+
+BGP Router Configuration
+========================
+
+ASN and Router ID
+-----------------
+
+.. cfgcmd:: set protocols bgp <asn>
+
+   First of all you must configure BGP router with the :abbr:`ASN (Autonomous
+   System Number)`. The AS number is an identifier for the autonomous system.
+   The BGP protocol uses the AS number for detecting whether the BGP connection
+   is internal or external.
+
+.. cfgcmd:: set protocols bgp <asn> parameters router-id
+
+   This command specifies the router-ID. If router ID is not specified it will
+   use the highest interface IP address.
+
+Route Selection
+---------------
+
+.. cfgcmd:: set protocols bgp <asn> parameters bestpath as-path confed
+
+   This command specifies that the length of confederation path sets and
+   sequences should be taken into account during the BGP best path
+   decision process.
+
+.. cfgcmd:: set protocols bgp <asn> parameters bestpath as-path multipath-relax
+
+   This command specifies that BGP decision process should consider paths
+   of equal AS_PATH length candidates for multipath computation. Without
+   the knob, the entire AS_PATH must match for multipath computation.
+
+.. cfgcmd:: set protocols bgp <asn> parameters bestpath as-path ignore
+
+   Ignore AS_PATH length when selecting a route
+
+IPv4
+^^^^
+
+A simple eBGP configuration:
+
+**Node 1:**
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+  set protocols bgp 65534 neighbor 192.168.0.2 ebgp-multihop '2'
+  set protocols bgp 65534 neighbor 192.168.0.2 remote-as '65535'
+  set protocols bgp 65534 neighbor 192.168.0.2 update-source '192.168.0.1'
+  set protocols bgp 65534 address-family ipv4-unicast network '172.16.0.0/16'
+  set protocols bgp 65534 parameters router-id '192.168.0.1'
+
+**Node 2:**
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+  set protocols bgp 65535 neighbor 192.168.0.1 ebgp-multihop '2'
+  set protocols bgp 65535 neighbor 192.168.0.1 remote-as '65534'
+  set protocols bgp 65535 neighbor 192.168.0.1 update-source '192.168.0.2'
+  set protocols bgp 65535 address-family ipv4-unicast network '172.17.0.0/16'
+  set protocols bgp 65535 parameters router-id '192.168.0.2'
+
+
+Don't forget, the CIDR declared in the network statement MUST **exist in your
+routing table (dynamic or static), the best way to make sure that is true is
+creating a static route:**
+
+**Node 1:**
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+  set protocols static route 172.16.0.0/16 blackhole distance '254'
+
+**Node 2:**
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+  set protocols static route 172.17.0.0/16 blackhole distance '254'
+
+
+IPv6
+^^^^
+
+A simple BGP configuration via IPv6.
+
+**Node 1:**
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+  set protocols bgp 65534 neighbor 2001:db8::2 ebgp-multihop '2'
+  set protocols bgp 65534 neighbor 2001:db8::2 remote-as '65535'
+  set protocols bgp 65534 neighbor 2001:db8::2 update-source '2001:db8::1'
+  set protocols bgp 65534 neighbor 2001:db8::2 address-family ipv6-unicast
+  set protocols bgp 65534 address-family ipv6-unicast network '2001:db8:1::/48'
+  set protocols bgp 65534 parameters router-id '10.1.1.1'
+
+**Node 2:**
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+  set protocols bgp 65535 neighbor 2001:db8::1 ebgp-multihop '2'
+  set protocols bgp 65535 neighbor 2001:db8::1 remote-as '65534'
+  set protocols bgp 65535 neighbor 2001:db8::1 update-source '2001:db8::2'
+  set protocols bgp 65535 neighbor 2001:db8::1 address-family ipv6-unicast
+  set protocols bgp 65535 address-family ipv6-unicast network '2001:db8:2::/48'
+  set protocols bgp 65535 parameters router-id '10.1.1.2'
+
+Don't forget, the CIDR declared in the network statement **MUST exist in your
+routing table (dynamic or static), the best way to make sure that is true is
+creating a static route:**
+
+**Node 1:**
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+  set protocols static route6 2001:db8:1::/48 blackhole distance '254'
+
+**Node 2:**
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+  set protocols static route6 2001:db8:2::/48 blackhole distance '254'
+
+Route Filter
+^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Route filter can be applied using a route-map:
+
+**Node1:**
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+  set policy prefix-list AS65535-IN rule 10 action 'permit'
+  set policy prefix-list AS65535-IN rule 10 prefix '172.16.0.0/16'
+  set policy prefix-list AS65535-OUT rule 10 action 'deny'
+  set policy prefix-list AS65535-OUT rule 10 prefix '172.16.0.0/16'
+  set policy prefix-list6 AS65535-IN rule 10 action 'permit'
+  set policy prefix-list6 AS65535-IN rule 10 prefix '2001:db8:2::/48'
+  set policy prefix-list6 AS65535-OUT rule 10 action 'deny'
+  set policy prefix-list6 AS65535-OUT rule 10 prefix '2001:db8:2::/48'
+  set policy route-map AS65535-IN rule 10 action 'permit'
+  set policy route-map AS65535-IN rule 10 match ip address prefix-list 'AS65535-IN'
+  set policy route-map AS65535-IN rule 10 match ipv6 address prefix-list 'AS65535-IN'
+  set policy route-map AS65535-IN rule 20 action 'deny'
+  set policy route-map AS65535-OUT rule 10 action 'deny'
+  set policy route-map AS65535-OUT rule 10 match ip address prefix-list 'AS65535-OUT'
+  set policy route-map AS65535-OUT rule 10 match ipv6 address prefix-list 'AS65535-OUT'
+  set policy route-map AS65535-OUT rule 20 action 'permit'
+  set protocols bgp 65534 neighbor 2001:db8::2 address-family ipv4-unicast route-map export 'AS65535-OUT'
+  set protocols bgp 65534 neighbor 2001:db8::2 address-family ipv4-unicast route-map import 'AS65535-IN'
+  set protocols bgp 65534 neighbor 2001:db8::2 address-family ipv6-unicast route-map export 'AS65535-OUT'
+  set protocols bgp 65534 neighbor 2001:db8::2 address-family ipv6-unicast route-map import 'AS65535-IN'
+
+**Node2:**
+
+.. code-block:: none
+
+  set policy prefix-list AS65534-IN rule 10 action 'permit'
+  set policy prefix-list AS65534-IN rule 10 prefix '172.17.0.0/16'
+  set policy prefix-list AS65534-OUT rule 10 action 'deny'
+  set policy prefix-list AS65534-OUT rule 10 prefix '172.17.0.0/16'
+  set policy prefix-list6 AS65534-IN rule 10 action 'permit'
+  set policy prefix-list6 AS65534-IN rule 10 prefix '2001:db8:1::/48'
+  set policy prefix-list6 AS65534-OUT rule 10 action 'deny'
+  set policy prefix-list6 AS65534-OUT rule 10 prefix '2001:db8:1::/48'
+  set policy route-map AS65534-IN rule 10 action 'permit'
+  set policy route-map AS65534-IN rule 10 match ip address prefix-list 'AS65534-IN'
+  set policy route-map AS65534-IN rule 10 match ipv6 address prefix-list 'AS65534-IN'
+  set policy route-map AS65534-IN rule 20 action 'deny'
+  set policy route-map AS65534-OUT rule 10 action 'deny'
+  set policy route-map AS65534-OUT rule 10 match ip address prefix-list 'AS65534-OUT'
+  set policy route-map AS65534-OUT rule 10 match ipv6 address prefix-list 'AS65534-OUT'
+  set policy route-map AS65534-OUT rule 20 action 'permit'
+  set protocols bgp 65535 neighbor 2001:db8::1 address-family ipv4-unicast route-map export 'AS65534-OUT'
+  set protocols bgp 65535 neighbor 2001:db8::1 address-family ipv4-unicast route-map import 'AS65534-IN'
+  set protocols bgp 65535 neighbor 2001:db8::1 address-family ipv6-unicast route-map export 'AS65534-OUT'
+  set protocols bgp 65535 neighbor 2001:db8::1 address-family ipv6-unicast route-map import 'AS65534-IN'
+
+We could expand on this and also deny link local and multicast in the rule 20
+action deny.