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-dedication/ Dedications of Debian Releases
-
---- General Documentation
-FAQ/ Debian FAQ List in html, postscript, and plain text
-constitution.txt Debian Constitution
-debian-manifesto How it all started...
-mailing-lists.txt How to subscribe to the Debian mailing lists
-social-contract.txt Debian Social Contract and Free Software Guidelines
-source-unpack.txt How to unpack a Debian source package
-
-
---- The Bug Tracking System for users
-bug-reporting.txt How to report a bug in Debian
-bug-log-mailserver.txt Introduction to the bug system request server
-bug-log-access.txt Accessing bug reports in the tracking system
-bug-mailserver-refcard.txt Mail server's reference card
-
-
---- Debian Developer's Information
-bug-maint-info.txt Developer's information re the bug system
-bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt Introduction to the bug control mailserver
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-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Definitions and overview</title>
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-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="ch-basic_defs"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="index.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ 1 ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 1 - Definitions and overview
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-whatisfaq"></a>1.1 What is this FAQ?</h2>
-
-<p>
-This document gives frequently asked questions (with their answers!) about the
-Debian distribution (Debian GNU/Linux and others) and about the Debian project.
-If applicable, pointers to other documentation will be given: we won't quote
-large parts of external documentation in this document. You'll find out that
-some answers assume some knowledge of Unix-like operating systems. We'll try
-to assume as little prior knowledge as possible: answers to general beginners
-questions will be kept simple.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you can't find what you're looking for in this FAQ, be sure to check out <a
-href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and
-for a Debian system?, Section 12.1</a>. If even that doesn't help, refer to <a
-href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback">Feedback, Section 16.2</a>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-whatisdebian"></a>1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Debian GNU/Linux is a particular <em>distribution</em> of the Linux operating
-system, and numerous packages that run on it.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Debian GNU/Linux is:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<strong>full featured</strong>: Debian includes more than 18200 software
-packages at present. Users can select which packages to install; Debian
-provides a tool for this purpose. You can find a list and descriptions of the
-packages currently available in Debian at any of the Debian <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist">mirror sites</a></code>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<strong>free to use and redistribute</strong>: There is no consortium
-membership or payment required to participate in its distribution and
-development. All packages that are formally part of Debian GNU/Linux are free
-to redistribute, usually under terms specified by the GNU General Public
-License.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Debian FTP archives also carry approximately 560 software packages (in the
-<samp>non-free</samp> and <samp>contrib</samp> sections), which are
-distributable under specific terms included with each package.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<strong>dynamic</strong>: With about 1060 volunteers constantly contributing
-new and improved code, Debian is evolving rapidly. The FTP archives are
-updated twice every day.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Most Linux users run a specific <em>distribution</em> of Linux, like Debian
-GNU/Linux. However, in principle, users could obtain the Linux kernel via the
-Internet or from elsewhere, and compile it themselves. They could then obtain
-source code for many applications in the same way, compile the programs, then
-install them into their systems. For complicated programs, this process can be
-not only time-consuming but error-prone. To avoid it, users often choose to
-obtain the operating system and the application packages from one of the Linux
-distributors. What distinguishes the various Linux distributors are the
-software, protocols, and practices they use for packaging, installing, and
-tracking applications packages on users' systems, combined with installation
-and maintenance tools, documentation, and other services.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Debian GNU/Linux is the result of a volunteer effort to create a free,
-high-quality Unix-compatible operating system, complete with a suite of
-applications. The idea of a free Unix-like system originates from the GNU
-project, and many of the applications that make Debian GNU/Linux so useful were
-developed by the GNU project.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For Debian, free has the GNUish meaning (see the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">Debian Free Software
-Guidelines</a></code>). When we speak of free software, we are referring to
-freedom, not price. Free software means that you have the freedom to
-distribute copies of free software, that you receive source code or can get it
-if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
-free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Debian Project was created by Ian Murdock in 1993, initially under the
-sponsorship of the Free Software Foundation's GNU project. Today, Debian's
-developers think of it as a direct descendent of the GNU project.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Although Debian GNU/Linux itself is free software, it is a base upon which
-value-added Linux distributions can be built. By providing a reliable,
-full-featured base system, Debian provides Linux users with increased
-compatibility, and allows Linux distribution creators to eliminate duplication
-of effort and focus on the things that make their distribution special. See <a
-href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro">I am making a special Linux
-distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for
-the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?, Section
-14.3</a> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-linux"></a>1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!</h2>
-
-<p>
-In short, Linux is the kernel of a Unix-like operating system. It was
-originally designed for 386 (and better) PCs; today Linux also runs on a dozen
-of other systems. Linux is written by Linus Torvalds and many computer
-scientists around the world.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Besides its kernel, a &quot;Linux&quot; system usually has:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-a file system that follows the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard <code><a
-href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">http://www.pathname.com/fhs/</a></code>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-a wide range of Unix utilities, many of which have been developed by the GNU
-project and the Free Software Foundation.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-The combination of the Linux kernel, the file system, the GNU and FSF
-utilities, and the other utilities are designed to achieve compliance with the
-POSIX (IEEE 1003.1) standard; see <a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices">How
-source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?, Section 4.3</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For more information about Linux, see <code><a
-href="http://www.linux.org/info/">What is Linux</a></code> by <code><a
-href="http://www.linux.org/">Linux Online</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-non-linux"></a>1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Currently, Debian is only available for Linux, but with Debian GNU/Hurd and
-Debian on BSD kernels, we have started to offer non-Linux-based OSes as a
-development, server and desktop platform, too. However, these non-linux ports
-are not officially released yet.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The oldest porting effort is Debian GNU/Hurd.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Hurd is a set of servers running on top of the GNU Mach microkernel.
-Together they build the base for the GNU operating system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Please see <code><a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/">http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/</a></code>
-for more information about the GNU/Hurd in general, and <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/">http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/</a></code>
-for more information about Debian GNU/Hurd.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A second effort is the port to a BSD kernel. People are working with both the
-NetBSD and the FreeBSD kernels.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-See <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/ports/#nonlinux">http://www.debian.org/ports/#nonlinux</a></code>
-for more information about these non-linux ports.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-difference"></a>1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?</h2>
-
-<p>
-These key features distinguish Debian from other Linux distributions:
-</p>
-<dl>
-<dt>Freedom:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-As stated in the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">Debian
-Social Contract</a></code>, Debian will remain 100% free. Debian is very
-strict about shipping truly free software. The guidelines used to determine if
-a work is &quot;free&quot; are provided in <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">The Debian Free
-Software</a></code>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt>The Debian package maintenance system:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The entire system, or any individual component of it, can be upgraded in place
-without reformatting, without losing custom configuration files, and (in most
-cases) without rebooting the system. Most Linux distributions available today
-have some kind of package maintenance system; the Debian package maintenance
-system is unique and particularly robust (see <a
-href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">Basics of the Debian package management system,
-Chapter 7</a>).
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt>Open development:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-Whereas other Linux distributions are developed by individuals, small, closed
-groups, or commercial vendors, Debian is the only major Linux distribution that
-is being developed cooperatively by many individuals through the Internet, in
-the same spirit as Linux and other free software.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-More than 1060 volunteer package maintainers are working on over 18200 packages
-and improving Debian GNU/Linux. The Debian developers contribute to the
-project not by writing new applications (in most cases), but by packaging
-existing software according to the standards of the project, by communicating
-bug reports to upstream developers, and by providing user support. See also
-additional information on how to become a contributor in <a
-href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">How can I become a Debian software
-developer?, Section 13.1</a>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt>The Universal Operating System:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-Debian comes with <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/stable/">more than
-18200 packages</a></code> and runs on <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/ports/">11 architectures</a></code>. This is far
-more than is available for any other GNU/Linux distribution. See <a
-href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps">What types of applications and development
-software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?, Section 5.1</a> for an overview
-of the provided software and see <a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">On what
-hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 4.1</a> for
-a description of the supported hardware platforms.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt>The Bug Tracking System:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The geographical dispersion of the Debian developers required sophisticated
-tools and quick communication of bugs and bug-fixes to accelerate the
-development of the system. Users are encouraged to send bugs in a formal
-style, which are quickly accessible by WWW archives or via e-mail. See
-additional information in this FAQ on the management of the bug log in <a
-href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs">Are there logs of known bugs?, Section
-12.4</a>.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt>The Debian Policy:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-Debian has an extensive specification of our standards of quality, the Debian
-Policy. This document defines the qualities and standards to which we hold
-Debian packages.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<p>
-For additional information about this, please see our web page about <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/intro/why_debian">reasons to choose
-Debian</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-gnu"></a>1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?</h2>
-
-<p>
-The Debian system builds on the ideals of free software first championed by the
-<code><a href="http://www.gnu.org/">Free Software Foundation</a></code> and in
-particular by <code><a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard
-Stallman</a></code>. FSF's powerful system development tools, utilities, and
-applications are also a key part of the Debian system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Debian Project is a separate entity from the FSF, however we communicate
-regularly and cooperate on various projects. The FSF explicitly requested that
-we call our system &quot;Debian GNU/Linux&quot;, and we are happy to comply
-with that request.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The FSF's long-standing objective is to develop a new operating system called
-GNU, based on <code><a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/">Hurd</a></code>. Debian is working
-with FSF on this system, called <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/">Debian GNU/Hurd</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-pronunciation"></a>1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?</h2>
-
-<p>
-The project name is pronounced Deb'-ee-en, with a short e in Deb, and emphasis
-on the first syllable. This word is a contraction of the names of Debra and
-Ian Murdock, who founded the project. (Dictionaries seem to offer some
-ambiguity in the pronunciation of Ian (!), but Ian prefers ee'-en.)
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="index.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ 1 ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
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-
-<html>
-
-<head>
-
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Choosing a Debian distribution</title>
-
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="ch-choosing"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ 3 ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 3 - Choosing a Debian distribution
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-There are many different Debian distributions. Choosing the proper Debian
-distribution is an important decission. This section covers some information
-useful for users that want to make the choice best suited for their system and
-also answers possible questions that might be arising during the process. It
-does not deal with &quot;why you should choose Debian&quot; but rather
-&quot;which distribution of Debian&quot;.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For more information on the available distributions read <a
-href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists">How many Debian distributions are there?,
-Section 6.1</a>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s3.1"></a>3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?</h2>
-
-<p>
-The answer is a bit complicated. It really depends on what you intend to do.
-One solution would be to ask a friend who runs Debian. But that does not mean
-that you cannot make an independent decision. In fact, you should be able to
-decide once you complete reading this chapter.
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-If security or stability are at all important for you: install stable. period.
-This is the most preferred way.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-If you are a new user installing to a desktop machine, start with stable. Some
-of the software is quite old, but it's the least buggy environment to work in.
-You can easily switch to the more modern unstable once you are a little more
-confident.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-If you are a desktop user with some experience in Linux and does not mind
-facing the odd bug now and then, use unstable. It has all the latest and
-greatest software, and bugs are usually fixed swiftly.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-If you are running a server, especially one that has strong stability
-requirements or is exposed to the Internet, install stable. This is by far the
-strongest and safest choice.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-The following questions (hopefully) provide more detail on these choices.
-After reading this whole FAQ, if you still could not make a decision, stick
-with the stable distribution.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s3.1.1"></a>3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Try to search the web using a search engine and see if someone else is able to
-get it working in stable. Most of the hardware should work fine with stable.
-But if you have some state-of-the-art, cutting edge hardware, it might not work
-with stable. If this is the case, you might want to install/upgrade to
-unstable.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For laptops, <code><a
-href="http://www.linux-on-laptops.com/">http://www.linux-on-laptops.com/</a></code>
-is a very good website to see if someone else is able to get it to work under
-Linux. The website is not specific to Debian, but is nevertheless a tremendous
-resource. I am not aware of any such website for desktops.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Another option would be to ask in the debian-user mailing list by sending an
-email to debian-user@lists.debian.org . Messages can be posted to the list
-even without subscribing. The archives can be read through <code><a
-href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-user/">http://lists.debian.org/debian-user/</a></code>
-Information regarding subscribing to the list can be found at the location of
-archives. You are strongly encourage to post your questions on the
-mailing-list than on <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/support">irc</a></code>. The mailing-list messages
-are archived, so solution to your problem can help others with the same issue.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s3.1.2"></a>3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Yes. Unstable has the most recent (latest) versions. But the packages in
-unstable are not well tested and might have bugs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On the other hand, stable contains old versions of packages. But this package
-is well tested and is less likely to have any bugs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The packages in testing fall between these two extremes.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s3.1.3"></a>3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Well, you might be correct. The age of the packages at stable depends on when
-the last release was made. Since there is typically over 1 year between
-releases you might find that stable contains old versions of packages.
-However, they have been tested in and out. One can confidently say that the
-packages do not have any known severe bugs, security holes etc., in them. The
-packages in stable integrate seamlessly with other stable packages. These
-characteristics are very important for production servers which have to work 24
-hours a day, 7 days a week.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On the other hand, packages in testing or unstable can have hidden bugs,
-security holes etc., Moreover, some packages in testing and unstable might not
-be working as intended. Usually people working on a single desktop prefer
-having the latest and most modern set of packages. Unstable is the solution
-for this group of people.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As you can see, stability and novelty are two opposing ends of the spectrum.
-If stability is required: install stable distribution. If you want to work
-with the latest packages, then install unstable.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s3.1.4"></a>3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Yes, but it is a one way process. You can go from stable --&gt; testing --&gt;
-unstable. But the reverse direction is not &quot;possible&quot;. So better be
-sure if you are planning to install/upgrade to unstable.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Actually, if you are an expert and if you are willing to spend some time and if
-you are real careful and if you know what you are doing, then it might be
-possible to go from unstable to testing and then to stable. The installer
-scripts are not designed to do that. So in the process, your configuration
-files might be lost and....
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s3.1.5"></a>3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?</h3>
-
-<p>
-This is a rather subjective issue. There is no perfect answer but only a
-&quot;wise guess&quot; could be made while deciding between unstable and
-testing. My personal order of preference is Stable, Unstable and Testing. The
-issue is like this:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Stable is rock solid. It does not break.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Testing breaks less often than Unstable. But when it breaks, it takes a long
-time for things to get rectified. Sometimes this could be days and it could be
-months at times.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Unstable changes a lot, and it can break at any point. However, fixes get
-rectified in many occasions in a couple of days and it always has the latest
-releases of software packaged for Debian.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-But there are times when tracking testing would be beneficial as opposed to
-unstable. The author such situation due to the gcc transition from gcc3 to
-gcc4. He was trying to install the <code>labplot</code> package on a machine
-tracking unstable and it could not be installed in unstable as some of its
-dependencies have undergone gcc4 transition and some have not. But the package
-in testing was installable on a testing machine as the gcc4 transitioned
-packages had not &quot;trickled down&quot; to testing.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s3.1.6"></a>3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Sometimes, a package might not be installable through package management tools.
-Sometimes, a package might not be available at all, maybe it was (temporarily)
-removed due to bugs or unmet dependencies. Sometimes, a package installs but
-does not behave in the proper way.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-When these things happen, the distribution is said to be broken (at least for
-this package).
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s3.1.7"></a>3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?</h3>
-
-<p>
-The bug fixes and improvements introduced in the unstable distribution trickle
-down to testing after a certain number of days. Let's say this threshold is 10
-days. The packages in unstable go into testing only when there are no RC-bugs
-reported against them. If there is a RC-bug filed against a package in
-unstable, it will not go into testing after the 10 days.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The idea is that, if the package has any problems, it would be discovered by
-people using unstable and will be fixed before it enters testing. This keeps
-the testing in an usable state for most period of the time. Overall a
-brilliant concept, if you ask me. But things are alwasy not so simple.
-Consider the following situation:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Imagine you are interested in package XYZ.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Let's assume that on June 10, the version in testing is XYZ-3.6 and in unstable
-it is XYZ-3.7
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-After 10 days, XYZ-3.7 from unstable migrates into testing.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-So on June 20, both testing and unstable have XYZ-3.7 in their repositories.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Let's say, The user of testing distribution sees that a new XYZ package is
-available and updates his XYZ-3.6 to XYZ-3.7
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Now on June 25, someone using testing or unstable discovers an RC bug in
-XYZ-3.7 and files it in the BTS.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-The maintainer of XYZ fixes this bug and uploads it to unstable say on June 30.
-Here it is assumed that it takes 5 days for the maintainer to fix the bug and
-upload the new version. The number 5 should not be taken literally. It could
-be less or more, depending upon the severity of the RC-bug at hand.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-This new version in unstable, XYZ-3.8 is scheduled to enter testing on July
-10th.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-But on July 5th some other person, discovers another RC-bug in XYZ-3.8
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Let's say the maintainer of XYZ fixes this new RC-bug and uploads new version
-of XYZ after 5 days.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-So on July 10, testing has XYZ-3.7 while unstable has XYZ-3.9
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-This new version XYZ-3.9 is now rescheduled to enter testing on July 20th.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Now since you are running testing, and since XYZ-3.7 is buggy, you could
-probably use XYZ only after July 20th. That is you essentially ended up with a
-broken XYZ for about one month.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-The situation can get much more complicated, if say, XYZ depends on 4 other
-packages. This could in turn lead to unusable testing distribution for months.
-The above scenario which is artificially created by me, can occur in the real
-life. But such occurrences are rare.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s3.1.8"></a>3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?</h3>
-
-<p>
-One of the main reasons many people chose Debian over other Linux distributions
-is that it requires very little administration. People want a system that just
-works. In general one can say that, stable requires very little maintenance
-while testing and unstable require constant maintenance from the administrator.
-If you are running stable, all you need to worry about is, keeping track of
-security updates. If you are running either testing or unstable it is a good
-idea to be aware of the new bugs discovered in the installed packages, new
-bugfixes/features introduced etc.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s3.1.9"></a>3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?</h3>
-
-<p>
-This question will not help you in choosing a Debian distribution. But sooner
-or later you will face this question.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The stable distribution is currently etch; The next stable distribution will be
-called as lenny. Let's consider the particular case as to what happens when
-lenny is released as the new stable version.
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-oldstable = sarge; stable = etch; testing = lenny; unstable = sid
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Unstable is always referred to as sid irrespective of whether a release is made
-or not.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-packages constantly migrate from sid to testing (i.e. lenny). But packages in
-stable (i.e. etch) remain the same except for security updates.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-after sometime testing becomes frozen. But it will still be called testing.
-At this point no new packages from unstable can migrate to testing unless they
-include release-critical (RC) bug fixes.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-When testing is frozen, all the new bugfixes introduced, have to be manualy
-checked by the members of the release team. This is done to ensure that there
-wont be any unknown severe problems in the frozen testing.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-RC bugs in 'frozen testing' are reduced to zero.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-The 'frozen testing' with no rc-bugs will be released as the new stable
-version. In our example, this new stable release will be called as lenny.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-At this stage oldstable = etch, stable = lenny. The contents of stable and
-'frozen testing' are same at this point.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-A new testing is forked from the current stable.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Packages start coming down from sid to testing and the Debian community will be
-working towards making the next stable release.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s3.1.10"></a>3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?</h3>
-
-<p>
-In most situations it is very easy to figure this out. Take a look at the
-<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> file. There will be an entry similar to
-this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ unstable main contrib
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The third field ('unstable' in the above example) indicates the Debian
-distribution the system is currently tracking.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You can also use <code>lsb_release</code> (available in the
-<code>lsb-release</code> package). If you run this program in an unstable
-system you will get:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- $ lsb_release -a
- LSB Version: core-2.0-noarch:core-3.0-noarch:core-3.1-noarch:core-2.0-ia32:core-3.0-ia32:core-3.1-ia32
- Distributor ID: Debian
- Description: Debian GNU/Linux unstable (sid)
- Release: unstable
- Codename: sid
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-However, this is always not that easy. Some systems might have
-<code>sources.list</code> files with multiple entries corresponding to
-different distributions. This could happen if the administrator is tracking
-different packages from different Debian distributions. This is frequently
-referred to as apt-pinning. These systems might run a mixture of
-distributions.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s3.1.11"></a>3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?</h3>
-
-<p>
-If you are currently running stable, then in the
-<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> file the third field will be either etch or
-stable. You need to change this to the distribution you want to run. If you
-want to run testing, then change the third field of
-<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> to testing. If you want to run unstable,
-then change the third field to unstable.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Currently testing is called lenny. So, if you change the third field of
-<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> to lenny, then also you will be running
-testing. But when lenny becomes stable, you will still be tracking lenny.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Unstable is always called Sid. So if you change the third field of
-<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> to sid, then you will be tracking unstable.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Currently Debian offers security updates for testing but not for unstable, as
-fixes in unstable are directly made to the main archive. So if you are running
-unstable make sure that you remove the lines relating to security updates in
-<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If there is a release notes document available for the distribution you are
-upgrading to (even though it has not yet been released) it would be wise to
-review it, as it might provide information on how you should upgrade to it.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Nevertheless, once you make the above changes, you can run <code>aptitude
-update</code> and then install the packages that you want. Notice that
-installing a package from a different distribution might automatically upgrade
-half of your system. If you install individual packages you will end up with a
-system running mixed distributions.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It might be best in some situations to just fully upgrade to the new
-distribution running <code>apt-get dist-upgrade</code>, <code>aptitude
-safe-upgrade</code> or <code>aptitude full-upgrade</code>. Read apt's and
-aptitude's manual pages for more information.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s3.1.12"></a>3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?</h3>
-
-<p>
-It depends on the entries in the <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> file. If
-you are currently tracking testing, these entries are similar to either:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ testing main
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-or
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ lenny main
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If the third field in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> is 'testing' then you
-will be tracking testing even after a release is made. So after lenny is
-released, you will be running a new Debian distribution which will have a
-different codename. Changes might not be apparent at first but will be evident
-as soon as new packages from unstable go over to the testing distribution.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-But if the third field contains 'lenny' then you will be tracking stable (since
-lenny will then be the new stable distribution).
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s3.1.13"></a>3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?</h3>
-
-<p>
-If unsure, the best bet would be stable distribution.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s3.2"></a>3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?</h2>
-
-<p>
-They are not Debian; they are <em>Debian based</em>. Though there are many
-similarities and commonalities between them, there are also crucial
-differences.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-All these distributions have their own merits and are suited to some specific
-set of users. For more information, read the information of <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/misc/children-distros">software distributions based
-on Debian</a></code> available at the Debian website.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s3.2.1"></a>3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?</h3>
-
-<p>
-These distributions are Debian based. But they are not Debian. You will be
-still able to use apt package tools by pointing the
-<code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code> file to these distributions' repositories.
-But then you are not running Debian, you are running a different distribution.
-They are not the same.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In most situations if you stick with one distribution you should use that and
-not mix packages from other distributions. Many common breakages arise due to
-people running a distribution and trying to install Debian packages from other
-distributions. The fact that they use the same formatting and name (.deb) does
-not make them inmediately compatible.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example, Knoppix is a Linux distribution designed to be booted as a live CD
-where as Debian is designed to be installed on hard-disk. Knoppix is great if
-you want to know whether a particular hardware works, or if you want to
-experience how a linux system 'feels' etc., Knoppix is good for demonstration
-purposes while Debian is designed to run 24/7. Moreover the number of packages
-available, the number of architectures supported by Debian are far more greater
-than that of Knoppix.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you want Debian, it is best to install Debian from the get-go. Although it
-is possible to install Debian through other distributions, such as Knoppix, the
-procedure calls for expertise. If you are reading this FAQ, I would assume
-that you are new to both Debian and Knoppix. In that case, save yourself a lot
-of trouble later and install Debian right at the beginning.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s3.2.2"></a>3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?</h3>
-
-<p>
-You are advised not to use the Debian forums (either mailing lists or IRC) for
-help as people might advise you thinking that you are running a Debian system
-and the &quot;fixes&quot; they provide might not be suited to what you are
-running. They might even worsen the problem you are facing.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Use the forums of the specific distribution you are using first. If you do not
-get help or the help you get does not fix your problem you might want to try
-asking in Debian forums, but keep the advise of the previous paragraph in mind.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s3.2.3"></a>3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Consider the change from a Debian-based distribution to Debian just like a
-change from one operating system to another one. You should make a backup of
-all your date and reinstall the operating system from scratch. You should not
-attempt to &quot;upgrade&quot; to Debian using the package management tools as
-you might end up with an unusable system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If all your user data (i.e. your <code>/home</code>) is under a separate
-partition migrating to Debian is actually quite simple, you just have to tell
-the installation system to mount (but not reformat) that partition when
-reinstalling. Making backups of your data, as well as your previous system's
-configuration (i.e. <code>/etc/</code> and, maybe, <code>/var/</code>) is
-still encouraged.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ 3 ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
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-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Compatibility issues</title>
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-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
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-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
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-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
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-[ 4 ]
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-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 4 - Compatibility issues
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-arches"></a>4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Debian GNU/Linux includes complete source-code for all of the included
-programs, so it should work on all systems which are supported by the Linux
-kernel; see the <code><a
-href="http://en.tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ/intro.html#DOES-LINUX-RUN-ON-MY-COMPUTER">Linux
-FAQ</a></code> for details.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The current Debian GNU/Linux release, 4.0, contains a complete, binary
-distribution for the following architectures:
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>i386</em>: this covers systems based on Intel and compatible processors,
-including Intel's 386, 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II (both Klamath and
-Celeron), and Pentium III, and most compatible processors by AMD, Cyrix and
-others.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>amd64</em>: this covers systems based on AMD 64bit CPUs with AMD64
-extension and all Intel CPUs with EM64T extension, and a common 64bit
-userspace.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>alpha</em>: Compaq/Digital's Alpha systems.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>sparc</em>: this covers Sun's SPARC and most UltraSPARC systems.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>powerpc</em>: this covers some IBM/Motorola PowerPC machines, including
-CHRP, PowerMac and PReP machines.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>arm</em>: ARM and StrongARM machines.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>mips</em>: SGI's big-endian MIPS systems, Indy and Indigo2;
-<em>mipsel</em>: little-endian MIPS machines, Digital DECstations.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>hppa</em>: Hewlett-Packard's PA-RISC machines (712, C3000, L2000, A500).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>ia64</em>: Intel IA-64 (&quot;Itanium&quot;) computers.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>s390</em>: IBM S/390 mainframe systems.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The development of binary distributions of Debian for Sparc64 (UltraSPARC
-native) architectures is currently underway.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Support for the <em>m68k</em> architecture was dropped in this release, because
-it did not meet the criteria set by the Debian Release Managers. This
-architecture covers Amigas and ATARIs having a Motorola 680x0 processor for
-x&gt;=2; with MMU. However, the port is still active and available for
-installation even if not a part of this official stable release and might be
-reactivated for future releases.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For more information on the available ports see the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/ports/">ports pages at the website</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For further information on booting, partitioning your drive, enabling PCMCIA
-(PC Card) devices and similar issues please follow the instructions given in
-the Installation Manual, which is available from our WWW site at <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-otherdistribs"></a>4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Debian developers communicate with other Linux distribution creators in an
-effort to maintain binary compatibility across Linux distributions. Most
-commercial Linux products run as well under Debian as they do on the system
-upon which they were built.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Debian GNU/Linux adheres to the <code><a
-href="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/">Linux Filesystem Hierarchy
-Standard</a></code>. However, there is room for interpretation in some of the
-rules within this standard, so there may be slight differences between a Debian
-system and other Linux systems.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Debian GNU/Linux supports software developed for the <code><a
-href="http://www.linuxbase.org/">Linux Standard Base</a></code>. The LSB is a
-specification for allowing the same binary package to be used on multiple
-distributions. The Debian Etch release is Certified for LSB Release 3.1, see
-the <code><a
-href="https://www.linux-foundation.org/lsb-cert/productdir.php">Linux
-Foundation Certification webpage</a></code>. Discussion and coordination of
-efforts towards ensuring Debian meets the requirements of the Linux Standard
-Base is taking place on the <code><a
-href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-lsb/">debian-lsb mailing list</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-otherunices"></a>4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?</h2>
-
-<p>
-For most applications Linux source code is compatible with other Unix systems.
-It supports almost everything that is available in System V Unix systems and
-the free and commercial BSD-derived systems. However in the Unix business such
-claim has nearly no value because there is no way to prove it. In the software
-development area complete compatibility is required instead of compatibility in
-&quot;about most&quot; cases. So years ago the need for standards arose, and
-nowadays POSIX.1 (IEEE Standard 1003.1-1990) is one of the major standards for
-source code compatibility in Unix-like operating systems.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Linux is intended to adhere to POSIX.1, but the POSIX standards cost real money
-and the POSIX.1 (and FIPS 151-2) certification is quite expensive; this made it
-more difficult for the Linux developers to work on complete POSIX conformance.
-The certification costs make it unlikely that Debian will get an official
-conformance certification even if it completely passed the validation suite.
-(The validation suite is now freely available, so it is expected that more
-people will work on POSIX.1 issues.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Unifix GmbH (Braunschweig, Germany) developed a Linux system that has been
-certified to conform to FIPS 151-2 (a superset of POSIX.1). This technology
-was available in Unifix' own distribution called Unifix Linux 2.0 and in
-Lasermoon's Linux-FT.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-otherpackages"></a>4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Different Linux distributions use different package formats and different
-package management programs.
-</p>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong>You probably can:</strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-A program to unpack a Debian package onto a Linux host that is been built from
-a `foreign' distribution is available, and will generally work, in the sense
-that files will be unpacked. The converse is probably also true, that is, a
-program to unpack a Red Hat or Slackware package on a host that is based on
-Debian GNU/Linux will probably succeed in unpacking the package and placing
-most files in their intended directories. This is largely a consequence of the
-existence (and broad adherence to) the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.
-The <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/alien">Alien</a></code> package
-is used to convert between different package formats.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong>You probably do not want to:</strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-Most package managers write administrative files when they are used to unpack
-an archive. These administrative files are generally not standardized.
-Therefore, the effect of unpacking a Debian package on a `foreign' host will
-have unpredictable (certainly not useful) effects on the package manager on
-that system. Likewise, utilities from other distributions might succeed in
-unpacking their archives on Debian systems, but will probably cause the Debian
-package management system to fail when the time comes to upgrade or remove some
-packages, or even simply to report exactly what packages are present on a
-system.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt><strong>A better way:</strong></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The Linux File System Standard (and therefore Debian GNU/Linux) requires that
-subdirectories under <samp>/usr/local/</samp> be entirely under the user's
-discretion. Therefore, users can unpack `foreign' packages into this
-directory, and then manage their configuration, upgrade and removal
-individually.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-non-debian-programs"></a>4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Files under the directory <samp>/usr/local/</samp> are not under the control of
-the Debian package management system. Therefore, it is good practice to place
-the source code for your program in /usr/local/src/. For example, you might
-extract the files for a package named &quot;foo.tar&quot; into the directory
-<samp>/usr/local/src/foo</samp>. After you compile them, place the binaries in
-<samp>/usr/local/bin/</samp>, the libraries in <samp>/usr/local/lib/</samp>,
-and the configuration files in <samp>/usr/local/etc/</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If your programs and/or files really must be placed in some other directory,
-you could still store them in <samp>/usr/local/</samp>, and build the
-appropriate symbolic links from the required location to its location in
-<samp>/usr/local/</samp>, e.g., you could make the link
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- ln -s /usr/local/bin/foo /usr/bin/foo
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-In any case, if you obtain a package whose copyright allows redistribution, you
-should consider making a Debian package of it, and uploading it for the Debian
-system. Guidelines for becoming a package developer are included in the Debian
-Policy manual (see <a href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other
-documentation exists on and for a Debian system?, Section 12.1</a>).
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-termcap"></a>4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Debian uses the <samp>terminfo</samp> database and the <samp>ncurses</samp>
-library of terminal interface routes, rather than the <samp>termcap</samp>
-database and the <samp>termcap</samp> library. Users who are compiling
-programs that require some knowledge of the terminal interface should replace
-references to <samp>libtermcap</samp> with references to
-<samp>libncurses</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To support binaries that have already been linked with the <samp>termcap</samp>
-library, and for which you do not have the source, Debian provides a package
-called <code>termcap-compat</code>. This provides both
-<samp>libtermcap.so.2</samp> and <samp>/etc/termcap</samp>. Install this
-package if the program fails to run with the error message &quot;can't load
-library 'libtermcap.so.2'&quot;, or complains about a missing
-<samp>/etc/termcap</samp> file.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-accelx"></a>4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?</h2>
-
-<p>
-AccelX uses the <samp>termcap</samp> library for installation. See <a
-href="#s-termcap">Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?,
-Section 4.6</a> above.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-motifnls"></a>4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?</h2>
-
-<p>
-You need to install the <code>motifnls</code> package, which provides the
-XFree-2.1 configuration files needed to allow Motif applications compiled under
-XFree-2.1 to run under XFree-3.1.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Without these files, some Motif applications compiled on other machines (such
-as Netscape) may crash when attempting to copy or paste from or to a text
-field, and may also exhibit other problems.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ 4 ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
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-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
-
-<html>
-
-<head>
-
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Contributing to the Debian Project</title>
-
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="ch-contributing"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ 13 ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 13 - Contributing to the Debian Project
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/donations">Donations</a></code> of time
-(to develop new packages, maintain existing packages, or provide user support),
-resources (to mirror the FTP and WWW archives), and money (to pay for new
-testbeds as well as hardware for the archives) can help the project.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-contrib"></a>13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?</h2>
-
-<p>
-The development of Debian is open to all, and new users with the right skills
-and/or the willingness to learn are needed to maintain existing packages which
-have been &quot;orphaned&quot; by their previous maintainers, to develop new
-packages, and to provide user support.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The description of becoming a Debian developer can be found at the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/devel/join/newmaint">New Maintainer's
-Corner</a></code> at the Debian web site.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-contribresources"></a>13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Since the project aims to make a substantial body of software rapidly and
-easily accessible throughout the globe, mirrors are urgently needed. It is
-desirable but not absolutely necessary to mirror all of the archive. Please
-visit the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/size">Debian mirror
-size</a></code> page for information on the disk space requirements.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Most of the mirroring is accomplished entirely automatically by scripts,
-without any interaction. However, the occasional glitch or system change
-occurs which requires human intervention.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you have a high-speed connection to the Internet, the resources to mirror
-all or part of the distribution, and are willing to take the time (or find
-someone) who can provide regular maintenance of the system, then please contact
-<code><a
-href="mailto:debian-admin@lists.debian.org">debian-admin@lists.debian.org</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-supportingorganizations"></a>13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?</h2>
-
-<p>
-One can make individual donations to one of two organizations that are critical
-to the development of the Debian project.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-SPI"></a>13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest</h3>
-
-<p>
-Software in the Public Interest (SPI) is an IRS 501(c)(3) non-profit
-organization, formed when FSF withdrew their sponsorship of Debian. The
-purpose of the organization is to develop and distribute free software.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Our goals are very much like those of FSF, and we encourage programmers to use
-the GNU General Public License on their programs. However, we have a slightly
-different focus in that we are building and distributing a Linux system that
-diverges in many technical details from the GNU system as originally planned by
-FSF. We still communicate with FSF, and we cooperate in sending them changes
-to GNU software and in asking our users to donate to FSF and the GNU project.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-SPI can be reached at: <code><a
-href="http://www.spi-inc.org/">http://www.spi-inc.org/</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-FSF"></a>13.3.2 Free Software Foundation</h3>
-
-<p>
-At this time there is no formal connection between Debian and the Free Software
-Foundation. However, the Free Software Foundation is responsible for some of
-the most important software components in Debian, including the GNU C compiler,
-GNU Emacs, and much of the C run-time library that is used by all programs on
-the system. FSF pioneered much of what free software is today: they wrote the
-General Public License that is used on much of the Debian software, and they
-invented the &quot;GNU&quot; project to create an entirely free Unix system.
-Debian should be considered a descendent of the GNU system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-FSF can be reached at: <code><a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/">http://www.fsf.org/</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ 13 ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
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-
-<html>
-
-<head>
-
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux</title>
-
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="ch-customizing"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ 11 ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 11 - Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-papersize"></a>11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Install the <code>libpaper1</code> package, and it will ask you for a
-system-wide default paper size. This setting will be kept in the file
-<samp>/etc/papersize</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Users can override the paper size setting using the <samp>PAPERSIZE</samp>
-environment variable. For details, see the manual page
-<code>papersize(5)</code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-hardwareaccess"></a>11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Many device files in the <samp>/dev</samp> directory belong to some predefined
-groups. For example, <samp>/dev/fd0</samp> belongs to the <samp>floppy</samp>
-group, and <samp>/dev/dsp</samp> belongs to the <samp>audio</samp> group.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you want a certain user to have access to one of these devices, just add the
-user to the group the device belongs to, i.e. do:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- adduser user group
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-This way you won't have to change the file permissions on the device.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you do this from within a user's shell or a GUI environment you have to
-logout and login again to become an effective member of that group. To check
-which groups you belong to run <samp>groups</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Notice that, since the introduction of <samp>udev</samp> if you change the
-permissions of a hardware peripheral they might be be adjusted for some devices
-when the system starts, if this happens to the hardware peripherals you are
-instered in you will have to adjust the rules at <samp>/etc/udev</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-consolefont"></a>11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?</h2>
-
-<p>
-The <code>kbd</code> and <code>console-tools</code> packages support this, edit
-<samp>/etc/kbd/config</samp> or <samp>/etc/console-tools/config</samp> files.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-appdefaults"></a>11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Debian's X programs will install their application resource data in the
-<samp>/etc/X11/app-defaults/</samp> directory. If you want to customize X
-applications globally, put your customizations in those files. They are marked
-as configuration files, so their contents will be preserved during upgrades.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-booting"></a>11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.</h2>
-
-<p>
-Like all Unices, Debian boots up by executing the program <samp>init</samp>.
-The configuration file for <samp>init</samp> (which is
-<samp>/etc/inittab</samp>) specifies that the first script to be executed
-should be <samp>/etc/init.d/rcS</samp>. This script runs all of the scripts in
-<samp>/etc/rcS.d/</samp> by sourcing or forking subprocess depending on their
-file extension to perform initialization such as to check and to mount file
-systems, to load modules, to start the network services, to set the clock, and
-to perform other initialization. Then, for compatibility, it runs the files
-(except those with a `.'in the filename) in <samp>/etc/rc.boot/</samp> too.
-Any scripts in the latter directory are usually reserved for system
-administrator use, and using them in packages is deprecated.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-After completing the boot process, <samp>init</samp> executes all start scripts
-in a directory specified by the default runlevel (this runlevel is given by the
-entry for <samp>id</samp> in <samp>/etc/inittab</samp>). Like most System V
-compatible Unices, Linux has 7 runlevels:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-0 (halt the system),
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-1 (single-user mode),
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-2 through 5 (various multi-user modes), and
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-6 (reboot the system).
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Debian systems come with id=2, which indicates that the default runlevel will
-be '2' when the multi-user state is entered, and the scripts in
-<samp>/etc/rc2.d/</samp> will be run.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In fact, the scripts in any of the directories, <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> are
-just symbolic links back to scripts in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>. However, the
-<em>names</em> of the files in each of the <samp>/etc/rcN.d/</samp> directories
-are selected to indicate the <em>way</em> the scripts in
-<samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> will be run. Specifically, before entering any
-runlevel, all the scripts beginning with 'K' are run; these scripts kill
-services. Then all the scripts beginning with 'S' are run; these scripts start
-services. The two-digit number following the 'K' or 'S' indicates the order in
-which the script is run. Lower numbered scripts are executed first.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This approach works because the scripts in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> all take
-an argument which can be either `start', `stop', `reload', `restart' or
-`force-reload' and will then do the task indicated by the argument. These
-scripts can be used even after a system has been booted, to control various
-processes.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example, with the argument `reload' the command
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- /etc/init.d/sendmail reload
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-sends the sendmail daemon a signal to reread its configuration file. (BTW,
-Debian supplies <code>invoke-rc.d</code> as a wrapper for invoking the scripts
-in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>.)
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-custombootscripts"></a>11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Suppose a system needs to execute script <samp>foo</samp> on start-up, or on
-entry to a particular (System V) runlevel. Then the system administrator
-should:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Enter the script <samp>foo</samp> into the directory <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Run the Debian command <samp>update-rc.d</samp> with appropriate arguments, to
-specify which runlevels should start the service, and which runlevels should
-stop the service.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Consider rebooting the system to check that the service starts correctly
-(assuming that you've asked for it to be started in the default runlevel).
-Otherwise, manually start it by running `<samp>/etc/init.d/foo start</samp>'.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-One might, for example, cause the script <samp>foo</samp> to execute at
-boot-up, by putting it in <samp>/etc/init.d/</samp> and running
-<samp>update-rc.d foo defaults 19</samp>. The argument `<samp>defaults</samp>'
-refers to the default runlevels, which means (at least in absence of any LSB
-comment block to the contrary) to start the service in runlevels 2 through 5,
-and to stop the service in runlevels 0, 1 and 6. (Any LSB Default-Start and
-Default-Stop directives in <samp>foo</samp> take precedence when using the
-sysv-rc version of update-rc.d, but are ignored by the current (v0.8.10)
-file-rc version of update-rc.d.) The argument `<samp>19</samp>' ensures that
-<samp>foo</samp> is called after all scripts whose number is less than 19 have
-completed, and before all scripts whose number is 20 or greater.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-interconffiles"></a>11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Some users wish to create, for example, a new server by installing a group of
-Debian packages and a locally generated package consisting of configuration
-files. This is not generally a good idea, because <code>dpkg</code> will not
-know about those configuration files if they are in a different package, and
-may write conflicting configurations when one of the initial &quot;group&quot;
-of packages is upgraded.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Instead, create a local package that modifies the configuration files of the
-&quot;group&quot; of Debian packages of interest. Then <code>dpkg</code> and
-the rest of the package management system will see that the files have been
-modified by the local &quot;sysadmin&quot; and will not try to overwrite them
-when those packages are upgraded.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-divert"></a>11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Suppose a sysadmin or local user wishes to use a program
-&quot;login-local&quot; rather than the program &quot;login&quot; provided by
-the Debian <code>login</code> package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Do <strong>not</strong>:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Overwrite <samp>/bin/login</samp> with <samp>login-local</samp>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-The package management system will not know about this change, and will simply
-overwrite your custom <samp>/bin/login</samp> whenever <samp>login</samp> (or
-any package that provides <samp>/bin/login</samp>) is installed or updated.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Rather, do
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Execute:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg-divert --divert /bin/login.debian /bin/login
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-in order to cause all future installations of the Debian <code>login</code>
-package to write the file <samp>/bin/login</samp> to
-<samp>/bin/login.debian</samp> instead.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Then execute:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- cp login-local /bin/login
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-to move your own locally-built program into place.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Run <samp>dpkg-divert --list</samp> to see which diversions are currently
-active on your system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Details are given in the manual page <code>dpkg-divert(8)</code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-localpackages"></a>11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Execute the command:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg-scanpackages BIN_DIR OVERRIDE_FILE [PATHPREFIX] &gt; my_Packages
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-where:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-BIN-DIR is a directory where Debian archive files (which usually have an
-extension of &quot;.deb&quot;) are stored.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-OVERRIDE_FILE is a file that is edited by the distribution maintainers and is
-usually stored on a Debian FTP archive at <samp>indices/override.main.gz</samp>
-for the Debian packages in the &quot;main&quot; distribution. You can ignore
-this for local packages.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-PATHPREFIX is an <em>optional</em> string that can be prepended to the
-<samp>my_Packages</samp> file being produced.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Once you have built the file <samp>my_Packages</samp>, tell the package
-management system about it by using the command:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg --merge-avail my_Packages
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If you are using APT, you can add the local repository to your
-<code>sources.list(5)</code> file, too.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-diverse"></a>11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?</h2>
-
-<p>
-There are several cases where two packages provide two different versions of a
-program, both of which provide the same core functionality. Users might prefer
-one over another out of habit, or because the user interface of one package is
-somehow more pleasing than the interface of another. Other users on the same
-system might make a different choice.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Debian uses a &quot;virtual&quot; package system to allow system administrators
-to choose (or let users choose) their favorite tools when there are two or more
-that provide the same basic functionality, yet satisfy package dependency
-requirements without specifying a particular package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example, there might exist two different versions of newsreaders on a
-system. The news server package might 'recommend' that there exist
-<em>some</em> news reader on the system, but the choice of <samp>tin</samp> or
-<samp>trn</samp> is left up to the individual user. This is satisfied by
-having both the <code>tin</code> and <code>trn</code> packages provide the
-virtual package <code>news-reader</code>. <em>Which</em> program is invoked is
-determined by a link pointing from a file with the virtual package name
-<samp>/etc/alternatives/news-reader</samp> to the selected file, e.g.,
-<samp>/usr/bin/trn</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A single link is insufficient to support full use of an alternate program;
-normally, manual pages, and possibly other supporting files must be selected as
-well. The Perl script <samp>update-alternatives</samp> provides a way of
-ensuring that all the files associated with a specified package are selected as
-a system default.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example, to check what executables provide `x-window-manager', run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- update-alternatives --display x-window-manager
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If you want to change it, run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- update-alternatives --config x-window-manager
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-And follow the instructions on the screen (basically, press the number next to
-the entry you'd like better).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If a package doesn't register itself as a window manager for some reason (file
-a bug if it's in error), or if you use a window manager from /usr/local
-directory, the selections on screen won't contain your preferred entry. You
-can update the link through command line options, like this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/x-window-manager \
- x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs 50
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The first argument to `--install' option is the symlink that points to
-/etc/alternatives/NAME, where NAME is the second argument. The third argument
-is the program to which /etc/alternatives/NAME should point to, and the fourth
-argument is the priority (larger value means the alternative will more probably
-get picked automatically).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To remove an alternative you added, simply run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- update-alternatives --remove x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs
-</pre>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ 11 ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
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-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
-
-<html>
-
-<head>
-
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - General information about the FAQ</title>
-
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="ch-faqinfo"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ 16 ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 16 - General information about the FAQ
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-authors"></a>16.1 Authors</h2>
-
-<p>
-The first edition of this FAQ was made and maintained by J.H.M. Dassen (Ray)
-and Chuck Stickelman. Authors of the rewritten Debian GNU/Linux FAQ are Susan
-G. Kleinmann and Sven Rudolph. After them, the FAQ was maintained by Santiago
-Vila and, later, by Josip Rodin. The current maintainer is Javier
-Fernandez-Sanguino.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Parts of the information came from:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-The Debian-1.1 release announcement, by <code><a
-href="http://www.perens.com/">Bruce Perens</a></code>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-The Linux FAQ, by <code><a
-href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~ijackson/">Ian Jackson</a></code>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<code><a href="http://lists.debian.org/">Debian Mailing Lists
-Archives</a></code>,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-the dpkg programmers' manual and the Debian Policy manual (see <a
-href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and
-for a Debian system?, Section 12.1</a>)
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-many developers, volunteers, and beta testers, and
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-the flaky memories of its authors. :-)
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Kamaraju Kusumanchi's <code><a
-href="http://people.cornell.edu/pages/kk288/debian_choosing_distribution.html">Choosing
-a Debian distribution FAQ</a></code>, who graciously made it GPL so I could
-include it as a new chapter (see <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">Choosing a
-Debian distribution, Chapter 3</a>)
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-The authors would like to thank all those who helped make this document
-possible.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-All warranties are disclaimed. All trademarks are property of their respective
-trademark owners.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-feedback"></a>16.2 Feedback</h2>
-
-<p>
-Comments and additions to this document are always welcome. Please send e-mail
-to <code><a
-href="mailto:doc-debian@packages.debian.org">doc-debian@packages.debian.org</a></code>,
-or submit a wishlist bug report against the <code><code><a
-href="http://bugs.debian.org/debian-faq">debian-faq</a></code></code> package.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-latest"></a>16.3 Availability</h2>
-
-<p>
-The latest version of this document can be viewed on the Debian WWW pages at
-<code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/">http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is also available for download in plain text, HTML, PostScript and PDF
-formats at <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#faq">http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#faq</a></code>.
-Also, there are several translations there.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This document is available in the <code>debian-faq</code> package.
-Translations are available in <code>debian-faq-de</code>,
-<code>debian-faq-fr</code> and other packages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The original SGML files used to create this document are also available in
-<code>debian-faq</code>'s source package, or in SVN at:
-<samp>svn://svn.debian.org/svn/ddp/manuals/trunk/debian-faq</samp> and <code><a
-href="http://svn.debian.org/viewsvn/ddp/manuals/trunk/debian-faq/">http://svn.debian.org/viewsvn/ddp/manuals/trunk/debian-faq/</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-docformat"></a>16.4 Document format</h2>
-
-<p>
-This document was written using the DebianDoc SGML DTD (rewritten from LinuxDoc
-SGML). DebianDoc SGML systems enables us to create files in a variety of
-formats from one source, e.g. this document can be viewed as HTML, plain text,
-TeX DVI, PostScript, PDF, or GNU info.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Conversion utilities for DebianDoc SGML are available in Debian package
-<code>debiandoc-sgml</code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ 16 ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
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-
-<html>
-
-<head>
-
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - The Debian FTP archives</title>
-
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
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-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
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-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ]
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-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 6 - The Debian FTP archives
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-dists"></a>6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?</h2>
-
-<p>
-There are three major distributions: the &quot;stable&quot; distribution, the
-&quot;testing&quot; distribution, and the &quot;unstable&quot; distribution.
-The &quot;testing&quot; distribution is sometimes `frozen' (see <a
-href="#s-frozen">What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?, Section
-6.5.1</a>). Next to these, there is the &quot;oldstable&quot; distribution
-(that's just the one from before &quot;stable&quot;), and the
-&quot;experimental&quot; distribution.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Experimental is used for packages which are still being developed, and with a
-high risk of breaking your system. It's used by developers who'd like to study
-and test bleeding edge software. Users shouldn't be using packages from here,
-because they can be dangerous and harmful even for the most experienced people.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-See <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">Choosing a Debian distribution, Chapter 3</a>
-for help when choosing a Debian distribution.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-codenames"></a>6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?</h2>
-
-<p>
-They are just &quot;codenames&quot;. When a Debian distribution is in the
-development stage, it has no version number but a codename. The purpose of
-these codenames is to make easier the mirroring of the Debian distributions (if
-a real directory like <samp>unstable</samp> suddenly changed its name to
-<samp>stable</samp>, a lot of stuff would have to be needlessly downloaded
-again).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Currently, <samp>stable</samp> is a symbolic link to <samp>etch</samp> (i.e.
-Debian GNU/Linux 4.0) and <samp>testing</samp> is a symbolic link to
-<samp>lenny</samp>. This means that <samp>etch</samp> is the current stable
-distribution and <samp>lenny</samp> is the current testing distribution.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<samp>unstable</samp> is a permanent symbolic link to <samp>sid</samp>, as
-<samp>sid</samp> is always the unstable distribution (see <a href="#s-sid">What
-about &quot;sid&quot;?, Section 6.3</a>).
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-oldcodenames"></a>6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Other codenames that have been already used are: <samp>buzz</samp> for release
-1.1, <samp>rex</samp> for release 1.2, <samp>bo</samp> for releases 1.3.x,
-<samp>hamm</samp> for release 2.0, <samp>slink</samp> for release 2.1,
-<samp>potato</samp> for release 2.2, <samp>woody</samp> for release 3.0,
-<samp>sarge</samp> for release 3.1, and <samp>etch</samp> for release 4.0.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-sourceforcodenames"></a>6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?</h3>
-
-<p>
-So far they have been characters taken from the movie &quot;Toy Story&quot; by
-Pixar.
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>buzz</em> (Buzz Lightyear) was the spaceman,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>rex</em> was the tyrannosaurus,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>bo</em> (Bo Peep) was the girl who took care of the sheep,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>hamm</em> was the piggy bank,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>slink</em> (Slinky Dog (R)) was the toy dog,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>potato</em> was, of course, Mr. Potato (R),
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>woody</em> was the cowboy,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>sarge</em> was the sergeant of the Green Plastic Army Men,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>etch</em> was the toy blackboard (Etch-a-Sketch (R)),
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>lenny</em> was the binoculars.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>sid</em> was the boy next door who destroyed toys.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-sid"></a>6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?</h2>
-
-<p>
-<em>sid</em> or <em>unstable</em> is the place where most of the packages are
-initially uploaded. It will never be released directly, because packages which
-are to be released will first have to be included in <em>testing</em>, in order
-to be released in <em>stable</em> later on. sid contains packages for both
-released and unreleased architectures.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The name &quot;sid&quot; also comes from the &quot;Toy Story&quot; animated
-motion picture: Sid was the boy next door who destroyed toys :-)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f2" name="fr2">2</a>]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-stable"></a>6.4 What does the stable directory contain?</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-stable/main/: This directory contains the packages which formally constitute
-the most recent release of the Debian GNU/Linux system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-These packages all comply with the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines">Debian Free Software
-Guidelines</a></code>, and are all freely usable and distributable.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-stable/non-free/: This directory contains packages distribution of which is
-restricted in a way that requires that distributors take careful account of the
-specified copyright requirements.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example, some packages have licenses which prohibit commercial
-distribution. Others can be redistributed but are in fact shareware and not
-free software. The licenses of each of these packages must be studied, and
-possibly negotiated, before the packages are included in any redistribution
-(e.g., in a CD-ROM).
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-stable/contrib/: This directory contains packages which are DFSG-free and
-<em>freely distributable</em> themselves, but somehow depend on a package that
-is <em>not</em> freely distributable and thus available only in the non-free
-section.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-testing"></a>6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Packages are installed into the `testing' directory after they have undergone
-some degree of testing in <a href="#s-unstable">unstable</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-They must be in sync on all architectures where they have been built and
-mustn't have dependencies that make them uninstallable; they also have to have
-fewer release-critical bugs than the versions currently in testing. This way,
-we hope that `testing' is always close to being a release candidate.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-More information about the status of &quot;testing&quot; in general and the
-individual packages is available at <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/devel/testing">http://www.debian.org/devel/testing</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-frozen"></a>6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?</h3>
-
-<p>
-When the &quot;testing&quot; distribution is mature enough, the release manager
-starts `freezing' it. The normal propagation delays are increased to ensure
-that as little as possible new bugs from &quot;unstable&quot; enter
-&quot;testing&quot;.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-After a while, the &quot;testing&quot; distribution becomes truly `frozen'.
-This means that all new packages that are to propagate to the
-&quot;testing&quot; are held back, unless they include release-critical bug
-fixes. The &quot;testing&quot; distribution can also remain in such a deep
-freeze during the so-called `test cycles', when the release is imminent.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We keep a record of bugs in the &quot;testing&quot; distribution that can hold
-off a package from being released, or bugs that can hold back the whole
-release. For details, please see <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/releases/testing/">current testing release
-information</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Once that bug count lowers to maximum acceptable values, the frozen
-&quot;testing&quot; distribution is declared &quot;stable&quot; and released
-with a version number.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-With each new release, the previous &quot;stable&quot; distribution becomes
-obsolete and moves to the archive. For more information please see <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/archive">Debian archive</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-unstable"></a>6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?</h2>
-
-<p>
-The `unstable' directory contains a snapshot of the current development system.
-Users are welcome to use and test these packages, but are warned about their
-state of readiness. The advantage of using the unstable distribution is that
-you are always up-to-date with the latest in GNU/Linux software industry, but
-if it breaks: you get to keep both parts :-)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are also main, contrib and non-free subdirectories in `unstable',
-separated on the same criteria as in `stable'.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-dirtree"></a>6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?</h2>
-
-<p>
-The software that has been packaged for Debian GNU/Linux is available in one of
-several directory trees on each Debian mirror site.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <samp>dists</samp> directory is short for &quot;distributions&quot;, and it
-is the canonical way to access the currently available Debian releases (and
-pre-releases).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <samp>pool</samp> directory contains the actual packages, see <a
-href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 6.10</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are the following supplementary directories:
-</p>
-<dl>
-<dt><em>/tools/</em>:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-DOS utilities for creating boot disks, partitioning your disk drive,
-compressing/decompressing files, and booting Linux.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt><em>/doc/</em>:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-The basic Debian documentation, such as this FAQ, the bug reporting system
-instructions, etc.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt><em>/indices/</em>:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-various indices of the site (the Maintainers file and the override files).
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt><em>/project/</em>:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-mostly developer-only materials and some miscellaneous files.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-archsections"></a>6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Within each of the major directory trees[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f3"
-name="fr3">3</a>], there are three sets of subdirectories containing index
-files.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There's one set of <samp>binary-<var>something</var></samp> subdirectories
-which contain index files for binary packages of each available computer
-architecture, for example <samp>binary-i386</samp> for packages which execute
-on Intel x86 PC machines or <samp>binary-sparc</samp> for packages which
-execute on Sun SPARCStations.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The complete list of available architectures for each release is available at
-<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/releases/">the release's web
-page</a></code>. For the current release, please see <a
-href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">On what hardware architectures/systems does
-Debian GNU/Linux run?, Section 4.1</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The index files in binary-* are called Packages(.gz, .bz2) and they include a
-summary of each binary package that is included in that distribution. The
-actual binary packages reside in the top level <a
-href="#s-pools"><samp>pool</samp> directory</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Furthermore, there's a subdirectory called source/ which contains index files
-for source packages included in the distribution. The index file is called
-Sources(.gz, .bz2).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Last but not least, there's a set of subdirectories meant for the installation
-system index files, they are at
-<samp>debian-installer/binary-<var>architecture</var></samp>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-source"></a>6.9 Where is the source code?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Source code is included for everything in the Debian system. Moreover, the
-license terms of most programs in the system <em>require</em> that source code
-be distributed along with the programs, or that an offer to provide the source
-code accompany the programs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The source code is distributed in the <samp>pool</samp> directory (see <a
-href="#s-pools">What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 6.10</a>)
-together with all the architecture-specific binary directories. To retrieve
-the source code without having to be familiar with the structure of the FTP
-archive, try a command like <samp>apt-get source mypackagename</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Some packages are only distributed as source code due to the restrictions in
-their licenses. Notably, one such package is <samp>pine</samp>, see <a
-href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine">Where is pine?, Section 5.10</a> for more
-information.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Source code may or may not be available for packages in the &quot;contrib&quot;
-and &quot;non-free&quot; directories, which are not formally part of the Debian
-system.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-pools"></a>6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Packages are kept in a large `pool', structured according to the name of the
-source package. To make this manageable, the pool is subdivided by section
-(`main', `contrib' and `non-free') and by the first letter of the source
-package name. These directories contain several files: the binary packages for
-each architecture, and the source packages from which the binary packages were
-generated.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You can find out where each package is placed by executing a command like
-<samp>apt-cache showsrc mypackagename</samp> and looking at the `Directory:'
-line. For example, the <samp>apache</samp> packages are stored in
-<samp>pool/main/a/apache/</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Additionally, since there are so many <samp>lib*</samp> packages, these are
-treated specially: for instance, libpaper packages are stored in
-<samp>pool/main/libp/libpaper/</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f4" name="fr4">4</a>]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-incoming"></a>6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?</h2>
-
-<p>
-After a developer uploads a package, it stays for a short while in the
-&quot;incoming&quot; directory before it is checked that it's genuine and
-allowed into the archive.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Usually nobody should install things from this place. However, in some rare
-cases of emergency, the incoming directory is available at <code><a
-href="http://incoming.debian.org/">http://incoming.debian.org/</a></code>. You
-can manually fetch packages, check the GPG signature and MD5sums in the
-.changes and .dsc files, and then install them.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-ownrepository"></a>6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?</h2>
-
-<p>
-If you have built some private Debian packages which you'd like to install
-using the standard Debian package management tools, you can set up your own
-apt-able package archive. This is also useful if you'd like to share your
-Debian packages while these are not distributed by the Debian project.
-Instructions on how to do this are given in the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/repository-howto/repository-howto">Debian
-Repository HOWTO</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ 6 ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
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-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
-
-<html>
-
-<head>
-
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux</title>
-
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="ch-getting"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
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-[ 2 ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 2 - Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The official document giving installation instructions is the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">Debian GNU/Linux
-Installation Guide</a></code>. We'll give some additional notes about getting
-and installing Debian GNU/Linux here.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-version"></a>2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Currently there are three versions of Debian GNU/Linux:
-</p>
-<dl>
-<dt><em>release 4.0, a.k.a. the `stable' distribution or etch</em></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-This is stable and well tested software, it changes if major security or
-usability fixes are incorporated.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt><em>the `testing' distribution, currently called lenny</em></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-This is where packages that will be released as the next `stable' are placed;
-they've had some testing in unstable but they may not be completely fit for
-release yet. This distribution is updated more often than `stable', but not
-more often than `unstable'.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt><em>the `unstable' distribution</em></dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-This is the version currently under development; it is updated continuously.
-You can retrieve packages from the `unstable' archive on any Debian FTP site
-and use them to upgrade your system at any time, but you may not expect the
-system to be as usable or as stable as before - that's why it's called
-`<strong>unstable</strong>'!
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<p>
-Please see <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists">How many Debian
-distributions are there?, Section 6.1</a> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-updatestable"></a>2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?</h2>
-
-<p>
-No new functionality is added to the stable release. Once a Debian version is
-released and tagged `stable' it will only get security updates. That is, only
-packages for which a security vulnerability has been found after the release
-will be upgraded. All the security updates are served through <code><a
-href="ftp://security.debian.org">security.debian.org</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Security updates serve one purpose: to supply a fix for a security
-vulnerability. They are not a method for sneaking additional changes into the
-stable release without going through normal point release procedure.
-Consequently, fixes for packages with security issues will not upgrade the
-software. The Debian Security Team will backport the necessary fixes to the
-version of the software distributed in `stable' instead.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For more information related to security support please read the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/security/faq">Security FAQ</a></code> or the
-<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/">Debian
-Security Manual</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-boot-floppies"></a>2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?</h2>
-
-<p>
-You can get the installation disks by downloading the appropriate files from
-one of the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list">Debian
-mirrors</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Please refer to <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/CD">Debian GNU/Linux on
-CDs</a></code> for more information about CD (and DVD) images.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-cdrom"></a>2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Installing Debian from CD is straightforward: configure your system for booting
-off a CD, insert your CD, and reboot. Your system will now be running the
-Debian Installer. See the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">Debian GNU/Linux
-Installation Guide</a></code> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-cdimage-symlinks"></a>2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!</h2>
-
-<p>
-Official Debian CD images indeed contain symlinks like:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- /dists/frozen -&gt; etch/
- /dists/stable -&gt; etch/
- /dists/testing -&gt; etch/
- /dists/unstable -&gt; etch/
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-so that they work when your sources.list has an entry like
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- deb cdrom:[&lt;name as on cd label&gt;]/ unstable main [...]
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The fact these symlinks are present does <em>not</em> mean the image is
-`unstable' or `testing' or anything. Read the CD label in
-<code>/.disk/info</code> to find out which Debian version it contains. This
-information is also present in <code>/README.txt</code> on the CD.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Read <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/releases/">http://www.debian.org/releases/</a></code>
-to find out what the current `stable' and `testing' releases are.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-remoteinstall"></a>2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Yes. You can boot the Debian installation system from a set of files you can
-download from our FTP site and its mirrors.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You can download a small CD image file, create a bootable CD from it, install
-the basic system from it and the rest over the network. For more information
-please see <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/">http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You can also download even smaller floppy disk image files, create bootable
-diskettes from them, start the installation procedure and get the rest of
-Debian over the network.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-alternativebootinstaller"></a>2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Yes. Apart from CD or DVD, you can install Debian GNU/Linux by booting from
-floppy disks, USB memory stick, directly from hard disk, or using TFTP net
-booting. For installing on multiple computers it's possible to do fully
-automatic installations. NB: not all methods are supported by all computer
-architectures. Once the installer has booted, the rest of the system can be
-downloaded over the network, or installed from local media. See the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">Debian GNU/Linux
-Installation Guide</a></code> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ 2 ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
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-
-<html>
-
-<head>
-
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Debian and the kernel</title>
-
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="ch-kernel"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ 10 ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 10 - Debian and the kernel
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-non-debian-kernel"></a>10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Yes.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There's only one common catch: the Debian C libraries are built with the most
-recent <em>stable</em> releases of the <strong>kernel</strong> headers. If you
-happen to need to compile a program with kernel headers newer than the ones
-from the stable branch, then you should either upgrade the package containing
-the headers (<code>libc6-dev</code>), or use the new headers from an unpacked
-tree of the newer kernel. That is, if the kernel sources are in
-<code>/usr/src/linux</code>, then you should add
-<samp>-I/usr/src/linux/include/</samp> to your command line when compiling.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-customkernel"></a>10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Users who wish to (or must) build a custom kernel are encouraged to download
-the package <code>kernel-package</code>. This package contains the script to
-build the kernel package, and provides the capability to create a Debian
-<code>linux-image-<var>version</var></code> package just by running the command
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- make-kpkg --initrd kernel_image
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-in the top-level kernel source directory. Help is available by executing the
-command
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- make-kpkg --help
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-and through the manual page <code>make-kpkg(1)</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Users must separately download the source code for the most recent kernel (or
-the kernel of their choice) from their favorite Linux archive site, unless a
-<code>linux-source-<var>version</var></code> package is available (where
-<var>version</var> stands for the kernel version).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Detailed instructions for using the <code>kernel-package</code> package are
-given in the file <code>/usr/share/doc/kernel-package/README.gz</code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-custombootdisk"></a>10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?</h2>
-
-<p>
-This task is greatly aided by the Debian package <code>boot-floppies</code>,
-normally found in the <samp>admin</samp> section of the Debian FTP archive.
-Shell scripts in this package produce boot floppies in the
-<samp>SYSLINUX</samp> format. These are <samp>MS-DOS</samp> formatted floppies
-whose master boot records have been altered so that they boot Linux directly
-(or whatever other operating system has been defined in the
-<code>syslinux.cfg</code> file on the floppy). Other scripts in this package
-produce emergency root disks and can even reproduce the base disks.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You will find more information about this in the
-<code>/usr/share/doc/boot-floppies/README</code> file after installing the
-<code>boot-floppies</code> package.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-modules"></a>10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Debian's <code>modconf</code> package provides a shell script
-(<code>/usr/sbin/modconf</code>) which can be used to customize the
-configuration of modules. This script presents a menu-based interface,
-prompting the user for particulars on the loadable device drivers in his
-system. The responses are used to customize the file
-<code>/etc/modules.conf</code> (which lists aliases, and other arguments that
-must be used in conjunction with various modules) through files in
-<code>/etc/modutils/</code>, and <code>/etc/modules</code> (which lists the
-modules that must be loaded at boot time).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Like the (new) <code>Configure.help</code> files that are now available to
-support the construction of custom kernels, the <code>modconf</code> package
-comes with a series of help files (in <code>/usr/lib/modules_help/</code>)
-which provide detailed information on appropriate arguments for each of the
-modules.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-removeoldkernel"></a>10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Yes. The <code>linux-image-<var>NNN</var>.prerm</code> script checks to see
-whether the kernel you are currently running is the same as the kernel you are
-trying to de-install. Therefore you can remove unwanted kernel image packages
-using this command:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg --purge linux-image-<var>NNN</var>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-(replace <var>NNN</var> with your kernel version and revision number, of
-course)
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ 10 ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
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-
-<html>
-
-<head>
-
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Changes expected in the next major release of Debian</title>
-
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="ch-nexttime"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ 15 ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 15 - Changes expected in the next major release of Debian
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-i18n"></a>15.1 Extended support for non-English users</h2>
-
-<p>
-Debian already has very good support for non-English users, see <a
-href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">How does Debian support non-English
-languages?, Section 5.9</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We hope to find people who will provide support for even more languages, and
-translate. Some programs already support internationalization, so we need
-message catalogs translators. Many programs still remain to be properly
-internationalized.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The GNU Translation Project <code><a
-href="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS</a></code>
-works on internationalizing the GNU programs.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Specifically for Debian lenny, we're working on things like the following:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-I18n support in all debconf-using packages: Packages using the Debian
-configuration management must allow for translation of all messages displayed
-to the user during package configuration.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-I18n support for package descriptions: Update package management frontends to
-use the translated descriptions of packages.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-UTF-8 debian/changelog and debian/control. This way, e.g. names of people
-from asian countries can get typeset the right way in changelogs.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-dependencybasedboot"></a>15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence</h2>
-
-<p>
-Work is being done on <code><a
-href="http://wiki.debian.org/LSBInitScripts/DependencyBasedBoot">converting the
-Debian boot sequence</a></code> to use dynamic and dependency based ordering
-instead of hardcoded sequence numbers. Once that's finished, Debian systems
-will boot much faster.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-di"></a>15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer</h2>
-
-<p>
-Lots of work has been done on the Debian Installer, resulting in major
-improvements. We'll mention just two of them here.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Starting the installer from Microsoft Windows: It is now possible to start the
-installer directly from Microsoft Windows without the need to change BIOS
-settings. Upon insertion of a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or USB stick, an autorun program
-will be started, offering a step-by-step process to start the Debian Installer.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The debian-installer now includes experimental support for installing Debian on
-systems with Serial ATA RAID.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-morearches"></a>15.4 More architectures</h2>
-
-<p>
-Complete Debian system on other architectures such as <code><a
-href="http://wiki.debian.org/ArmEabiPort">ARM EABI</a></code> (referred to as
-&quot;armel&quot;) (next to the old &quot;arm&quot;) will likely get supported
-with lenny. Support for <code><a
-href="http://wiki.debian.org/SHPort">SuperH</a></code> is expected soon.
-Notice that even though some architectures are dropped for a given the release
-there still might be a way to install and upgrade using the latest
-<samp>sid</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-morekernels"></a>15.5 More kernels</h2>
-
-<p>
-In addition to Debian GNU/Hurd, Debian is being ported also to BSD kernels,
-namely to <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/ports/kfreebsd-gnu/">FreeBSD</a></code>. This port
-runs on both AMD64 (&quot;kfreebsd-amd64&quot;) and traditional Intel
-(&quot;kfreebsd-i386&quot;).
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ 15 ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
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-
-<html>
-
-<head>
-
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Basics of the Debian package management system</title>
-
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="ch-pkg_basics"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ 7 ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 7 - Basics of the Debian package management system
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-This chapter touches on some lower level internals of Debian package
-management. If you're interested mainly in <em>usage</em> of the relevant
-tools, skip to chapters <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">The Debian package
-management tools, Chapter 8</a> and/or <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">Keeping
-your Debian system up-to-date, Chapter 9</a>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-package"></a>7.1 What is a Debian package?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Packages generally contain all of the files necessary to implement a set of
-related commands or features. There are two types of Debian packages:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>Binary packages</em>, which contain executables, configuration files,
-man/info pages, copyright information, and other documentation. These packages
-are distributed in a Debian-specific archive format (see <a
-href="#s-deb-format">What is the format of a Debian binary package?, Section
-7.2</a>); they are usually distinguished by having a '.deb' file extension.
-Binary packages can be unpacked using the Debian utility <samp>dpkg</samp>
-(possibly via a frontend like <code>aptitude</code>); details are given in its
-manual page.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<em>Source packages</em>, which consist of a <samp>.dsc</samp> file describing
-the source package (including the names of the following files), a
-<samp>.orig.tar.gz</samp> file that contains the original unmodified source in
-gzip-compressed tar format and usually a <samp>.diff.gz</samp> file that
-contains the Debian-specific changes to the original source. The utility
-<samp>dpkg-source</samp> packs and unpacks Debian source archives; details are
-provided in its manual page. (The program <code>apt-get</code> can get used a
-frontend for <samp>dpkg-source</samp>.)
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Installation of software by the package system uses &quot;dependencies&quot;
-which are carefully designed by the package maintainers. These dependencies
-are documented in the <samp>control</samp> file associated with each package.
-For example, the package containing the GNU C compiler (<code>gcc</code>)
-&quot;depends&quot; on the package <code>binutils</code> which includes the
-linker and assembler. If a user attempts to install <code>gcc</code> without
-having first installed <code>binutils</code>, the package management system
-(dpkg) will send an error message that it also needs <code>binutils</code>, and
-stop installing <code>gcc</code>. (However, this facility can be overridden by
-the insistent user, see <code>dpkg(8)</code>.) See more in <a
-href="#s-depends">What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>,
-<em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em>
-or <em>Provides</em> another package?, Section 7.9</a> below.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Debian's packaging tools can be used to:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-manipulate and manage packages or parts of packages,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-administer local overrides of files in a package,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-aid developers in the construction of package archives, and
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-aid users in the installation of packages which reside on a remote FTP site.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-deb-format"></a>7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?</h2>
-
-<p>
-A Debian &quot;package&quot;, or a Debian archive file, contains the executable
-files, libraries, and documentation associated with a particular suite of
-program or set of related programs. Normally, a Debian archive file has a
-filename that ends in <samp>.deb</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The internals of this Debian binary packages format are described in the
-<code>deb(5)</code> manual page. This internal format is subject to change
-(between major releases of Debian GNU/Linux), therefore please always use
-<code>dpkg-deb(1)</code> if you need to do lowlevel manipulations on
-<samp>.deb</samp> files.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-pkgname"></a>7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?</h2>
-
-<p>
-The Debian binary package file names conform to the following convention:
-&lt;foo&gt;_&lt;VersionNumber&gt;-&lt;DebianRevisionNumber&gt;_&lt;DebianArchitecture&gt;.deb
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Note that <samp>foo</samp> is supposed to be the package name. As a check, one
-can learn the package name associated with a particular Debian archive file
-(.deb file) in one of these ways:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-inspect the &quot;Packages&quot; file in the directory where it was stored at a
-Debian FTP archive site. This file contains a stanza describing each package;
-the first field in each stanza is the formal package name.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-use the command <samp>dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR_AAA.deb</samp> (where VVV, RRR
-and AAA are the version, revision and architecture of the package in question,
-respectively). This displays, among other things, the package name
-corresponding to the archive file being unpacked.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-The <samp>VVV</samp> component is the version number specified by the upstream
-developer. There are no standards in place here, so the version number may
-have formats as different as &quot;19990513&quot; and &quot;1.3.8pre1&quot;.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <samp>RRR</samp> component is the Debian revision number, and is specified
-by the Debian developer (or an individual user if he chooses to build the
-package himself). This number corresponds to the revision level of the Debian
-package, thus, a new revision level usually signifies changes in the Debian
-Makefile (<samp>debian/rules</samp>), the Debian control file
-(<samp>debian/control</samp>), the installation or removal scripts
-(<samp>debian/p*</samp>), or in the configuration files used with the package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <samp>AAA</samp> component identifies the processor for which the package
-was built. This is commonly <samp>i386</samp>, which refers to chips
-compatible to Intel's 386 or later versions. For other possibilities review
-Debian's FTP directory structure at <a
-href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree">What are all those directories at the
-Debian FTP archives?, Section 6.7</a>. For details, see the description of
-&quot;Debian architecture&quot; in the manual page
-<code>dpkg-architecture(1)</code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-controlfile"></a>7.4 What is a Debian control file?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Specifics regarding the contents of a Debian control file are provided in the
-Debian Policy Manual, section 5, see <a
-href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">What other documentation exists on and
-for a Debian system?, Section 12.1</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Briefly, a sample control file is shown below for the Debian package hello:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- Package: hello
- Priority: optional
- Section: devel
- Installed-Size: 45
- Maintainer: Adam Heath &lt;doogie@debian.org&gt;
- Architecture: i386
- Version: 1.3-16
- Depends: libc6 (&gt;= 2.1)
- Description: The classic greeting, and a good example
- The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It
- allows nonprogrammers to use a classic computer science tool which
- would otherwise be unavailable to them.
- .
- Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package.
- It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program
- (which is itself an example for the GNU Project).
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The Package field gives the package name. This is the name by which the
-package can be manipulated by the package tools, and usually similar to but not
-necessarily the same as the first component string in the Debian archive file
-name.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Version field gives both the upstream developer's version number and (in
-the last component) the revision level of the Debian package of this program as
-explained in <a href="#s-pkgname">Why are Debian package file names so long?,
-Section 7.3</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Architecture field specifies the chip for which this particular binary was
-compiled.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Depends field gives a list of packages that have to be installed in order
-to install this package successfully.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Installed-Size indicates how much disk space the installed package will
-consume. This is intended to be used by installation front-ends in order to
-show whether there is enough disk space available to install the program.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Section line gives the &quot;section&quot; where this Debian package is
-stored at the Debian FTP sites.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Priority indicates how important is this package for installation, so that
-semi-intelligent software like dselect or aptitude can sort the package into a
-category of e.g. packages optionally installed. See <a
-href="#s-priority">What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>,
-<em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em>
-package?, Section 7.7</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Maintainer field gives the e-mail address of the person who is currently
-responsible for maintaining this package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Description field gives a brief summary of the package's features.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For more information about all possible fields a package can have, please see
-the Debian Policy Manual, section 5., &quot;Control files and their
-fields&quot;.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-conffile"></a>7.5 What is a Debian conffile?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Conffiles is a list of configuration files (usually placed in
-<samp>/etc</samp>) that the package management system will not overwrite when
-the package is upgraded. This ensures that local values for the contents of
-these files will be preserved, and is a critical feature enabling the in-place
-upgrade of packages on a running system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To determine exactly which files are preserved during an upgrade, run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg --status package
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-And look under &quot;Conffiles:&quot;.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-maintscripts"></a>7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?</h2>
-
-<p>
-These files are executable scripts which are automatically run before or after
-a package is installed. Along with a file named <samp>control</samp>, all of
-these files are part of the &quot;control&quot; section of a Debian archive
-file.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The individual files are:
-</p>
-<dl>
-<dt>preinst</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-This script executes before that package will be unpacked from its Debian
-archive (&quot;.deb&quot;) file. Many 'preinst' scripts stop services for
-packages which are being upgraded until their installation or upgrade is
-completed (following the successful execution of the 'postinst' script).
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt>postinst</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-This script typically completes any required configuration of the package
-<samp>foo</samp> once <samp>foo</samp> has been unpacked from its Debian
-archive (&quot;.deb&quot;) file. Often, 'postinst' scripts ask the user for
-input, and/or warn the user that if he accepts default values, he should
-remember to go back and re-configure that package as the situation warrants.
-Many 'postinst' scripts then execute any commands necessary to start or restart
-a service once a new package has been installed or upgraded.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt>prerm</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-This script typically stops any daemons which are associated with a package.
-It is executed before the removal of files associated with the package.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt>postrm</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-This script typically modifies links or other files associated with
-<samp>foo</samp>, and/or removes files created by the package. (Also see <a
-href="#s-virtual">What is a Virtual Package?, Section 7.8</a>.)
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<p>
-Currently all of the control files can be found in directory
-<samp>/var/lib/dpkg/info</samp>. The files relevant to package
-<samp>foo</samp> begin with the name &quot;foo&quot; and have file extensions
-of &quot;preinst&quot;, &quot;postinst&quot;, etc., as appropriate. The file
-<samp>foo.list</samp> in that directory lists all of the files that were
-installed with the package <samp>foo</samp>. (Note that the location of these
-files is a dpkg internal; you should not rely on it.)
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-priority"></a>7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Each Debian package is assigned a <em>priority</em> by the distribution
-maintainers, as an aid to the package management system. The priorities are:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<strong>Required</strong>: packages that are necessary for the proper
-functioning of the system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This includes all tools that are necessary to repair system defects. You must
-not remove these packages or your system may become totally broken and you may
-probably not even be able to use dpkg to put things back. Systems with only
-the Required packages are probably unusable, but they do have enough
-functionality to allow the sysadmin to boot and install more software.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<strong>Important</strong> packages should be found on any Unix-like system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Other packages which the system will not run well or be usable without will be
-here. This does <em>NOT</em> include Emacs or X or TeX or any other large
-applications. These packages only constitute the bare infrastructure.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<strong>Standard</strong> packages are standard on any Linux system, including
-a reasonably small but not too limited character-mode system. Tools are
-included to be able to browse the web (using w3m), send e-mail (with mutt) and
-download files from FTP servers.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This is what will install by default if users do not select anything else. It
-does not include many large applications, but it does include the Python
-interpreter and some server software like OpenSSH (for remote administration),
-Exim (for mail delivery, although it can be configured for local delivery
-only), an identd server (pidentd) and the RPC portmapper
-(<samp>portmap</samp>). It also includes some common generic documentation
-that most users will find helpful.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<strong>Optional</strong> packages include all those that you might reasonably
-want to install if you did not know what it was, or do not have specialized
-requirements.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This includes X, a full TeX distribution, and lots of applications.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<strong>Extra</strong>: packages that either conflict with others with higher
-priorities, are only likely to be useful if you already know what they are, or
-have specialized requirements that make them unsuitable for
-&quot;Optional&quot;.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-If you do a default Debian installation all the packages of priority
-<strong>Standard</strong> or higher will be installed in your system. If you
-select pre-defined tasks you will get lower priority packages too.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Additionally, some packages are marked as <strong>Essential</strong> since they
-are absolutely necessary for the proper functioning of the system. The package
-management tools will refuse to remove these.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-virtual"></a>7.8 What is a Virtual Package?</h2>
-
-<p>
-A virtual package is a generic name that applies to any one of a group of
-packages, all of which provide similar basic functionality. For example, both
-the <samp>tin</samp> and <samp>trn</samp> programs are news readers, and should
-therefore satisfy any dependency of a program that required a news reader on a
-system, in order to work or to be useful. They are therefore both said to
-provide the &quot;virtual package&quot; called <samp>news-reader</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Similarly, <samp>smail</samp> and <samp>sendmail</samp> both provide the
-functionality of a mail transport agent. They are therefore said to provide
-the virtual package, &quot;mail transport agent&quot;. If either one is
-installed, then any program depending on the installation of a
-<samp>mail-transport-agent</samp> will be satisfied by the existence of this
-virtual package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Debian provides a mechanism so that, if more than one package which provide the
-same virtual package is installed on a system, then system administrators can
-set one as the preferred package. The relevant command is
-<samp>update-alternatives</samp>, and is described further in <a
-href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse">Some users like mawk, others like gawk;
-some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does
-Debian support diversity?, Section 11.10</a>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-depends"></a>7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?</h2>
-
-<p>
-The Debian package system has a range of package &quot;dependencies&quot; which
-are designed to indicate (in a single flag) the level at which Program A can
-operate independently of the existence of Program B on a given system:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Package A <em>depends</em> on Package B if B absolutely must be installed in
-order to run A. In some cases, A depends not only on B, but on a version of B.
-In this case, the version dependency is usually a lower limit, in the sense
-that A depends on any version of B more recent than some specified version.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Package A <em>recommends</em> Package B, if the package maintainer judges that
-most users would not want A without also having the functionality provided by
-B.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Package A <em>suggests</em> Package B if B contains files that are related to
-(and usually enhance) the functionality of A.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Package A <em>conflicts</em> with Package B when A will not operate if B is
-installed on the system. Most often, conflicts are cases where A contains
-files which are an improvement over those in B. &quot;Conflicts&quot; are
-often combined with &quot;replaces&quot;.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Package A <em>replaces</em> Package B when files installed by B are removed and
-(in some cases) over-written by files in A.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Package A <em>provides</em> Package B when all of the files and functionality
-of B are incorporated into A. This mechanism provides a way for users with
-constrained disk space to get only that part of package A which they really
-need.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-More detailed information on the use of each these terms can be found in the
-Policy manual.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-pre-depends"></a>7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?</h2>
-
-<p>
-&quot;Pre-Depends&quot; is a special dependency. In the case of most packages,
-<samp>dpkg</samp> will unpack its archive file (i.e., its <samp>.deb</samp>
-file) independently of whether or not the files on which it depends exist on
-the system. Simplistically, unpacking means that <samp>dpkg</samp> will
-extract the files from the archive file that were meant to be installed on your
-file system, and put them in place. If those packages <em>depend</em> on the
-existence of some other packages on your system, <samp>dpkg</samp> will refuse
-to complete the installation (by executing its &quot;configure&quot; action)
-until the other packages are installed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-However, for some packages, <samp>dpkg</samp> will refuse even to unpack them
-until certain dependencies are resolved. Such packages are said to
-&quot;Pre-depend&quot; on the presence of some other packages. The Debian
-project provided this mechanism to support the safe upgrading of systems from
-<samp>a.out</samp> format to <samp>ELF</samp> format, where the <em>order</em>
-in which packages were unpacked was critical. There are other large upgrade
-situations where this method is useful, e.g. the packages with the required
-priority and their LibC dependency.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As before, more detailed information about this can be found in the Policy
-manual.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-pkgstatus"></a>7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?</h2>
-
-<p>
-These &quot;want&quot; flags tell what the user wanted to do with a package (as
-indicated either by the user's actions in the &quot;Select&quot; section of
-<samp>dselect</samp>, or by the user's direct invocations of
-<samp>dpkg</samp>).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Their meanings are:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-unknown - the user has never indicated whether he wants the package
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-install - the user wants the package installed or upgraded
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-remove - the user wants the package removed, but does not want to remove any
-existing configuration files.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-purge - the user wants the package to be removed completely, including its
-configuration files.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-hold - the user wants this package not to be processed, i.e., he wants to keep
-the current version with the current status whatever that is.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-puttingonhold"></a>7.12 How do I put a package on hold?</h2>
-
-<p>
-There are three ways of holding back packages, with dpkg, aptitude or with
-dselect.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-With dpkg, you have to export the list of package selections, with:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg --get-selections \* &gt; selections.txt
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Then edit the resulting file <code>selections.txt</code>, change the line
-containing the package you wish to hold, e.g. <code>libc6</code>, from this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- libc6 install
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-to this:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- libc6 hold
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Save the file, and reload it into dpkg database with:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg --set-selections &lt; selections.txt
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-With aptitude, you can hold a package using
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- aptitude hold package_name
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-and remove the hold with
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- aptitude unhold package_name
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-With dselect, you have to enter the [S]elect screen, find the package you wish
-to hold in its present state, and press the `=' key (or `H'). The changes will
-go live immediately after you exit the [S]elect screen.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-sourcepkgs"></a>7.13 How do I install a source package?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Debian source packages can't actually be &quot;installed&quot;, they are just
-unpacked in whatever directory you want to build the binary packages they
-produce.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Source packages are distributed on most of the same mirrors where you can
-obtain the binary packages. If you set up your APT's
-<code>sources.list(5)</code> to include the appropriate &quot;deb-src&quot;
-lines, you'll be able to easily download any source packages by running
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-get source foo
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-To help you in actually building the source package, Debian source package
-provide the so-called build-dependencies mechanism. This means that the source
-package maintainer keeps a list of other packages that are required to build
-their package. To see how this is useful, run
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-get build-dep foo
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-before building the source.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-sourcebuild"></a>7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?</h2>
-
-<p>
-The preferred way to do this is by using various wrapper tools. We'll show how
-it's done using the <samp>devscripts</samp> tools. Install this package if you
-haven't done so already.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Now, first get the source package:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-get source foo
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-and change to the source tree:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- cd foo-*
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Then install needed build-dependencies (if any):
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- sudo apt-get build-dep foo
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Then create a dedicated version of your own build (so that you won't get
-confused later when Debian itself releases a new version)
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dch -l local 'Blah blah blah'
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-And finally build your package
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- debuild -us -uc
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If everything worked out fine, you should now be able to install your package
-by running
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- sudo dpkg -i ../*.deb
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-If you prefer to do things manually, and don't want to use
-<samp>devscripts</samp>, follow this procedure:
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You will need all of foo_*.dsc, foo_*.tar.gz and foo_*.diff.gz to compile the
-source (note: there is no .diff.gz for some packages that are native to
-Debian).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Once you have them (<a href="#s-sourcepkgs">How do I install a source package?,
-Section 7.13</a>), if you have the <code>dpkg-dev</code> package installed, the
-following command:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg-source -x foo_version-revision.dsc
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-will extract the package into a directory called <samp>foo-version</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you want just to compile the package, you may cd into
-<samp>foo-version</samp> directory and issue the command
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -b
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-to build the package (note that this also requires the <code>fakeroot</code>
-package), and then
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg -i ../foo_version-revision_arch.deb
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-to install the newly-built package(s).
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-creatingdebs"></a>7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?</h2>
-
-<p>
-For a more detailed description on this, read the New Maintainers' Guide,
-available in the <code>maint-guide</code> package, or at <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide">http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ 7 ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
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-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - The Debian package management tools</title>
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-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
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-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="ch-pkgtools"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ 8 ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 8 - The Debian package management tools
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-pkgprogs"></a>8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?</h2>
-
-<p>
-There are multiple tools that are used to manage Debian packages, from graphic
-or text-based interfaces to the low level tools used to install packages. All
-the available tools rely on the lower level tools to properly work and are
-presented here in decreasing complexity level.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is important to understand that the higher level package management tools
-such as <code>aptitude</code> or <code>dselect</code> rely on <code>apt</code>
-which, itself, relies on <code>dpkg</code> to manage the packages in the
-system.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-See the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/apt-howto/">APT
-HOWTO</a></code> for more information about the Debian package management
-utilities. This document is available in various languages and formats, see
-<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#apt-howto">the APT HOWTO
-entry on the DDP Users' Manuals overview</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-dpkg"></a>8.1.1 dpkg</h3>
-
-<p>
-This is the main package management program. <code>dpkg</code> can be invoked
-with many options. Some common uses are:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Find out all the options: <samp>dpkg --help</samp>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Print out the control file (and other information) for a specified package:
-<samp>dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Install a package (including unpacking and configuring) onto the file system of
-the hard disk: <samp>dpkg --install foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Unpack (but do not configure) a Debian archive into the file system of the hard
-disk: <samp>dpkg --unpack foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>. Note that this operation
-does <em>not</em> necessarily leave the package in a usable state; some files
-may need further customization to run properly. This command removes any
-already-installed version of the program and runs the preinst (see <a
-href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">What is a Debian preinst, postinst,
-prerm, and postrm script?, Section 7.6</a>) script associated with the package.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Configure a package that already has been unpacked: <samp>dpkg --configure
-foo</samp>. Among other things, this action runs the postinst (see <a
-href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">What is a Debian preinst, postinst,
-prerm, and postrm script?, Section 7.6</a>) script associated with the package.
-It also updates the files listed in the <samp>conffiles</samp> for this
-package. Notice that the 'configure' operation takes as its argument a package
-name (e.g., foo), <em>not</em> the name of a Debian archive file (e.g.,
-foo_VVV-RRR.deb).
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Extract a single file named &quot;blurf&quot; (or a group of files named
-&quot;blurf*&quot; from a Debian archive: <samp>dpkg --fsys-tarfile
-foo_VVV-RRR.deb | tar -xf - blurf*</samp>
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Remove a package (but not its configuration files): <samp>dpkg --remove
-foo</samp>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Remove a package (including its configuration files): <samp>dpkg --purge
-foo</samp>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-List the installation status of packages containing the string (or regular
-expression) &quot;foo*&quot;: <samp>dpkg --list 'foo*'</samp>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-apt-get"></a>8.1.2 APT</h3>
-
-<p>
-APT is the <em>Advanced Package Tool</em> and provides the <code>apt-get</code>
-program. <code>apt-get</code> provides a simple way to retrieve and install
-packages from multiple sources using the command line. Unlike
-<code>dpkg</code>, <code>apt-get</code> does not understand .deb files, it
-works with the packages proper name and can only install .deb archives from a
-source specified in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>. <code>apt-get</code>
-will call <code>dpkg</code> directly after downloading the .deb archives[<a
-href="footnotes.en.html#f5" name="fr5">5</a>] from the configured sources.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Some common ways to use <code>apt-get</code> are:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-To update the list of package known by your system, you can run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-get update
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-(you should execute this regularly to update your package lists)
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-To upgrade all the packages on your system (without installing extra packages
-or removing packages), run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-get upgrade
-</pre>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-To install the <var>foo</var> package and all its dependencies, run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-get install foo
-</pre>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-To remove the foo package from your system, run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-get remove foo
-</pre>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-To remove the foo package and its configuration files from your system, run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-get --purge remove foo
-</pre>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-To upgrade all the packages on your system, and, if needed for a package
-upgrade, installing extra packages or removing packages, run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-get dist-upgrade
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-(The command <samp>upgrade</samp> keeps a package at its installed obsolete
-version if upgrading would need an extra package to be installed, for a new
-dependency to be satisfied. The <samp>dist-upgrade</samp> command is less
-conservative.)
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Note that you must be logged in as root to perform any commands that modify the
-system packages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The apt tool suite also includes the <code>apt-cache</code> tool to query the
-package lists. You can use it to find packages providing specific
-functionality through simple text or regular expression queries and through
-queries of dependencies in the package management system. Some common ways to
-use <code>apt-cache</code> are:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-To find packages whose description contain <var>word</var>:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-cache search <var>word</var>
-</pre>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-To print the detailed information of a package:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-cache show <var>package</var>
-</pre>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-To print the packages a given package depends on:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-cache depends <var>package</var>
-</pre>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-To print detailed information of the versions available for a package and the
-packages that reverse-depends on it:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-cache showpkg <var>package</var>
-</pre>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-For more information, install the <code>apt</code> package and read
-<code>apt-get(8)</code>, <code>sources.list(5)</code> and install the
-<code>apt-doc</code> package and read
-<code>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-aptitude"></a>8.1.3 aptitude</h3>
-
-<p>
-<code>aptitude</code> is a package manager for Debian GNU/Linux systems that
-provides a frontend to the apt package management infrastructure.
-<code>aptitude</code> is a text-based interface using the curses library, it
-can be used to perform management tasks in a fast and easy way.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>aptitude</code> provides the functionality of <code>dselect</code> and
-<code>apt-get</code>, as well as many additional features not found in either
-program:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<code>aptitude</code> offers access to all versions of a package.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<code>aptitude</code> logs all its actions in <code>/var/log/aptitude</code>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<code>aptitude</code> makes it easy to keep track of obsolete software by
-listing it under &quot;Obsolete and Locally Created Packages&quot;.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<code>aptitude</code> includes a fairly powerful system for searching
-particular packages and limiting the package display. Users familiar with
-<code>mutt</code> will pick up quickly, as <code>mutt</code> was the
-inspiration for the expression syntax.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<code>aptitude</code> tracks which packages have been installed due to
-dependencies and removes them automatically when the packages that needed them
-are removed from the system.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<code>aptitude</code> can automatically install <em>Recommended:</em>
-packages[<a href="footnotes.en.html#f6" name="fr6">6</a>].
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<code>aptitude</code> can be used to install the predefined tasks available.
-For more information see <a href="#s-tasksel">tasksel, Section 8.1.5</a>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<code>aptitude</code> in full screen mode has <code>su</code> functionality
-embedded and can be run by a normal user. It will call <code>su</code> (and
-ask for the root password, if any) when you really need administrative
-privileges
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-You can use <code>aptitude</code> through a visual interface (simply run
-<samp>aptitude</samp>) or directly from the command line. The command line
-syntax used is very similar to the one used in <code>apt-get</code>. For
-example, to install the <var>foo</var> package, you can run <samp>aptitude
-install <var>foo</var></samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Note that <code>aptitude</code> is the preferred program for package management
-from console both for package installations and package or system upgrades.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For more informations, read the manual page <code>aptitude(8)</code> and
-install the <code>aptitude-doc</code> package.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-synaptic"></a>8.1.4 synaptic</h3>
-
-<p>
-<code>synaptic</code> is a graphical package manager. It enables you to
-install, upgrade and remove software packages in a user friendly way. Next to
-all features offered by aptitude, it also has a feature for editing the list of
-used repositories, and supports browsing all available documentation related to
-a package. See the <code><a href="http://www.nongnu.org/synaptic/">Synaptic
-Website</a></code> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-tasksel"></a>8.1.5 tasksel</h3>
-
-<p>
-When you want to perform a specific task it might be difficult to find the
-appropiate suite of packages that fill your need. The Debian developers have
-defined <samp>tasks</samp>, a task is a collection of several individual Debian
-packages all related to a specific activity. Tasks can be installed through
-the <code>tasksel</code> program or through <code>aptitude</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Debian installer will typically install automaticaly the task associated
-with a standard system and a desktop environment. The specific desktop
-environment installed will depend on the CD/DVD media used, most commonly it
-will be the GNOME desktop (<samp>gnome-desktop</samp> task). Also, depending
-on your selections throughout the installation process, tasks might be
-automatically installed in your system. For example, if you selected a
-language, the task associated with it will be installed automatically too and
-if you are running in a laptop system the installer recognises the
-<samp>laptop</samp> task will be installed too.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-dpkg-extra"></a>8.1.6 Other package management tools</h3>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h4><a name="s-dselect"></a>8.1.6.1 dselect</h4>
-
-<p>
-This program is a menu-driven interface to the Debian package management
-system. For woody and earlier releases, this was the main package management
-interface for for first-time installations, but currently users are encouraged
-to use <code>aptitude</code> instead. Some users might feel more comfortable
-using <code>aptitude</code> and it is also recommended over
-<code>dselect</code> for large-scale upgrades. For more information on
-<code>aptitude</code> please see <a href="#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section
-8.1.3</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>dselect</code> can:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-guide the user as he/she chooses among packages to install or remove, ensuring
-that no packages are installed that conflict with one another, and that all
-packages required to make each package work properly are installed;
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-warn the user about inconsistencies or incompatibilities in their selections;
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-determine the order in which the packages must be installed;
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-automatically perform the installation or removal; and
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-guide the user through whatever configuration process are required for each
-package.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-<code>dselect</code> begins by presenting the user with a menu of 7 items, each
-of which is a specific action. The user can select one of the actions by using
-the arrow keys to move the highlighter bar, then pressing the
-<em>&lt;enter&gt;</em> key to select the highlighted action.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-What the user sees next depends on the action he selected. If he selects any
-option but <samp>Access</samp> or <samp>Select</samp>, then
-<code>dselect</code> will simply proceed to execute the specified action: e.g.,
-if the user selected the action <samp>Remove</samp>, then dselect would proceed
-to remove all of the files selected for removal when the user last chose the
-<samp>Select</samp> action.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Both the <samp>Access</samp> menu item and the <samp>Select</samp> menu item
-lead to additional menus. In both cases, the menus are presented as split
-screens; the top screen gives a scrollable list of choices, while the bottom
-screen gives a brief explanation (&quot;info&quot;) for each choice.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Extensive on-line help is available, use the '?' key to get to a help screen
-at any time.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The order in which the actions are presented in the first <code>dselect</code>
-menu represents the order in which a user would normally choose
-<code>dselect</code> to install packages. However, a user can pick any of the
-main menu choices as often as needed (including not at all, depending on what
-one wants to do).
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Begin by choosing an <strong>Access Method</strong>. This is the method by
-which the user plans on accessing Debian packages; e.g., some users have Debian
-packages available on CD-ROM, while others plan to fetch them using anonymous
-FTP. The selected &quot;Access Method&quot; is stored after
-<code>dselect</code> exits, so if it does not change, then this option need not
-be invoked again.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Then <strong>Update</strong> the list of available packages. To do this,
-<code>dselect</code> reads the file &quot;Packages.gz&quot; which should be
-included in the top level of the directory where the Debian packages to be
-installed are stored. (But if it is not there, <code>dselect</code> will offer
-to make it for you.)
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<strong>Select</strong> specific packages for installation on his system.
-After choosing this menu item, the user is first presented with a full screen
-of help (unless the `--expert' command line option was used). Once the user
-exits the Help screen, he sees the split-screen menu for choosing packages to
-install (or remove).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The top part of the screen is a relatively narrow window into the list of
-Debian's 18200 packages; the bottom part of the screen contains description of
-the package or group of packages which are highlighted above.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-One can specify which packages should be operated on by highlighting a package
-name or the label for a group of packages. After that, you can select
-packages:
-</p>
-<dl>
-<dt>to be installed:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-This is accomplished by pressing the `+' key.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt>to be deleted:</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-Packages can be deleted two ways:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-removed: this removes most of the files associated with the package, but
-preserves the files listed as configuration files (see <a
-href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile">What is a Debian conffile?, Section
-7.5</a>) and package configuration information. This is done by pressing the
-`-' key.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-purged: this removes <em>every</em> file that is part of the package. This is
-done by pressing the `_' key.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Note that it's not possible to remove &quot;All Packages&quot;. If you try
-that, your system will instead be reduced to the initial installed base
-packages.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-<dl>
-<dt>to be put &quot;on hold&quot;</dt>
-<dd>
-<p>
-This is done by pressing `=', and it effectively tells <code>dselect</code> not
-to upgrade a package even if the version currently installed on your system is
-not as recent as the version that is available in the Debian repository you are
-using (this was specified when you set the <strong>Access Method</strong>, and
-acquired when you used <strong>Update</strong>).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Just like you can put a package on hold, you can reverse such setting by
-pressing `:'. That tells <code>dselect</code> that the package(s) may be
-upgraded if a newer version is available. This is the default setting.
-</p>
-</dd>
-</dl>
-
-<p>
-You can select a different order in which the packages are presented, by using
-the `o' key to cycle between various options for sorting the packages. The
-default order is to present packages by Priority; within each priority,
-packages are presented in order of the directory (a.k.a. section) of the
-archive in which they are stored. Given this sort order, some packages in
-section A (say) may be presented first, followed by some packages in section B,
-followed by more packages (of lower priority) in section A.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You can also expand meanings of the labels at the top of the screen, by using
-the `v' (verbose) key. This action pushes much of the text that formerly fit
-onto the display off to the right. To see it, press the right arrow; to scroll
-back to the left, press the left arrow.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you select a package for installation or removal, e.g.,
-<code>foo.deb</code>, and that package depends on (or recommends) another
-package, e.g., <code>blurf.deb</code>, then <code>dselect</code> will place the
-you in a sub-screen of the main selection screen. There you can choose among
-the related packages, accepting the suggested actions (to install or not), or
-rejecting them. To do the latter, press Shift-D; to return to the former,
-press Shift-U. In any case, you can save your selections and return to the
-main selection screen by pressing Shift-Q.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Users returning to the main menu can then select the &quot;Install&quot; menu
-item to unpack and configure the selected packages. Alternatively, users
-wishing to remove files can choose the &quot;Remove&quot; menu item. At any
-point, users can choose &quot;Quit&quot; to exit dselect; users' selections are
-preserved by <code>dselect</code>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h4><a name="s-dpkg-deb"></a>8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb</h4>
-
-<p>
-This program manipulates Debian archive(<samp>.deb</samp>) files. Some common
-uses are:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Find out all the options: <samp>dpkg-deb --help</samp>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Determine what files are contained in a Debian archive file: <samp>dpkg-deb
---contents foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp>)
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Extract the files contained in a named Debian archive into a user specified
-directory: <samp>dpkg-deb --extract foo_VVV-RRR.deb tmp</samp> extracts each of
-the files in <samp>foo_VVV-RRR.deb</samp> into the directory <samp>tmp/</samp>.
-This is convenient for examining the contents of a package in a localized
-directory, without installing the package into the root file system.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Extract the control information files from a package: <samp>dpkg-deb --control
-foo_VVV-RRR.deb tmp</samp>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Note that any packages that were merely unpacked using <samp>dpkg-deb
---extract</samp> will be incorrectly installed, you should use <samp>dpkg
---install</samp> instead.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-More information is given in the manual page <code>dpkg-deb(1)</code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h4><a name="s-dpkg-split"></a>8.1.6.3 dpkg-split</h4>
-
-<p>
-This program splits large package into smaller files (e.g., for writing onto a
-set of floppy disks), and can also be used to merge a set of split files back
-into a single file. It can only be used on a Debian system (i.e. a system
-containing the <code>dpkg</code> package), since it calls the program
-<samp>dpkg-deb</samp> to parse the debian package file into its component
-records.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example, to split a big .deb file into N parts,
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Execute the command <samp>dpkg-split --split foo.deb</samp>. This will produce
-N files each of approximately 460 KBytes long in the current directory.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Copy those N files to floppy disks.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Copy the contents of the floppy disks onto the hard disk of your choice on the
-other machine.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Join those part-files together using <samp>dpkg-split --join
-&quot;foo*&quot;</samp>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-updaterunning"></a>8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?</h2>
-
-<p>
-The kernel (file system) in Debian GNU/Linux systems supports replacing files
-even while they're being used.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We also provide a program called <code>start-stop-daemon</code> which is used
-to start daemons at boot time or to stop daemons when the runlevel is changed
-(e.g., from multi-user to single-user or to halt). The same program is used by
-installation scripts when a new package containing a daemon is installed, to
-stop running daemons, and restart them as necessary.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-whatpackages"></a>8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?</h2>
-
-<p>
-To learn the status of all the packages installed on a Debian system, execute
-the command
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg --list
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-This prints out a one-line summary for each package, giving a 2-letter status
-symbol (explained in the header), the package name, the version which is
-<em>installed</em>, and a brief description.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To learn the status of packages whose names match the string any pattern
-beginning with &quot;foo&quot; by executing the command:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg --list 'foo*'
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-To get a more verbose report for a particular package, execute the command:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg --status packagename
-</pre>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-listfiles"></a>8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?</h2>
-
-<p>
-To list all the files provided by the installed package <samp>foo</samp>
-execute the command
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg --listfiles foo
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Note that the files created by the installation scripts aren't displayed.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-filesearch"></a>8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?</h2>
-
-<p>
-To identify the package that produced the file named <samp>foo</samp> execute
-either:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<samp>dpkg --search filename</samp>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This searches for <samp>filename</samp> in installed packages. (This is
-(currently) equivalent to searching all of the files having the file extension
-of <samp>.list</samp> in the directory <samp>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</samp>, and
-adjusting the output to print the names of all the packages containing it, and
-diversions.)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A faster alternative to this is the <code>dlocate</code> tool.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dlocate -S filename
-</pre>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<samp>zgrep foo Contents-ARCH.gz</samp>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This searches for files which contain the substring <samp>foo</samp> in their
-full path names. The files <samp>Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> (where ARCH
-represents the wanted architecture) reside in the major package directories
-(main, non-free, contrib) at a Debian FTP site (i.e. under
-<samp>/debian/dists/etch</samp>). A <samp>Contents</samp> file refers only to
-the packages in the subdirectory tree where it resides. Therefore, a user
-might have to search more than one <samp>Contents</samp> files to find the
-package containing the file <samp>foo</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This method has the advantage over <samp>dpkg --search</samp> in that it will
-find files in packages that are not currently installed on your system.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<samp>apt-file search <var>foo</var></samp>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you install the <code>apt-file</code>, similar to the above, it searches
-files which contain the substring or regular expression <samp>foo</samp> in
-their full path names. The advantage over the sample above is that there is no
-need to retrieve the <samp>Contents-ARCH.gz</samp> files as it will do this
-automatically for all the sources defined in <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>
-when you run (as root) <samp>apt-file update</samp>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-datapackages"></a>8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Some packages are split in program (`foo') and data (`foo-data') (or in `foo'
-and `foo-doc'). This is true for many games, multimedia applications and
-dictionaries in Debian and has been introduced since some users might want to
-access the raw data without installing the program or because the program can
-be run without the data itself, making it optional.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Similar situations occur when dealing with libraries: generally these get
-installed since packages containing applications depend on them. When the
-application-package is purged, the library-package might stay on the system.
-Or: when the application-package no longer depends upon e.g. libdb4.2, but
-upon libdb4.3, the libdb4.2 package might stay when the application-package is
-upgraded.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In these cases, `foo-data' doesn't depend on `foo', so when you remove the
-`foo' package it will not get automatically removed by most package management
-tools. The same holds true for the library packages. This is necessary to
-avoid circular dependencies. If you use <code>aptitude</code> (see <a
-href="#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 8.1.3</a>) as your package management tool
-it will, however, track automatically installed packages and remove them when
-no packages remain that need them in your system.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ 8 ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
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-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN">
-
-<html>
-
-<head>
-
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product</title>
-
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="ch-redistrib"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ 14 ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 14 - Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-sellcds"></a>14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go ahead. You do not need permission to distribute anything we have
-<em>released</em>, so that you can master your CD as soon as the beta-test
-ends. You do not have to pay us anything. Of course, all CD manufacturers
-must honor the licenses of the programs in Debian. For example, many of the
-programs are licensed under the GPL, which requires you to distribute their
-source code.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Also, we will publish a list of CD manufacturers who donate money, software,
-and time to the Debian project, and we will encourage users to buy from
-manufacturers who donate, so it is good advertising to make donations.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-packagednonfree"></a>14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Yes. While all the main components of Debian are free software, we provide a
-non-free directory for programs that are not freely redistributable.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-CD manufacturers <em>may</em> be able to distribute the programs we have placed
-in that directory, depending on the license terms or their private arrangements
-with the authors of those software packages. CD manufacturers can also
-distribute the non-free software they get from other sources on the same CD.
-This is nothing new: free and commercial software are distributed on the same
-CD by many manufacturers now. Of course we still encourage software authors to
-release the programs they write as free software.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-childistro"></a>14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Yes. Debian-derived distributions are being created both in close cooperation
-with the Debian project itself and by external parties. One can use the
-<code><a href="http://cdd.alioth.debian.org/">Custom Debian
-Distributions</a></code> framework to work together with Debian; <code><a
-href="http://www.skolelinux.org/">Skolelinux</a></code> is one such project.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There are several other Debian-derived distributions already on the market,
-such as Progeny Debian, Linspire, Knoppix and Ubuntu, that are targeted at a
-different kind of audience than the original Debian GNU/Linux is, but use most
-of our components in their product.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Debian also provides a mechanism to allow developers and system administrators
-to install local versions of selected files in such a way that they will not be
-overwritten when other packages are upgraded. This is discussed further in the
-question on <a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert">How do I override a file
-installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?,
-Section 11.8</a>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-commercialdebs"></a>14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Go right ahead. The package tool is free software; the packages may or may not
-be free software, it can install them all.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ 14 ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
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-
-<html>
-
-<head>
-
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Software available in the Debian system</title>
-
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="ch-software"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ 5 ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 5 - Software available in the Debian system
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-apps"></a>5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Like most Linux distributions, Debian GNU/Linux provides:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-the major GNU applications for software development, file manipulation, and
-text processing, including gcc, g++, make, texinfo, Emacs, the Bash shell and
-numerous upgraded Unix utilities,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Perl, Python, Tcl/Tk and various related programs, modules and libraries for
-each of them,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-TeX (LaTeX) and Lyx, dvips, Ghostscript,
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-the Xorg windowing system, which provides a networked graphical user interface
-for Linux, and countless X applications including the GNOME, KDE and Xfce
-desktop environments.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-a full suite of networking applications, including servers for Internet
-protocols such as HTTP (WWW), FTP, NNTP (news), SMTP and POP (mail) and DNS
-(name servers); relational databases like PostgreSQL, MySQL; also provided are
-web browsers including the various Mozilla products [<a
-href="footnotes.en.html#f1" name="fr1">1</a>],
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-a complete set of office applications, including the OpenOffice.org
-productivity suite, Gnumeric and other spreadsheets, WYSIWYG editors,
-calendars.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-More than 18040 packages, ranging from news servers and readers to sound
-support, FAX programs, database and spreadsheet programs, image processing
-programs, communications, net, and mail utilities, Web servers, and even
-ham-radio programs are included in the distribution. Another 560 software
-suites are available as Debian packages, but are not formally part of Debian
-due to license restrictions.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-softwareauthors"></a>5.2 Who wrote all that software?</h2>
-
-<p>
-For each package the <em>authors</em> of the program(s) are credited in the
-file <samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE/copyright</samp>, where PACKAGE is to be
-substituted with the package's name.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<em>Maintainers</em> who package this software for the Debian GNU/Linux system
-are listed in the Debian control file (see <a
-href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile">What is a Debian control file?,
-Section 7.4</a>) that comes with each package. The Debian changelog, in
-<samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE/changelog.Debian.gz</samp>, mentions the people
-who've worked on the Debian packaging too.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-pkglist"></a>5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?</h2>
-
-<p>
-A complete list is available from any of the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist">Debian mirrors</a></code>, in the
-file <samp>indices/Maintainers</samp>. That file includes the package names
-and the names and e-mails of their respective maintainers.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code><a href="http://packages.debian.org/">WWW interface to the Debian
-packages</a></code> conveniently summarizes the packages in each of about
-thirty &quot;sections&quot; of the Debian archive.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-buildenv"></a>5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?</h2>
-
-<p>
-If you want to build packages in your Debian system you will need to have a
-basic development environment, including a C/C++ compiler and some other
-essential packages. In order to install this environment you just need to
-install the <code>build-essential</code>. This package is a meta-package or
-place-holder package which depends on the standard development tools one needs
-to build a Debian package.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Some software can, however, need additional software to be rebuilt, including
-library headers or additional tools such as <code>autoconf</code> or
-<code>gettext</code>. Debian provides many of the tools needed to build other
-software as Debian packages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Finding which software is precisely required can be tricky, however, unless you
-are planning on rebuilding Debian packages. This last task is rather easy to
-do, as official packages have to include a list of the additional software
-(besides the packages in <code>build-essential</code>) needed to build the
-pacakge, this is known as <samp>Build-Dependencies</samp>. To install all the
-packages needed to build a given source package and then build said source
-package you can just run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- # apt-get build-dep <var>foo</var>
- # apt-get source --build <var>foo</var>
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Notice that if you want to build the Linux kernels distributed by Debian you
-will want to install also the <code>kernel-package</code> package. For more
-information see <a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel">What tools does
-Debian provide to build custom kernels?, Section 10.2</a>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-missing"></a>5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?</h2>
-
-<p>
-A list of packages which are still needed to be packaged for Debian exists, the
-<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/devel/wnpp/">Work-Needing and Prospective
-Packages list</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For more details about adding the missing things, see <a
-href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">How can I become a Debian software
-developer?, Section 13.1</a>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-no-devs"></a>5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Debian Policy requires that such symbolic links (to libfoo.so.x.y.z or similar)
-are placed in separate, development packages. Those packages are usually named
-libfoo-dev or libfooX-dev (presuming the library package is named libfooX, and
-X is a whole number).
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-java"></a>5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Several <em>free</em> implementations of Java technology are available as
-Debian packages, providing both Java Development Kits as well as Runtime
-Environments. You can write, debug and run Java programs using Debian.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Running a Java applet requires a web browser with the capability to recognize
-and execute them. Several web browsers available in Debian, such as Mozilla or
-Konqueror, support Java plug-ins that enable running Java applets within them.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Please refer to the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-java-faq/">Debian Java
-FAQ</a></code> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-isitdebian"></a>5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?</h2>
-
-<p>
-In order to make sure that your system has been installed from the real Debian
-base disks check for the existence of <samp>/etc/debian_version</samp> file,
-which contains a single one-line entry giving the version number of the
-release, as defined by the package <samp>base-files</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The existence of the program <samp>dpkg</samp> shows that you should be able to
-install Debian packages on your system, but as the program has been ported to
-many other operating systems and architectures, this is no longer a reliable
-method of determining is a system Debian GNU/Linux.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Users should be aware, however, that the Debian system consists of many parts,
-each of which can be updated (almost) independently. Each Debian
-&quot;release&quot; contains well defined and unchanging contents. Updates are
-separately available. For a one-line description of the installation status of
-package <samp>foo</samp>, use the command <samp>dpkg --list foo</samp>. To
-view versions of all installed packages, run:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg -l
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-For a more verbose description, use:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- dpkg --status foo
-</pre>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-nonenglish"></a>5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Debian GNU/Linux is distributed with keymaps for nearly two dozen keyboards,
-and with utilities (in the <samp>kbd</samp> package) to install, view, and
-modify the tables.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The installation prompts the user to specify the keyboard he will use.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Vast majority of the software we packaged supports entering non-US-ASCII
-characters used in other Latin languages (e.g. ISO-8859-1 or ISO-8859-2), and
-a number of programs support multi-byte languages such as Japanese or Chinese.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Currently, support for German-, Spanish-, Finnish-, French-, Hungarian-,
-Italian-, Japanese-, Korean-, Dutch-, Polish-, Portuguese-, Russian-, Turkish-,
-and Chinese-language manual pages is provided through the
-<samp>manpages-LANG</samp> packages (where LANG is the two-letter ISO country
-code). To access an NLS manual page, the user must set the shell LC_MESSAGES
-variable to the appropriate string.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example, in the case of the Italian-language manual pages, LC_MESSAGES
-needs to be set to 'italian'. The <code>man</code> program will then search
-for Italian manual pages under <samp>/usr/share/man/it/</samp>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-pine"></a>5.10 Where is pine?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Due to its restrictive license, it's in the non-free area. Moreover, since
-license does not even allow modified binaries to be distributed, you have to
-compile it yourself from the source and the Debian patches.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The source package name is <code>pine</code>. You can use the
-<code>pine-tracker</code> package to be notified about when you need to
-upgrade.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Note that there are many replacements for both pine and pico, such as
-<code>mutt</code> and <code>nano</code>, that are located in the main section.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-qmail"></a>5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Dan J. Bernstein used to distribute <code><a
-href="http://cr.yp.to/software.html">all software he has written</a></code>
-with a restrictive license which does not allow modified binaries to be
-distributed. In november 2007 however, Bernstein said &quot;[...] i have
-decided to put all of my future and [...] past software into the public
-domain&quot;. See <code><a href="http://cr.yp.to/distributors.html">FAQ from
-distributors</a></code> for his distribution terms.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As of 2008-04, <code>daemontools</code>, <code>djbdns</code> and
-<code>ucspi-tcp</code> are shipped with Debian lenny (in main). As of this
-writing (2008-04), <code>qmail</code> is not yet packaged for Debian main; see
-<code><a href="http://bugs.debian.org/457318">Bug #457318 (ITP
-qmail)</a></code> for the current status.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As of 2008-04, <samp>publicfile</samp> and <samp>ezmlm</samp> were still not
-free software. For <samp>ezmlm</samp>, there's the <code>ezmlm-src</code>
-package in the non-free area.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-flash"></a>5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Debian ships both <code>gnash</code> and <code>swfdec</code>: two free SWF
-movie players.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-googleearth"></a>5.13 Where is Google Earth?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Google Earth is available for GNU/Linux from Google's web site, but is not only
-not Free Software, but is completely undistributable by a third party.
-However, <code>googleearth-package</code> (in the contrib-section) might be
-helpful in using this software.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-voip"></a>5.14 Where is VoIP software?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Two main open protocols are used for Voice Over IP: SIP and H.323. Both are
-implemented by a wide variety of software in Debian main. <code>ekiga</code>
-is one of the popular clients.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-nonfreewireless"></a>5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Buy one which does :)
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Alternatively, use <code>ndiswrapper</code> to use a driver for Windows (if you
-have one) on your Linux system. See the <code><a
-href="http://wiki.debian.org/NdisWrapper">Debian Wiki ndiswapper
-page</a></code> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ 5 ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
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-
-<html>
-
-<head>
-
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux</title>
-
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="ch-support"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ 12 ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 12 - Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-debiandocs"></a>12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Installation instructions for the current release: see <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual</a></code>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux reference covers many aspects of system administration
-through shell-command examples. Basic tutorials, tips, and other information
-are provided for many different topics ranging from system administration to
-programming.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Get it from the <code>debian-reference</code> package, or at <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#quick-reference">http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#quick-reference</a></code>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-The Debian Policy manual documents the policy requirements for the
-distribution, i.e. the structure and contents of the Debian archive, several
-design issues of the operating system etc. It also includes the technical
-requirements that each package must satisfy to be included in the distribution,
-and documents the basic technical aspects of Debian binary and source packages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Get it from the <code>debian-policy</code> package, or at <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#policy">http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#policy</a></code>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Documentation developed by the Debian Documentation Project. It is available
-at <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/doc/">http://www.debian.org/doc/</a></code> and
-includes user guides, administration guides and security guides for the Debian
-GNU/Linux operating system.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Documentation on installed Debian packages: Most packages have files that are
-unpacked into <samp>/usr/share/doc/PACKAGE</samp>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Documentation on the Linux project: The Debian package <code>doc-linux</code>
-installs all of the most recent versions of the HOWTOs and mini-HOWTOs from the
-<code><a href="http://www.tldp.org/">Linux Documentation Project</a></code>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Unix-style `man' pages: Most commands have manual pages written in the style of
-the original Unix 'man' files. For instance, to see the manual page for the
-command `ls', execute <samp>man ls</samp>. Execute <samp>man man</samp> for
-more information on finding and viewing manual pages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-New Debian users should note that the 'man' pages of many general system
-commands are not available until they install these packages:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<samp>man-db</samp>, which contains the <samp>man</samp> program itself, and
-other programs for manipulating the manual pages.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<samp>manpages</samp>, which contains the system manual pages. (see <a
-href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">How does Debian support non-English
-languages?, Section 5.9</a>).
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-GNU-style `info' pages: User documentation for many commands, particularly GNU
-tools, is available not in `man' pages, but in `info' files which can be read
-by the GNU tool <samp>info</samp>, by running <samp>M-x info</samp> within GNU
-Emacs, or with some other Info page viewer.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Its main advantage over the original `man' pages are that it is a hypertext
-system. It does <em>not</em> require the WWW, however; <samp>info</samp> can
-be run from a plain text console. It was designed by Richard Stallman and
-preceded the WWW.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Note that you may access a lot of documentation on your system by using a WWW
-browser, through `dwww', `dhelp' or `doccentral' commands, found in respective
-packages, or by using `yelp'.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-onlineresources"></a>12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Yes. In fact, the main method of support Debian provides to our users is by
-the way of e-mail. We'll give some details on that, and mention some other
-useful resources. Even more resources are listed at the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/support">Debian Support webpage</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s12.2.1"></a>12.2.1 Mailing lists</h3>
-
-<p>
-There are a lot of <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/">Debian-related mailing
-lists</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On a system with the <code>doc-debian</code> package installed there is a
-complete list of mailing lists in
-<code>/usr/share/doc/debian/mailing-lists.txt</code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Debian mailing lists are named following the pattern
-debian-<var>list-subject</var>. Examples are debian-announce, debian-user,
-debian-news. To subscribe to any list debian-<var>list-subject</var>, send
-mail to debian-<var>list-subject</var>-request@lists.debian.org with the word
-&quot;subscribe&quot; in the Subject: header. Be sure to remember to add
-<em>-request</em> to the e-mail address when using this method to subscribe or
-unsubscribe. Otherwise your e-mail will go to the list itself, which could be
-embarrassing or annoying, depending on your point of view.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You can subscribe to mailing lists using the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe">WWW form</a></code>. You
-can also un-subscribe using a <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/unsubscribe">WWW form</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The list manager's e-mail address is <code><a
-href="mailto:listmaster@lists.debian.org">listmaster@lists.debian.org</a></code>,
-in case you have any trouble.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The mailing lists are public forums. All e-mails sent to the lists are also
-copied to the public archive, for anybody (even non-subscribers) to browse or
-search. Please make sure you never send any confidential or unlicensed
-material to the lists. This includes things like e-mail addresses. Of
-particular note is the fact that spammers have been known to abuse e-mail
-addresses posted to our mailing lists. See the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/index.en.html#disclaimer">Mailing
-Lists Privacy policy</a></code> for more information.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Archives of the Debian mailing lists are available via WWW at <code><a
-href="http://lists.debian.org/">http://lists.debian.org/</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h4><a name="s-mailinglistconduct"></a>12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?</h4>
-
-<p>
-When using the Debian mailing lists, please follow these rules:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Do not send spam. See the <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/#ads">Debian mailing list advertising
-policy</a></code>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Do not flame; it is not polite. The people developing Debian are all
-volunteers, donating their time, energy and money in an attempt to bring the
-Debian project together.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Do not use foul language; besides, some people receive the lists via packet
-radio, where swearing is illegal.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Make sure that you are using the proper list. <em>Never</em> post your
-(un)subscription requests to the mailing list itself[<a
-href="footnotes.en.html#f7" name="fr7">7</a>]
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-See section <a href="#s-bugreport">How do I report a bug in Debian?, Section
-12.5</a> for notes on reporting bugs.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s12.2.2"></a>12.2.2 Web forums</h3>
-
-<p>
-<code><a href="http://debianhelp.org/">debianHELP</a></code> and <code><a
-href="http://forums.debian.net/">Debian User Forums</a></code> are web forums
-on which you can submit questions about Debian and have them answered by other
-users. (These are not officially part of the Debian project.)
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s12.2.3"></a>12.2.3 Wiki</h3>
-
-<p>
-Solutions to common problems, howto's, guides, tips and other documentation can
-be found at the constantly changing <code><a
-href="http://wiki.debian.org/">Debian Wiki</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s12.2.4"></a>12.2.4 Maintainers</h3>
-
-<p>
-Users can address questions to individual package maintainers using e-mail. To
-reach a maintainer of a package called xyz, send e-mail to
-<em>xyz@packages.debian.org</em>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s12.2.5"></a>12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups</h3>
-
-<p>
-Users should post non-Debian-specific questions to one of the Linux USENET
-groups, which are named comp.os.linux.* or linux.*. There are several lists of
-Linux Usenet newsgroups and other related resources on the WWW, e.g. on the
-<code><a href="http://www.linux.org/docs/usenet.html">Linux Online</a></code>
-and <code><a
-href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/helpdesk.php">LinuxJournal</a></code> sites.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-searchtools"></a>12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?</h2>
-
-<p>
-There is a variety of search engines that serve documentation related to
-Debian:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<code><a href="http://search.debian.org/">Debian WWW search site</a></code>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-<code><a href="http://groups.google.com/">Google Groups</a></code>: a search
-engine for newsgroups.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example, to find out what experiences people have had with finding drivers
-for Promise controllers under Debian, try searching on the phrase <samp>Promise
-Linux driver</samp>. This will show you all the postings that contain these
-strings, i.e. those where people discussed these topics. If you add
-<samp>Debian</samp> to those search strings, you'll also get the postings
-specifically related to Debian.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-Any of the common web spidering engines, such as <code><a
-href="http://www.altavista.com/">AltaVista</a></code> or <code><a
-href="http://www.google.com/">Google</a></code>, as long as you use the right
-search terms.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For example, searching on the string &quot;cgi-perl&quot; gives a more detailed
-explanation of this package than the brief description field in its control
-file.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-buglogs"></a>12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Reports on unsolved (and closed) issues are publicly available: Debian
-promissed to do so by stating &quot;We will not hide problems&quot; in the
-<code><a href="http://www.debian.org/social_contract">Debian Social
-Contract</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux distribution has a bug tracking system (BTS) which files
-details of bugs reported by users and developers. Each bug is given a number,
-and is kept on file. Once it has been dealt with, it is marked as such.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Copies of this information are available at <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/Bugs/">http://www.debian.org/Bugs/</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A mail server provides access to the bug tracking system database via e-mail.
-In order to get the instructions, send an e-mail to request@bugs.debian.org
-with &quot;help&quot; in the body.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-bugreport"></a>12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?</h2>
-
-<p>
-If you have found a bug in Debian, please read the instructions for reporting a
-bug in Debian. These instructions can be obtained in one of several ways:
-</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-From the WWW. A copy of the instructions is shown at <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting">http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting</a></code>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-On any Debian system with the <code>doc-debian</code> package installed. The
-instructions are in the file
-<code>/usr/share/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt</code>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>
-By anonymous FTP. Debian mirror sites contain the instructions in the file
-<samp>doc/bug-reporting.txt</samp>.
-</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-You can use the package <code>reportbug</code> that will guide you through the
-reporting process and mail the message to the proper address, with some extra
-details about your system added automatically. It will also show you a list of
-bugs already reported to the package you are reporting against in case your bug
-has been reported previously, so that you can add additional information to the
-existing bug report.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Expect to get an automatic acknowledgement of your bug report. It will also be
-automatically given a bug tracking number, entered into the bug log and
-forwarded to the debian-bugs-dist mailing list.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ 12 ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
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-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
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-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Keeping your Debian system up-to-date</title>
-
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
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-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="ch-uptodate"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ 9 ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Chapter 9 - Keeping your Debian system up-to-date
-</h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-A Debian goal is to provide a consistent upgrade path and a secure upgrade
-process. We always do our best to make upgrading to new releases a smooth
-procedure. In case there's some important note to add to the upgrade process,
-the packages will alert the user, and often provide a solution to a possible
-problem.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-You should also read the Release Notes document that describes the details of
-specific upgrades. It is shipped on all Debian CDs and available on the WWW at
-<code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-howtocurrent"></a>9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?</h2>
-
-<p>
-One could simply execute an anonymous ftp call to a Debian archive, then peruse
-the directories until one finds the desired file, and then fetch it, and
-finally install it using <samp>dpkg</samp>. Note that <samp>dpkg</samp> will
-install upgrade files in place, even on a running system. Sometimes, a revised
-package will require the installation of a newly revised version of another
-package, in which case the installation will fail until/unless the other
-package is installed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Many people find this approach much too time-consuming, since Debian evolves so
-quickly -- typically, a dozen or more new packages are uploaded every week.
-This number is larger just before a new major release. To deal with this
-avalanche, many people prefer to use a more automated method. Several
-different packages are available for this purpose:
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-aptitude-upgrade"></a>9.1.1 aptitude</h3>
-
-<p>
-APT is an advanced interface to the Debian packaging system. It features
-complete installation ordering, multiple source capability and several other
-unique features, see the User's Guide in
-<samp>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</samp> (you will have to
-install the <samp>apt-doc</samp> package).
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>aptitude</code> is the recommended package manager for Debian GNU/Linux
-systems. It is a text-based interface to APT using the curses library, and can
-be used to perform management tasks in a fast and easy way.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Before you can use <code>aptitude</code>, you'll have to edit the
-<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file to set it up. If you wish to upgrade
-to the latest stable version of Debian, you'll probably want to use a source
-like this one:
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-You can replace ftp.us.debian.org with the name of a faster Debian mirror near
-you. See the mirror list at <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list">http://www.debian.org/mirror/list</a></code>
-for more information.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-More details on this can be found in the <code>sources.list(8)</code> manual
-page.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To update your system, run
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- aptitude update
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-followed by
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- aptitude dist-upgrade
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded. See
-also <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 8.1.3</a>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-apt"></a>9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom</h3>
-
-<p>
-<code>apt-get</code> is an APT-based command-line tool for handling packages,
-and the APT dselect method is an interface to APT through <code>dselect</code>.
-Both of these provide a simple, safe way to install and upgrade packages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To use <code>apt-get</code>, install the <code>apt</code> package, and edit the
-<samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file to set it up, just as for <a
-href="#s-aptitude-upgrade">aptitude, Section 9.1.1</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Then run
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-get update
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-followed by
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- apt-get dist-upgrade
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded. See
-also the <code>apt-get(8)</code> manual page, as well as <a
-href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get">APT, Section 8.1.2</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To use APT with <code>dselect</code>, choose the APT access method in dselect's
-method selection screen (option 0) and then specify the sources that should be
-used. The configuration file is <code>/etc/apt/sources.list</code>. See also
-<a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect">dselect, Section 8.1.6.1</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-If you want to use CDs to install packages, you can use <code>apt-cdrom</code>.
-For details, please see the Release Notes, section &quot;Setting up for an
-upgrade from a local mirror&quot;.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Please note that when you get and install the packages, you'll still have them
-kept in your /var directory hierarchy. To keep your partition from
-overflowing, remember to delete extra files using <samp>apt-get clean</samp>
-and <samp>apt-get autoclean</samp>, or to move them someplace else (hint: use
-<code>apt-move</code>).
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-update_aptitude"></a>9.1.3 aptitude</h3>
-
-<p>
-<code>aptitude</code> is a text-based interface to the Debian package system.
-It allows the user to view the list of packages and to perform package
-management tasks such as installing, upgrading, and removing packages (see <a
-href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 8.1.3</a>). Actions
-may be performed from a visual interface or from the command-line.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In command line, the actions are similar to that of APT, so to upgrade your
-system run
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- aptitude update
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-followed by
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- aptitude dist-upgrade
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-To upgrade from a preview release, <code>aptitude</code> is the tool
-recommended. Read the Release Notes at <code><a
-href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes</a></code>.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For details, see the manual page <code>aptitude(8)</code>, and the file
-<code>/usr/share/aptitude/README</code>
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-mirror"></a>9.1.4 mirror</h3>
-
-<p>
-This Perl script, and its (optional) manager program called
-<code>mirror-master</code>, can be used to fetch user-specified parts of a
-directory tree from a specified host <em>via</em> anonymous FTP.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>mirror</code> is particularly useful for downloading large volumes of
-software. After the first time files have been downloaded from a site, a file
-called <samp>.mirrorinfo</samp> is stored on the local host. Changes to the
-remote file system are tracked automatically by <code>mirror</code>, which
-compares this file to a similar file on the remote system and downloads only
-changed files.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <code>mirror</code> program is generally useful for updating local copies
-of remote directory trees. The files fetched need not be Debian files. (Since
-<code>mirror</code> is a Perl script, it can also run on non-Unix systems.)
-Though the <code>mirror</code> program provides mechanisms for excluding files
-names of which match user-specified strings, this program is most useful when
-the objective is to download whole directory trees, rather than selected
-packages.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h3><a name="s-dpkg-mountable"></a>9.1.5 dpkg-mountable</h3>
-
-<p>
-dpkg-mountable adds an access method called `mountable' to dselect's list,
-which allows you to install from any file system specified in /etc/fstab. For
-example, the archive could be a normal hard disk partition or an NFS server,
-which it will automatically mount and umount for you if necessary.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It also has some extra features not found in the standard dselect methods, such
-as provision for a local file tree (either parallel to the main distribution or
-totally separate), and only getting packages which are required, rather than
-the time-consuming recursive directory scan, as well as logging of all dpkg
-actions in the install method.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-upgradesingle"></a>9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?</h2>
-
-<p>
-No. Packages can be upgraded in place, even in running systems. Debian has a
-<samp>start-stop-daemon</samp> program that is invoked to stop, then restart
-running process if necessary during a package upgrade.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-savedebs"></a>9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?</h2>
-
-<p>
-No. If you have downloaded the files to your disk then after you have
-installed the packages, you can remove them from your system, e.g. by running
-<samp>aptitude clean</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-keepingalog"></a>9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!</h2>
-
-<p>
-Passing the <samp>--log</samp>-option to <code>dpkg</code> makes
-<code>dpkg</code> log status change updates and actions. It logs both the
-<code>dpkg</code>-invokation (e.g.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- 2005-12-30 18:10:33 install hello 1.3.18 2.1.1-4
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-) and the results (e.g.
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- 2005-12-30 18:10:35 status installed hello 2.1.1-4
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-) If you'd like to log all your <code>dpkg</code> invokations (even those done
-using frontends like <code>aptitude</code>), you could add
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- log /var/log/dpkg.log
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-to your <code>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg</code>. Be sure the created logfile gets
-rotated periodically. If you're using <code>logrotate</code>, this can be
-achieved by creating a file <code>/etc/logrotate.d/dpkg</code> with contents
-</p>
-
-<pre>
- /var/log/dpkg {
- missingok
- notifempty
- }
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-More details on <code>dpkg</code> logging can be found in the
-<code>dpkg(1)</code> manual page.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>aptitude</code> logs the package installations, removals, and upgrades
-that it intends to perform to <code>/var/log/aptitude</code>. Note that the
-<em>results</em> of those actions are not recorded in this file!
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Another way to record your actions is to run your package management session
-within the <code>script(1)</code> program.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-autoupdate"></a>9.5 Can I automatically update the system?</h2>
-
-<p>
-Yes. You can use <code>cron-apt</code>, this tool updates the system at
-regular interval by using a cron job. By default it just updates the package
-list and download new packages without installing.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Note: Automatic upgrade of packages is <strong>NOT</strong> recommended in
-<em>testing</em> or <em>unstable</em> systems as this might bring unexpected
-behaviour and remove packages without notice.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="s-aptproxy"></a>9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?</h2>
-
-<p>
-If you have more than one Debian machine on your network, it is useful to use
-<code>apt-proxy</code> to keep all of your Debian systems up-to-date.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-<code>apt-proxy</code> reduces the bandwidth requirements of Debian mirrors by
-restricting the frequency of Packages, Releases and Sources file updates from
-the back end and only doing a single fetch for any file, independently of the
-actual request it from the proxy. <code>apt-proxy</code> automatically builds
-a Debian HTTP mirror based on requests which pass through the proxy.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For more details, see the apt-proxy homepage at <code><a
-href="http://apt-proxy.sourceforge.net/">http://apt-proxy.sourceforge.net/</a></code>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Of course, you can get the same benefit if you are already using a standard
-caching proxy and all your systems are configured to use it.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ 9 ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
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-
-<html>
-
-<head>
-
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Footnotes</title>
-
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href=".en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href=".en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br>Footnotes</h1>
-
-<h2><a href="ch-software.en.html#fr1" name="f1">1</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-These have been, however, rebranded and are provided with different names due
-to trademark issues
-</p>
-
-<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr2" name="f2">2</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-When the present-day sid did not exist, the FTP site organization had one major
-flaw: there was an assumption that when an architecture is created in the
-current unstable, it will be released when that distribution becomes the new
-stable. For many architectures that isn't the case, with the result that those
-directories had to be moved at release time. This was impractical because the
-move would chew up lots of bandwidth.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The archive administrators worked around this problem for several years by
-placing binaries for unreleased architectures in a special directory called
-&quot;sid&quot;. For those architectures not yet released, the first time they
-were released there was a link from the current stable to sid, and from then on
-they were created inside the unstable tree as normal. This layout was somewhat
-confusing to users.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-With the advent of package pools (see <a href="#s-pools">What's in the
-<samp>pool</samp> directory?, Section 6.10</a>), binary packages began to be
-stored in a canonical location in the pool, regardless of the distribution, so
-releasing a distribution no longer causes large bandwidth consumption on the
-mirrors (there is, however, a lot of gradual bandwidth consumption throughout
-the development process).
-</p>
-
-<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr3" name="f3">3</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-<samp>dists/stable/main</samp>, <samp>dists/stable/contrib</samp>,
-<samp>dists/stable/non-free</samp>, and <samp>dists/unstable/main/</samp>, etc.
-</p>
-
-<h2><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#fr4" name="f4">4</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-Historically, packages were kept in the subdirectory of <samp>dists</samp>
-corresponding to which distribution contained them. This turned out to cause
-various problems, such as large bandwidth consumption on mirrors when major
-changes were made. This was fixed with the introduction of the package pool.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The <samp>dists</samp> directories are still used for the index files used by
-programs like <samp>apt</samp>.
-</p>
-
-<h2><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#fr5" name="f5">5</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-Notice that there are ports that make this tool available with other package
-management systems, like Red Hat package manager, also known as
-<code>rpm</code>
-</p>
-
-<h2><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#fr6" name="f6">6</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-Although this can also lead to systems with more packages installed than they
-actually need to work.
-</p>
-
-<h2><a href="ch-support.en.html#fr7" name="f7">7</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-Use the debian-<var>list-subject</var>-REQUEST@lists.debian.org address for
-that.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
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-
-<html>
-
-<head>
-
-<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-
-<title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ</title>
-
-<link href="index.en.html" rel="start">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="prev">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="next">
-<link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents">
-<link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?">
-<link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?">
-<link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap" rel="section" title="4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx" rel="section" title="4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?">
-<link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls" rel="section" title="4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is pine?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is Google Earth?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.14 Where is VoIP software?">
-<link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?">
-<link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk" rel="section" title="10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?">
-<link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts" rel="section" title="11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?">
-<link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?">
-<link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.1 Extended support for non-English users">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot" rel="section" title="15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures">
-<link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability">
-<link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?">
-<link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?">
-<link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dselect" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dselect">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.2 dpkg-deb">
-<link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-split" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.3 dpkg-split">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 aptitude">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.4 mirror">
-<link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable" rel="subsection" title="9.1.5 dpkg-mountable">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers">
-<link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest">
-<link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Free Software Foundation">
-
-</head>
-
-<body>
-
-<p><a name="index"></a></p>
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h1>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-<br></h1>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="abstract"></a>Abstract</h2>
-
-<p>
-This document answers questions frequently asked about Debian GNU/Linux.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="copyright"></a>Copyright Notice</h2>
-
-<p>
-Copyright &copy; 1996-2005 by Software in the Public Interest, portions copyright &copy; 2004, 2005, 2006 Kamaraju Kusumanchi
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document
-provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all
-copies.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this document
-under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting
-derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to
-this one.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this document into
-another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that
-this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free
-Software Foundation instead of in the original English.
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="contents"></a>Contents</h2>
-
-<ul>
-<li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1 Definitions and overview</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq">1.1 What is this FAQ?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian">1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux">1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux">1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference">1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu">1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation">1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?</a>
- </ul></li>
-<li><a href="ch-getting.en.html">2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version">2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable">2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-boot-floppies">2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation disks?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom">2.4 How do I install the Debian from CD-ROMs?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks">2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall">2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller">2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?</a>
- </ul></li>
-<li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3 Choosing a Debian distribution</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1">3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1">3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2">3.1.2 Will there be different different versions of packages in different distributions?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3">3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4">3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, Can I do that?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5">3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install testing or unstable?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6">3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7">3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Wont the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8">3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, Which distribution requires more attention?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9">3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10">3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11">3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, How?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12">3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (lenny). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13">3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?</a>
- </ul></li>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2">3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linex, Ubuntu, and others?</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1">3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2">3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3">3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/Linex/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?</a>
- </ul></li>
- </ul></li>
-<li><a href="ch-compat.en.html">4 Compatibility issues</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches">4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs">4.2 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices">4.3 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages">4.4 Can I use Debian packages (&quot;.deb&quot; files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (&quot;.rpm&quot; files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs">4.5 How should I install a non-Debian program?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-termcap">4.6 Why can't I compile programs that require libtermcap?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-accelx">4.7 Why can't I install AccelX?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-compat.en.html#s-motifnls">4.8 Why do my old XFree 2.1 Motif applications crash?</a>
- </ul></li>
-<li><a href="ch-software.en.html">5 Software available in the Debian system</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps">5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors">5.2 Who wrote all that software?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist">5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv">5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing">5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs">5.6 Why do I get &quot;ld: cannot find -lfoo&quot; messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-java">5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian">5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version is it?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish">5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-pine">5.10 Where is pine?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail">5.11 Where is qmail/ezmlm/djbdns?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash">5.12 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth">5.13 Where is Google Earth?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip">5.14 Where is VoIP software?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless">5.15 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?</a>
- </ul></li>
-<li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6 The Debian FTP archives</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists">6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames">6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames">6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames">6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?</a>
- </ul></li>
- <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid">6.3 What about &quot;sid&quot;?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable">6.4 What does the stable directory contain?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing">6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen">6.5.1 What about &quot;testing&quot;? How is it `frozen'?</a>
- </ul></li>
- <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable">6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree">6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections">6.8 What are all those directories inside <samp>dists/stable/main</samp>?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source">6.9 Where is the source code?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools">6.10 What's in the <samp>pool</samp> directory?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming">6.11 What is &quot;incoming&quot;?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository">6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?</a>
- </ul></li>
-<li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7 Basics of the Debian package management system</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package">7.1 What is a Debian package?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format">7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname">7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile">7.4 What is a Debian control file?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile">7.5 What is a Debian conffile?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts">7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority">7.7 What is an <em>Essential</em>, <em>Required</em>, <em>Important</em>, <em>Standard</em>, <em>Optional</em>, or <em>Extra</em> package?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual">7.8 What is a Virtual Package?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends">7.9 What is meant by saying that a package <em>Depends</em>, <em>Recommends</em>, <em>Suggests</em>, <em>Conflicts</em>, <em>Replaces</em> or <em>Provides</em> another package?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends">7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus">7.11 What is meant by <em>unknown</em>, <em>install</em>, <em>remove</em>, <em>purge</em> and <em>hold</em> in the package status?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold">7.12 How do I put a package on hold?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs">7.13 How do I install a source package?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild">7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs">7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?</a>
- </ul></li>
-<li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8 The Debian package management tools</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs">8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg">8.1.1 dpkg</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get">8.1.2 APT</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">8.1.3 aptitude</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic">8.1.4 synaptic</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel">8.1.5 tasksel</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra">8.1.6 Other package management tools</a>
- </ul></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning">8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages">8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles">8.4 How to display the files of a package installed?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch">8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages">8.6 Why doesn't get `foo-data' removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?</a>
- </ul></li>
-<li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent">9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade">9.1.1 aptitude</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt">9.1.2 apt-get, dselect and apt-cdrom</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-update_aptitude">9.1.3 aptitude</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror">9.1.4 mirror</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-dpkg-mountable">9.1.5 dpkg-mountable</a>
- </ul></li>
- <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle">9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs">9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog">9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when which package upgrades and removals have occured!</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate">9.5 Can I automatically update the system?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptproxy">9.6 I have several machines how can I download the updates only one time?</a>
- </ul></li>
-<li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10 Debian and the kernel</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel">10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel">10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-custombootdisk">10.3 How can I make a custom boot floppy?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules">10.4 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel">10.5 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?</a>
- </ul></li>
-<li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11 Customizing your installation of Debian GNU/Linux</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize">11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess">11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont">11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults">11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting">11.5 Every distribution seems to have a different boot-up method. Tell me about Debian's.</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-custombootscripts">11.6 It looks as if Debian does not use <samp>rc.local</samp> to customize the boot process; what facilities are provided?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles">11.7 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert">11.8 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages">11.9 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse">11.10 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?</a>
- </ul></li>
-<li><a href="ch-support.en.html">12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs">12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources">12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1">12.2.1 Mailing lists</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2">12.2.2 Web forums</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3">12.2.3 Wiki</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4">12.2.4 Maintainers</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5">12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups</a>
- </ul></li>
- <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools">12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs">12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport">12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?</a>
- </ul></li>
-<li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13 Contributing to the Debian Project</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib">13.1 How can I become a Debian software developer?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources">13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations">13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI">13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-FSF">13.3.2 Free Software Foundation</a>
- </ul></li>
- </ul></li>
-<li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds">14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree">14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro">14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a &quot;vertical market&quot;. Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs">14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian &quot;package&quot; so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?</a>
- </ul></li>
-<li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n">15.1 Extended support for non-English users</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-dependencybasedboot">15.2 Faster booting: Dependency based boot sequence</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di">15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches">15.4 More architectures</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels">15.5 More kernels</a>
- </ul></li>
-<li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16 General information about the FAQ</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">16.1 Authors</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback">16.2 Feedback</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest">16.3 Availability</a></li>
- <li><a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat">16.4 Document format</a></li>
- </ul></li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">previous</a> ]
-[ <a href="#contents">Contents</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-uptodate.en.html">9</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ]
-[ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">next</a> ]
-</p>
-
-<hr>
-
-<p>
-The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
-</p>
-
-<address>
-version 4.0.3, 6 August 2008<br>
-<br>
-Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br>
-<br>
-</address>
-<hr>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>
-
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-Methods of accessing the bug tracking system logs
-
-Accessing active bug reports
-
- Each message received at or sent by the bug processing system is
- logged and made available in a number of ways.
-
- The primary access method is to use the web pages. See the forms on
- the main BTS page at http://bugs.debian.org/
-
- There is a mailserver which can send bug reports as plain text on
- request. To use it send the word help as the sole contents of an email
- to request@bugs.debian.org (the Subject of the message is ignored), or
- read the instructions on the World Wide Web or in the file
- bug-log-mailserver.txt.
-
-Accessing archived bug reports
-
- Each closed bug report is archived 28 days after the last message
- relating to it is received and filed. This means that it is no longer
- possible to access it or change anything about it using the control
- and service bots. However, the reports are still accessible for
- viewing.
-
- You can search the bug report archive using the WWW forms at
- http://bugs.debian.org/, simply select the "archived bugs" option.
-
- Note that it doesn't contain the oldest closed bug reports, only those
- after #40000, approximately.
-
-Accessing the raw bug data
-
- If you need to get hold of the raw data used by the bug tracking
- system, you can mirror it using rsync from bugs-mirror.debian.org. The
- relevant modules are bts-spool-db (for the active bug spool),
- bts-spool-archive (for bugs that have been closed for a while and thus
- archived), and bts-spool-index (for the bug index files).
-
- At the time of writing, the active spool is about 2.5GB and the
- archived spool is about 10GB. If you only need a sample for testing
- purposes, please consider downloading only part of the active spool
- rather than the whole thing.
-
- Please do not rely on *.status files in the bug spools, as they are
- obsolete, for compatibility purposes only, and will be removed at some
- point in the future. Use the *.summary files instead.
- _________________________________________________________________
-
- Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org>
-
- Debian bug tracking system
- Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd,
- 1994-1997 Ian Jackson.
- _________________________________________________________________
-
diff --git a/includes/lenny/common/doc/bug-log-mailserver.txt b/includes/lenny/common/doc/bug-log-mailserver.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 447a059f7..000000000
--- a/includes/lenny/common/doc/bug-log-mailserver.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-Introduction to the bug system request server
-
- There is a mailserver which can send the bug reports and indices as
- plain text on request.
-
- To use it you send a mail message to request@bugs.debian.org. The
- Subject of the message is ignored, except for generating the Subject
- of the reply.
-
- The body you send should be a series of commands, one per line. You'll
- receive a reply which looks like a transcript of your message being
- interpreted, with a response to each command. No notifications are
- sent to anyone for the commands listed here and the mail isn't logged
- anywhere publicly available.
-
- Any text on a line starting with a hash sign # is ignored; the server
- will stop processing when it finds a line with a control terminator (
- quit, thank you, or two hyphens are common examples). It will also
- stop if it encounters too many unrecognised or badly-formatted
- commands. If no commands are successfully handled it will send the
- help text for the server.
-
-Commands available
-
- send bugnumber
- send-detail bugnumber
- Requests the transcript for the bug report in question.
- send-detail sends all of the "boring" messages in the
- transcript as well, such as the various auto-acks.
-
- index [full]
- index-summary by-package
- index-summary by-number
- Request the full index (with full details, and including done
- and forwarded reports), or the summary sorted by package or by
- number, respectively.
-
- index-maint
- Requests the index page giving the list of maintainers with
- bugs (open and recently-closed) in the tracking system.
-
- index maint maintainer
- Requests the index pages of bugs in the system for the
- maintainer maintainer. The search term is an exact match. The
- bug index will be sent in a separate message.
-
- index-packages
- Requests the index page giving the list of packages with bugs
- (open and recently-closed) in the tracking system.
-
- index packages package
- Requests the index pages of bugs in the system for the package
- package. The search term is an exact match. The bug index will
- be sent in a separate message.
-
- send-unmatched [this|0]
- send-unmatched last|-1
- send-unmatched old|-2
- Requests logs of messages not matched to a particular bug
- report, for this week, last week and the week before. (Each
- week ends on a Wednesday.)
-
- getinfo filename
- Request a file containing information about package(s) and or
- maintainer(s) - the files available are:
-
- maintainers
- The unified list of packages' maintainers, as used by the
- tracking system. This is derived from information in the
- Packages files, override files and pseudo-packages files.
-
- override.distribution
- override.distribution.non-free
- override.distribution.contrib
- override.experimental
- Information about the priorities and sections of packages
- and overriding values for the maintainers. This
- information is used by the process which generates the
- Packages files in the FTP archive. Information is
- available for each of the main distribution trees
- available, by their codewords.
-
- pseudo-packages.description
- pseudo-packages.maintainers
- List of descriptions and maintainers respectively for
- pseudo-packages.
-
- refcard
- Requests that the mailservers' reference card be sent in plain
- ASCII.
-
- help
- Requests that this help document be sent by email in plain
- ASCII.
-
- quit
- stop
- thank
- thanks
- thankyou
- thank you
- --
- Stops processing at this point of the message. After this you
- may include any text you like, and it will be ignored. You can
- use this to include longer comments than are suitable for #,
- for example for the benefit of human readers of your message
- (reading it via the tracking system logs or due to a CC or
- BCC).
-
- #...
- One-line comment. The # must be at the start of the line.
-
- debug level
- Sets the debugging level to level, which should be a
- nonnegative integer. 0 is no debugging; 1 is usually
- sufficient. The debugging output appears in the transcript. It
- is not likely to be useful to general users of the bug system.
-
- There is a reference card for the mailservers, available via the WWW,
- in bug-mailserver-refcard.txt or by email using the refcard command
- (see above).
-
- If you wish to manipulate bug reports you should use the
- control@bugs.debian.org address, which understands a superset of the
- commands listed above. This is described in another document,
- available on the WWW, in the file bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt, or by
- sending help to control@bugs.
-
- In case you are reading this as a plain text file or via email: an
- HTML version is available via the bug system main contents page
- http://www.debian.org/Bugs/.
- _________________________________________________________________
-
- Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org>
-
- Debian bug tracking system
- Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd,
- 1994-1997 Ian Jackson.
- _________________________________________________________________
-
diff --git a/includes/lenny/common/doc/bug-mailserver-refcard.txt b/includes/lenny/common/doc/bug-mailserver-refcard.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 04a075b9c..000000000
--- a/includes/lenny/common/doc/bug-mailserver-refcard.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-Mail servers' reference card
-
- Full documentation of the mail servers is available on the WWW, in the
- files bug-log-mailserver.txt and bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt or by
- sending the word help to each mailserver.
-
-Synopsis of commands available at request@bugs.debian.org
-
- * send bugnumber
- * send-detail bugnumber
- * index [full]
- * index-summary by-package
- * index-summary by-number
- * index-maint
- * index maint maintainer
- * index-packages
- * index packages package
- * send-unmatched [this|0]
- * send-unmatched last|-1
- * send-unmatched old|-2
- * getinfo filename (ftp.debian.org/debian/doc/*)
- * help
- * refcard
- * quit|stop|thank...|--...
- * #... (comment)
- * debug level
-
-Synopsis of extra commands available at control@bugs.debian.org
-
- * reassign bugnumber package [ version ]
- * severity bugnumber severity
- * reopen bugnumber [ originator-address | = | ! ]
- * found bugnumber [ version ]
- * notfound bugnumber version
- * submitter bugnumber originator-address | !
- * forwarded bugnumber address
- * notforwarded bugnumber
- * owner bugnumber address | !
- * noowner bugnumber
- * retitle bugnumber new-title
- * clone bugnumber NewID [ new IDs ... ]
- * merge bugnumber bugnumber ...
- * unmerge bugnumber
- * forcemerge bugnumber bugnumber ...
- * tag bugnumber [ + | - | = ] tag [ tag ... ]
- * block bugnumber by bug ...
- * unblock bugnumber by bug ...
- * close bugnumber [ fixed-version ] (deprecated -- you must
- separately tell originator why, see "Closing bug reports" instead)
-
- reopen with = or no originator address leaves the originator as the
- original submitter; ! sets it to you, the person doing the reopen.
-
- Severities are critical, grave, serious, important, normal, minor, and
- wishlist.
-
- Tags currently include patch, wontfix, moreinfo, unreproducible, help,
- pending, fixed, security, upstream, confirmed, fixed-upstream,
- fixed-in-experimental, d-i, ipv6, lfs, l10n, potato, woody, sarge,
- sarge-ignore, etch, etch-ignore, sid, and experimental.
-
-Synopsis of bug submission and followup addresses
-
- * nnn[ -submit | ]
- * nnn-maintonly
- * nnn-quiet
- * nnn-forwarded
- * nnn-request
- * nnn-submitter
- * nnn-done
- * nnn-close
- * nnn-subscribe
- _________________________________________________________________
-
- Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org>
-
- Debian bug tracking system
- Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd,
- 1994-1997 Ian Jackson.
- _________________________________________________________________
-
diff --git a/includes/lenny/common/doc/bug-maint-info.txt b/includes/lenny/common/doc/bug-maint-info.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index b584c6671..000000000
--- a/includes/lenny/common/doc/bug-maint-info.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,440 +0,0 @@
-Developers' information regarding the bug processing system
-
- Initially, a bug report is submitted by a user as an ordinary mail
- message to submit@bugs.debian.org. This will then be given a number,
- acknowledged to the user, and forwarded to debian-bugs-dist. If the
- submitter included a Package line listing a package with a known
- maintainer the maintainer will get a copy too.
-
- The Subject line will have Bug#nnn: added, and the Reply-To will be
- set to include both the submitter of the report and
- nnn@bugs.debian.org.
- _________________________________________________________________
-
- * Closing bug reports
- * Followup messages
- * Severity levels
- * Tags for bug reports
- * Recording that you have passed on a bug report
- * Changing bug ownership
- * Incorrectly listed package maintainers
- * Reopening, reassigning and manipulating bugs
- * Subscribing to bugs
- * More-or-less obsolete subject-scanning feature
- * Obsolete X-Debian-PR: quiet feature
- _________________________________________________________________
-
-Closing bug reports
-
- Debian bug reports should be closed when the problem is fixed.
- Problems in packages can only be considered fixed once a package that
- includes the bug fix enters the Debian archive.
-
- Normally, the only people that should close a bug report are the
- submitter of the bug and the maintainer(s) of the package against
- which the bug is filed. There are exceptions to this rule, for
- example, the bugs filed against unknown packages or certain generic
- pseudo-packages. When in doubt, don't close bugs, first ask for advice
- on the debian-devel mailing list.
-
- Bug reports should be closed by sending email to
- nnn-done@bugs.debian.org. The message body needs to contain an
- explanation of how the bug was fixed.
-
- With the emails received from the bug tracking system, all you need to
- do to close the bug is to make a Reply in your mail reader program and
- edit the To field to say nnn-done@bugs.debian.org instead of
- nnn@bugs.debian.org (nnn-close is provided as an alias for nnn-done).
-
- Where applicable, please supply a Version line in the pseudo-header of
- your message when closing a bug, so that the bug tracking system knows
- which releases of the package contain the fix.
-
- The person closing the bug, the person who submitted it and the
- debian-bugs-closed mailing list will each get a notification about the
- change in status of the report. The submitter and the mailing list
- will also receive the contents of the message sent to nnn-done.
-
-Followup messages
-
- The bug tracking system will include the submitter's address and the
- bug address (nnn@bugs.debian.org) in the Reply-To header after
- forwarding the bug report. Please note that these are two distinct
- addresses.
-
- If a developer wishes to reply to a bug report they should simply
- reply to the message, respecting the Reply-To header. This will not
- close the bug.
-
- The bug tracking system will receive the message at
- nnn@bugs.debian.org, pass it on to the package maintainer, file the
- reply with the rest of the logs for that bug report and forward it to
- debian-bugs-dist.
-
- Sending a message to nnn-submitter@bugs.debian.org will explicitly
- email the submitter of the bug and place a copy in the Bug tracking
- system. The message will not be sent to package maintainer.
-
- If you wish to send a followup message which is not appropriate for
- debian-bugs-dist you can do so by sending it to
- nnn-quiet@bugs.debian.org or nnn-maintonly@bugs.debian.org. Mail to
- nnn-quiet@bugs.debian.org is filed in the Bug Tracking System but is
- not delivered to any individuals or mailing lists. Mail to
- nnn-maintonly@bugs.debian.org is filed in the Bug Tracking System and
- is delivered only to the maintainer of the package in question.
-
- Do not use the "reply to all recipients" or "followup" feature of your
- mailer unless you intend to edit down the recipients substantially. In
- particular, see that you don't send followup messages to
- submit@bugs.debian.org.
-
- For more information about headers to suppress ACK messages and how to
- send carbon copies using the Bug Tracking System, see the instructions
- for reporting bugs.
-
-Severity levels
-
- The bug system records a severity level with each bug report. This is
- set to normal by default, but can be overridden either by supplying a
- Severity line in the pseudo-header when the bug is submitted (see the
- instructions for reporting bugs), or by using the severity command
- with the control request server.
-
- The severity levels are:
-
- critical
- makes unrelated software on the system (or the whole system)
- break, or causes serious data loss, or introduces a security
- hole on systems where you install the package.
-
- grave
- makes the package in question unusable or mostly so, or causes
- data loss, or introduces a security hole allowing access to the
- accounts of users who use the package.
-
- serious
- is a severe violation of Debian policy (roughly, it violates a
- "must" or "required" directive), or, in the package
- maintainer's or release manager's opinion, makes the package
- unsuitable for release.
-
- important
- a bug which has a major effect on the usability of a package,
- without rendering it completely unusable to everyone.
-
- normal
- the default value, applicable to most bugs.
-
- minor
- a problem which doesn't affect the package's usefulness, and is
- presumably trivial to fix.
-
- wishlist
- for any feature request, and also for any bugs that are very
- difficult to fix due to major design considerations.
-
- Certain severities are considered release-critical, meaning the bug
- will have an impact on releasing the package with the stable release
- of Debian. Currently, these are critical, grave and serious. For
- complete and canonical rules on what issues merit these severities,
- see the list of Release-Critical Issues for Lenny.
-
-Tags for bug reports
-
- Each bug can have zero or more of a set of given tags. These tags are
- displayed in the list of bugs when you look at a package's page, and
- when you look at the full bug log.
-
- Tags can be set by supplying a Tags line in the pseudo-header when the
- bug is submitted (see the instructions for reporting bugs), or by
- using the tags command with the control request server. Separate
- multiple tags with commas, spaces, or both.
-
- The current bug tags are:
-
- patch
- A patch or some other easy procedure for fixing the bug is
- included in the bug logs. If there's a patch, but it doesn't
- resolve the bug adequately or causes some other problems, this
- tag should not be used.
-
- wontfix
- This bug won't be fixed. Possibly because this is a choice
- between two arbitrary ways of doing things and the maintainer
- and submitter prefer different ways of doing things, possibly
- because changing the behaviour will cause other, worse,
- problems for others, or possibly for other reasons.
-
- moreinfo
- This bug can't be addressed until more information is provided
- by the submitter. The bug will be closed if the submitter
- doesn't provide more information in a reasonable (few months)
- timeframe. This is for bugs like "It doesn't work". What
- doesn't work?
-
- unreproducible
- This bug can't be reproduced on the maintainer's system.
- Assistance from third parties is needed in diagnosing the cause
- of the problem.
-
- help
- The maintainer is requesting help with dealing with this bug.
-
- pending
- A solution to this bug has been found and an upload will be
- made soon.
-
- fixed
- This bug is fixed or worked around (by a non-maintainer upload,
- for example), but there's still an issue that needs to be
- resolved. This tag replaces the old "fixed" severity.
-
- security
- This bug describes a security problem in a package (e.g., bad
- permissions allowing access to data that shouldn't be
- accessible; buffer overruns allowing people to control a system
- in ways they shouldn't be able to; denial of service attacks
- that should be fixed, etc). Most security bugs should also be
- set at critical or grave severity.
-
- upstream
- This bug applies to the upstream part of the package.
-
- confirmed
- The maintainer has looked at, understands, and basically agrees
- with the bug, but has yet to fix it. (Use of this tag is
- optional; it is intended mostly for maintainers who need to
- manage large numbers of open bugs.)
-
- fixed-upstream
- The bug has been fixed by the upstream maintainer, but not yet
- in the package (for whatever reason: perhaps it is too
- complicated to backport the change or too minor to be worth
- bothering).
-
- fixed-in-experimental
- The bug has been fixed in the package of the experimental
- distribution, but not yet in the unstable distribution.
-
- d-i
- This bug is relevant to the development of debian-installer. It
- is expected that this will be used when the bug affects
- installer development but is not filed against a package that
- forms a direct part of the installer itself.
-
- ipv6
- This bug affects support for Internet Protocol version 6.
-
- lfs
- This bug affects support for large files (over 2 gigabytes).
-
- l10n
- This bug is relevant to the localisation of the package.
-
- potato
- This bug particularly applies to the potato release of Debian.
-
- woody
- This bug particularly applies to the woody distribution.
-
- sarge
- This is a distribution tag, which has two effects. When set on
- a bug, the bug can only affect sarge (though it may also affect
- other distributions if other distribution tags are set) but
- otherwise normal buggy/fixed/absent rules apply. The bug also
- should not be archived until it is fixed in sarge.
-
- sarge-ignore
- This release-critical bug is to be ignored for the purposes of
- releasing sarge. This tag should only be used by the release
- manager; do not set it yourself without explicit authorization
- from them.
-
- etch
- This is a distribution tag, which has two effects. When set on
- a bug, the bug can only affect etch (though it may also affect
- other distributions if other distribution tags are set) but
- otherwise normal buggy/fixed/absent rules apply. The bug also
- should not be archived until it is fixed in etch.
-
- etch-ignore
- This release-critical bug is to be ignored for the purposes of
- releasing etch. This tag should only be used by the release
- manager; do not set it yourself without explicit authorization
- from them.
-
- lenny
- This is a release tag, which has two effects. When set on a
- bug, the bug can only affect lenny (though it may also affect
- other releases if other release tags are set) but otherwise
- normal buggy/fixed/absent rules apply. The bug also should not
- be archived until it is fixed in lenny.
-
- lenny-ignore
- This release-critical bug is to be ignored for the purposes of
- releasing lenny. This tag should only be used by the release
- manager(s); do not set it yourself without explicit
- authorization from them.
-
- squeeze
- This is a release tag, which has two effects. When set on a
- bug, the bug can only affect squeeze (though it may also affect
- other releases if other release tags are set) but otherwise
- normal buggy/fixed/absent rules apply. The bug also should not
- be archived until it is fixed in squeeze.
-
- squeeze-ignore
- This release-critical bug is to be ignored for the purposes of
- releasing squeeze. This tag should only be used by the release
- manager(s); do not set it yourself without explicit
- authorization from them.
-
- sid
- This is a release tag, which has two effects. When set on a
- bug, the bug can only affect sid (though it may also affect
- other releases if other release tags are set) but otherwise
- normal buggy/fixed/absent rules apply. The bug also should not
- be archived until it is fixed in sid.
-
- experimental
- This is a release tag, which has two effects. When set on a
- bug, the bug can only affect experimental (though it may also
- affect other releases if other release tags are set) but
- otherwise normal buggy/fixed/absent rules apply. The bug also
- should not be archived until it is fixed in experimental.
-
- The meanings of the latter 8 tags have changed recently; the ignore
- tags ignore the bug for the purpose of a testing propagation. The
- release tags, which used to only indicate which bugs affected a
- specific release, now indicate when a bug can be archived and the set
- of releases for which a bug can be considered to be found or fixed.
-
-Recording that you have passed on a bug report
-
- When a developer forwards a bug report to the developer of the
- upstream source package from which the Debian package is derived, they
- should note this in the bug tracking system as follows:
-
- Make sure that the To field of your message to the author has only the
- author(s) address(es) in it; put the person who reported the bug,
- nnn-forwarded@bugs.debian.org and nnn@bugs.debian.org in the CC field.
-
- Ask the author to preserve the CC to nnn-forwarded@bugs.debian.org
- when they reply, so that the bug tracking system will file their reply
- with the original report. These messages are only filed and are not
- sent on; to send a message as normal, send them to nnn@bugs.debian.org
- as well.
-
- When the bug tracking system gets a message at nnn-forwarded it will
- mark the relevant bug as having been forwarded to the address(es) in
- the To field of the message it gets, if the bug is not already marked
- as forwarded.
-
- You can also manipulate the "forwarded to" information by sending
- messages to control@bugs.debian.org.
-
-Changing bug ownership
-
- In cases where the person responsible for fixing a bug is not the
- assigned maintainer for the associated package (for example, when the
- package is maintained by a team), it may be useful to record this fact
- in the bug tracking system. To help with this, each bug may optionally
- have an owner.
-
- The owner can be set by supplying an Owner line in the pseudo-header
- when the bug is submitted (see the instructions for reporting bugs),
- or by using the owner and noowner commands with the control request
- server.
-
-Incorrectly listed package maintainers
-
- If the maintainer of a package is listed incorrectly, this is usually
- because the maintainer has changed recently, and the new maintainer
- hasn't yet uploaded a new version of the package with a changed
- Maintainer control file field. This will be fixed when the package is
- uploaded; alternatively, the archive maintainers can override the
- maintainer record of a package manually, for example if a rebuild and
- reupload of the package is not expected to be needed soon. Contact
- override-change@debian.org for changes to the override file.
-
-Reopening, reassigning and manipulating bugs
-
- It is possible to reassign bug reports to other packages, to reopen
- erroneously-closed ones, to modify the information saying to where, if
- anywhere, a bug report has been forwarded, to change the severities
- and titles of reports, to set the ownership of bugs, to merge and
- unmerge bug reports, and to record the versions of packages in which
- bugs were found and in which they were fixed. This is done by sending
- mail to control@bugs.debian.org.
-
- The format of these messages is described in another document
- available on the World Wide Web or in the file
- bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt. A plain text version can also be obtained
- by mailing the word help to the server at the address above.
-
-Subscribing to bugs
-
- The bug tracking system also allows bug submitters, developers and
- other interested third parties to subscribe to individual bugs. This
- feature can be used by those wishing to keep an eye on a bug, without
- having to subscribe to a package through the PTS. All messages that
- are received at nnn@bugs.debian.org, are sent to subscribers.
-
- Subscribing to a bug can be done by sending an email to
- nnn-subscribe@bugs.debian.org. The subject and body of the email are
- ignored by the BTS. Once this message is processed, users are sent a
- confirmation message that they will need to reply to before they are
- sent the messages relating to that bug.
-
- It is also possible to unsubscribe from a bug. Unsubscribing can be
- done by sending an email to nnn-unsubscribe@bugs.debian.org. The
- subject and body of the email are again ignored by the BTS. Users will
- be sent a confirmation message which they must reply to if they wish
- to be unsubscribed from the bug.
-
- By default, the address subscribed is the one found in the From
- header. If you wish to subscribe another address to a bug, you will
- need to encode the address to be subscribed into the subscription
- message. This takes the form of:
- nnn-subscribe-localpart=example.com@bugs.debian.org. That example
- would send localpart@example.com a subscription message for bug nnn.
- The @ sign must be encoded by changing it to an = sign. Similarly, an
- unsubscription takes the form
- nnn-unsubscribe-localpart=example.com@bugs.debian.org. In both cases,
- the subject and body of the email will be forwarded to the email
- address within the request for confirmation.
-
-More-or-less obsolete subject-scanning feature
-
- Messages that arrive at submit or bugs whose Subject starts Bug#nnn
- will be treated as having been sent to nnn@bugs.debian.org. This is
- both for backwards compatibility with mail forwarded from the old
- addresses, and to catch followup mail sent to submit by mistake (for
- example, by using reply to all recipients).
-
- A similar scheme operates for maintonly, done, quiet and forwarded,
- which treat mail arriving with a Subject tag as having been sent to
- the corresponding nnn-whatever@bugs.debian.org address.
-
- Messages arriving at plain forwarded and done -- ie, with no bug
- report number in the address -- and without a bug number in the
- Subject will be filed under "junk" and kept for a few weeks, but
- otherwise ignored.
-
-Obsolete X-Debian-PR: quiet feature
-
- It used to be possible to prevent the bug tracking system from
- forwarding anywhere messages it received at debian-bugs, by putting an
- X-Debian-PR: quiet line in the actual mail header.
-
- This header line is now ignored. Instead, send your message to quiet
- or nnn-quiet (or maintonly or nnn-maintonly).
- _________________________________________________________________
-
- Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org>
-
- Debian bug tracking system
- Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd,
- 1994-1997 Ian Jackson.
- _________________________________________________________________
-
diff --git a/includes/lenny/common/doc/bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt b/includes/lenny/common/doc/bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 56ddd08c0..000000000
--- a/includes/lenny/common/doc/bug-maint-mailcontrol.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,391 +0,0 @@
-Introduction to the bug control and manipulation mailserver
-
- Just as request@bugs.debian.org allows the retrieval of bug data and
- documentation by email, control@bugs.debian.org allows bug reports to
- be manipulated in various ways.
-
- The control server works just like the request server, except that it
- has some additional commands; in fact, it's the same program. The two
- addresses are only separated to avoid users making mistakes and
- causing problems while merely trying to request information.
-
- Since the commands specific to the control server actually change the
- status of a bug, a notification about processing the commands is sent
- to the maintainer of the package(s) the changed bugs are assigned to.
- Additionally the mail to the server and the resulting changes are
- logged in the bug report and thereby available in the WWW pages.
-
- Please see the introduction to the request server available on the
- World Wide Web, in the file bug-log-mailserver.txt, or by sending help
- to either mailserver, for details of the basics of operating the
- mailservers and the common commands available when mailing either
- address.
-
- The reference card for the mailservers is available via the WWW, in
- bug-mailserver-refcard.txt or by email using the refcard command.
-
-Commands available at the control mailserver
-
- General Versioning Duplicates Misc.
-
- reassign
- severity
- tag
- retitle
- submitter
-
- found | notfound
- fixed | notfixed
- reopen
-
- merge | unmerge
- forcemerge
- clone
-
- thanks
- #
- forwarded | notforwarded
- owner | noowner
- block | unblock
- archive | unarchive
-
- reassign bugnumber package [ version ]
- Records that bug #bugnumber is a bug in package. This can be
- used to set the package if the user forgot the pseudo-header,
- or to change an earlier assignment. No notifications are sent
- to anyone (other than the usual information in the processing
- transcript).
-
- If you supply a version, the bug tracking system will note that
- the bug affects that version of the newly-assigned package.
-
- You can assign a bug to two packages at once by separating the
- package names with a comma. However, you should only do this if
- the bug can be fixed by a change to either package. If this is
- not the case, you should clone the bug and reassign the clone
- to the other package.
-
- reopen bugnumber [ originator-address | = | ! ]
- Reopens #bugnumber if it is closed.
-
- By default, or if you specify =, the original submitter is
- still as the originator of the report, so that they will get
- the ack when it is closed again.
-
- If you supply an originator-address the originator will be set
- to the address you supply. If you wish to become the new
- originator of the reopened report you can use the ! shorthand
- or specify your own email address.
-
- It is usually a good idea to tell the person who is about to be
- recorded as the originator that you're reopening the report, so
- that they will know to expect the ack which they'll get when it
- is closed again.
-
- If the bug is not closed then reopen won't do anything, not
- even change the originator. To change the originator of an open
- bug report, use the submitter command; note that this will
- inform the original submitter of the change.
-
- If the bug was recorded as being closed in a particular version
- of a package but recurred in a later version, it is better to
- use the found command instead.
-
- found bugnumber [ version ]
- Record that #bugnumber has been encountered in the given
- version of the package to which it is assigned.
-
- The bug tracking system uses this information, in conjunction
- with fixed versions recorded when closing bugs, to display
- lists of bugs open in various versions of each package. It
- considers a bug to be open when it has no fixed version, or
- when it has been found more recently than it has been fixed.
-
- If no version is given, then the list of fixed versions for the
- bug is cleared. This is identical to the behaviour of reopen.
-
- This command will only cause a bug to be marked as not done if
- no version is specified, or if the version being marked found
- is equal to the version which was last marked fixed. (If you
- are certain that you want the bug marked as not done, use
- reopen in conjunction with found.)
-
- This command was introduced in preference to reopen because it
- was difficult to add a version to that command's syntax without
- suffering ambiguity.
-
- notfound bugnumber version
- Remove the record that #bugnumber was encountered in the given
- version of the package to which it is assigned.
-
- This differs from closing the bug at that version in that the
- bug is not listed as fixed in that version either; no
- information about that version will be known. It is intended
- for fixing mistakes in the record of when a bug was found.
-
- fixed bugnumber version
- Indicate that bug #bugnumber was fixed in the given version of
- the package to which it is assigned.
-
- This does not cause the bug to be marked as closed, it merely
- adds another version in which the bug was fixed. Use the
- bugnumber-done address to close a bug and mark it fixed in a
- particular version.
-
- notfixed bugnumber version
- Remove the record that bug #bugnumber has been fixed in the
- given version.
-
- This command is equivalent to found followed by notfound (the
- found removes the fixed at a particular version, and notfound
- removes the found.)
-
- submitter bugnumber originator-address | !
- Changes the originator of #bugnumber to originator-address.
-
- If you wish to become the new originator of the report you can
- use the ! shorthand or specify your own email address.
-
- While the reopen command changes the originator of other bugs
- merged with the one being reopened, submitter does not affect
- merged bugs.
-
- forwarded bugnumber address
- Notes that bugnumber has been forwarded to the upstream
- maintainer at address. This does not actually forward the
- report. This can be used to change an existing incorrect
- forwarded-to address, or to record a new one for a bug that
- wasn't previously noted as having been forwarded.
-
- notforwarded bugnumber
- Forgets any idea that bugnumber has been forwarded to any
- upstream maintainer. If the bug was not recorded as having been
- forwarded then this will do nothing.
-
- retitle bugnumber new-title
- Changes the title of a bug report to that specified (the
- default is the Subject mail header from the original report).
-
- Unlike most of the other bug-manipulation commands when used on
- one of a set of merged reports this will change the title of
- only the individual bug requested, and not all those with which
- it is merged.
-
- severity bugnumber severity
- Set the severity level for bug report #bugnumber to severity.
- No notification is sent to the user who reported the bug.
-
- Severities are critical, grave, serious, important, normal,
- minor, and wishlist.
-
- For their meanings please consult the general developers'
- documentation for the bug system.
-
- clone bugnumber NewID [ new IDs ... ]
- The clone control command allows you to duplicate a bug report.
- It is useful in the case where a single report actually
- indicates that multiple distinct bugs have occurred. "New IDs"
- are negative numbers, separated by spaces, which may be used in
- subsequent control commands to refer to the newly duplicated
- bugs. A new report is generated for each new ID.
-
- Example usage:
-
- clone 12345 -1 -2
- reassign -1 foo
- retitle -1 foo: foo sucks
- reassign -2 bar
- retitle -2 bar: bar sucks when used with foo
- severity -2 wishlist
- clone 123456 -3
- reassign -3 foo
- retitle -3 foo: foo sucks
- merge -1 -3
-
- merge bugnumber bugnumber ...
- Merges two or more bug reports. When reports are merged
- opening, closing, marking or unmarking as forwarded and
- reassigning any of the bugs to a new package will have an
- identical effect on all of the merged reports.
-
- Before bugs can be merged they must be in exactly the same
- state: either all open or all closed, with the same
- forwarded-to upstream author address or all not marked as
- forwarded, all assigned to the same package or package(s) (an
- exact string comparison is done on the package to which the bug
- is assigned), and all of the same severity. If they don't start
- out in the same state you should use reassign, reopen and so
- forth to make sure that they are before using merge. Titles are
- not required to match, and will not be affected by the merge.
- Tags are not required to match, either, they will be joined.
-
- If any of the bugs listed in a merge command is already merged
- with another bug then all the reports merged with any of the
- ones listed will all be merged together. Merger is like
- equality: it is reflexive, transitive and symmetric.
-
- Merging reports causes a note to appear on each report's logs;
- on the WWW pages this is includes links to the other bugs.
-
- Merged reports are all expired simultaneously, and only when
- all of the reports each separately meet the criteria for
- expiry.
-
- forcemerge bugnumber bugnumber ...
- Forcibly merges two or more bug reports. The first bug listed
- is the master bug, and its settings (the settings which must be
- equal in a normal merge) are assigned to the bugs listed next.
- To avoid typos erroneously merging bugs, bugs must be in the
- same package. See the text above for a description of what
- merging means.
-
- Note that this makes it possible to close bugs by merging; you
- are responsible for notifying submitters with an appropriate
- close message if you do this.
-
- unmerge bugnumber
- Disconnects a bug report from any other reports with which it
- may have been merged. If the report listed is merged with
- several others then they are all left merged with each other;
- only their associations with the bug explicitly named are
- removed.
-
- If many bug reports are merged and you wish to split them into
- two separate groups of merged reports you must unmerge each
- report in one of the new groups separately and then merge them
- into the required new group.
-
- You can only unmerge one report with each unmerge command; if
- you want to disconnect more than one bug simply include several
- unmerge commands in your message.
-
- tags bugnumber [ + | - | = ] tag [ tag ... ]
- Sets tags for the bug report #bugnumber. No notification is
- sent to the user who reported the bug. Setting the action to +
- means to add each given tag, - means to remove each given tag,
- and = means to ignore the current tags and set them afresh to
- the list provided. The default action is adding.
-
- Example usage:
-
- # same as 'tags 123456 + patch'
- tags 123456 patch
-
- # same as 'tags 123456 + help security'
- tags 123456 help security
-
- # add 'fixed' and 'pending' tags
- tags 123456 + fixed pending
-
- # remove 'unreproducible' tag
- tags 123456 - unreproducible
-
- # set tags to exactly 'moreinfo' and 'unreproducible'
- tags 123456 = moreinfo unreproducible
-
- Available tags currently include patch, wontfix, moreinfo,
- unreproducible, help, pending, fixed, fixed-in-experimental,
- fixed-upstream, security, upstream, confirmed, d-i, ipv6, lfs,
- l10n, potato, woody, sarge, sarge-ignore, etch, etch-ignore,
- lenny, lenny-ignore, squeeze, squeeze-ignore, sid, and
- experimental.
-
- For their meanings please consult the general developers'
- documentation for the bug system.
-
- block bugnumber by bug ...
- Note that the fix for the first bug is blocked by the other
- listed bugs.
-
- unblock bugnumber by bug ...
- Note that the fix for the first bug is no longer blocked by the
- other listed bugs.
-
- close bugnumber [ fixed-version ] (deprecated)
- Close bug report #bugnumber.
-
- A notification is sent to the user who reported the bug, but
- (in contrast to mailing bugnumber-done@bugs.debian.org) the
- text of the mail which caused the bug to be closed is not
- included in that notification. The maintainer who closes a
- report needs to ensure, probably by sending a separate message,
- that the user who reported the bug knows why it is being
- closed. The use of this command is therefore deprecated. See
- the developer's information about how to close a bug properly.
-
- If you supply a fixed-version, the bug tracking system will
- note that the bug was fixed in that version of the package.
-
- package [ packagename ... ]
- Limits the following commands so that they will only apply to
- bugs filed against the listed packages. You can list one or
- more packages. If you don't list any packages, the following
- commands will apply to all bugs. You're encouraged to use this
- as a safety feature in case you accidentally use the wrong bug
- numbers.
-
- Example usage:
-
- package foo
- reassign 123456 bar 1.0-1
-
- package bar
- retitle 123456 bar: bar sucks
- severity 123456 normal
-
- package
- severity 234567 wishlist
-
- owner bugnumber address | !
- Sets address to be the "owner" of #bugnumber. The owner of a
- bug claims responsibility for fixing it. This is useful to
- share out work in cases where a package has a team of
- maintainers.
-
- If you wish to become the owner of the bug yourself, you can
- use the ! shorthand or specify your own email address.
-
- noowner bugnumber
- Forgets any idea that the bug has an owner other than the usual
- maintainer. If the bug had no owner recorded then this will do
- nothing.
-
- archive bugnumber
- Archives a bug that had been archived at some point in the past
- but is currently not archived if the bug fulfills the
- requirements for archival, ignoring time.
-
- unarchive bugnumber
- Unarchives a bug that was previously archived. Unarchival
- should generally be coupled with reopen and found/fixed as
- appropriate. Bugs that have been unarchived can be archived
- using archive assuming the non-time based archival requirements
- are met.
-
- #...
- One-line comment. The # must be at the start of the line. The
- text of comments will be included in the acknowledgement sent
- to the sender and to affected maintainers, so you can use this
- to document the reasons for your commands.
-
- quit
- stop
- thank
- thanks
- thankyou
- thank you
- --
- On a line by itself, in any case, possibly followed by
- whitespace, tells the control server to stop processing the
- message; the remainder of the message can include explanations,
- signatures or anything else, none of it will be detected by the
- control server.
- _________________________________________________________________
-
- Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org>
-
- Debian bug tracking system
- Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd,
- 1994-1997 Ian Jackson.
- _________________________________________________________________
-
diff --git a/includes/lenny/common/doc/bug-reporting.txt b/includes/lenny/common/doc/bug-reporting.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 974eb2085..000000000
--- a/includes/lenny/common/doc/bug-reporting.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,362 +0,0 @@
-How to report a bug in Debian using reportbug
-
- We strongly recommend that you report bugs in Debian using the
- reportbug program. To install and start it, simply run:
-
- aptitude install reportbug; reportbug
-
- It will guide you through the bug reporting process step by step.
-
- If you have questions that the interactive prompts of reportbug do not
- resolve, you can refer to the rest of the documentation below or ask
- the Debian user mailing list.
-
-How to report a bug in Debian using email (and advanced usage of reportbug)
-
-Important things to note before sending your bug report
-
-What package does your bug report belong to?
-
- You need to know what package your bug report should be filed against.
- See this example for information on how to find this information. (You
- will use this information to see if your bug report has been filed
- already.)
-
- If you are unable to determine which package your bug report should be
- filed against, please send e-mail to the Debian user mailing list
- asking for advice.
-
- If your problem doesn't relate just to one package but some general
- Debian service, there are several pseudo-packages or even mailing
- lists that you can use to relay your message to us instead.
-
-Has your bug report been filed already?
-
- You should check to see if your bug report has already been filed
- before submitting it. You can see which bugs have been filed in a
- specific package using the package option of the bug search form. If
- there is an existing bug report #<number>, you should submit your
- comments by sending e-mail to <number>@bugs.debian.org instead of
- reporting a new bug.
-
-Send multiple reports for multiple bugs
-
- Please don't report multiple unrelated bugs -- especially ones in
- different packages -- in a single bug report.
-
-Don't file bugs upstream
-
- If you file a bug in Debian, don't send a copy to the upstream
- software maintainers yourself, as it is possible that the bug exists
- only in Debian. If necessary, the maintainer of the package will
- forward the bug upstream.
-
-Sending the bug report via e-mail
-
- You can report bugs in Debian by sending an e-mail to
- submit@bugs.debian.org with a special format described below.
- reportbug (see above) will properly format the e-mails for you; please
- use it!
-
-Headers
-
- Like any e-mail you should include a clear, descriptive Subject line
- in your main mail header. The subject you give will be used as the
- initial bug title in the tracking system, so please try to make it
- informative!
-
- If you'd like to send a copy of your bug report to additional
- recipients (such as mailing lists), you shouldn't use the usual e-mail
- headers, but a different method, described below.
-
-Pseudo-headers
-
- The first part of the bug report are the pseudo-headers which contain
- information about what package and version your bug report applies to.
- The first line of the message body has to include a pseudo-header. It
- should say:
-Package: <packagename>
-
- Replace <packagename> with the name of the package which has the bug.
-
- The second line of the message should say:
-Version: <packageversion>
-
- Replace <packageversion> with the version of the package. Please don't
- include any text here other than the version itself, as the bug
- tracking system relies on this field to work out which releases are
- affected by the bug.
-
- You need to supply a correct Package line in the pseudo-header in
- order for the bug tracking system to deliver the message to the
- package's maintainer. See this example for information on how to find
- this information.
-
- For other valid pseudo-headers, see Additional pseudo-headers
-
-The body of the report
-
- Please include in your report:
- * The exact and complete text of any error messages printed or
- logged. This is very important!
- * Exactly what you typed or did to demonstrate the problem.
- * A description of the incorrect behavior: exactly what behavior you
- were expecting, and what you observed. A transcript of an example
- session is a good way of showing this.
- * A suggested fix, or even a patch, if you have one.
- * Details of the configuration of the program with the problem.
- Include the complete text of its configuration files.
- * The versions of any packages on which the buggy package depends.
- * What kernel version you're using (type uname -a), your shared C
- library (type ls -l /lib/libc.so.6 or dpkg -s libc6 | grep
- ^Version), and any other details about your Debian system, if it
- seems appropriate. For example, if you had a problem with a Perl
- script, you would want to provide the version of the `perl' binary
- (type perl -v or dpkg -s perl | grep ^Version:).
- * Appropriate details of the hardware in your system. If you're
- reporting a problem with a device driver please list all the
- hardware in your system, as problems are often caused by IRQ and
- I/O address conflicts.
- * If you have reportbug installed the output of reportbug -q
- --template -T none -s none -S normal -b --list-cc none -q
- <package> will also be useful, as it contains the output of
- maintainer specific scripts and version information.
-
- Include any detail that seems relevant -- you are in very little
- danger of making your report too long by including too much
- information. If they are small, please include in your report any
- files you were using to reproduce the problem. (If they are large,
- consider making them available on a publicly available website if
- possible.)
-
- For more advice on how to help the developers solve your problem,
- please read How to Report Bugs Effectively.
-
-An Example Bug Report
-
- A bug report with header and pseudo-header looks something like this:
- To: submit@bugs.debian.org
- From: diligent@testing.linux.org
- Subject: Hello says `goodbye'
-
- Package: hello
- Version: 1.3-16
-
- When I invoke `hello' without arguments from an ordinary shell
- prompt it prints `goodbye', rather than the expected `hello, world'.
- Here is a transcript:
-
- $ hello
- goodbye
- $ /usr/bin/hello
- goodbye
- $
-
- I suggest that the output string, in hello.c, be corrected.
-
- I am using Debian GNU/Linux 2.2, kernel 2.2.17-pre-patch-13
- and libc6 2.1.3-10.
-
-Sending copies of bug reports to other addresses
-
- Sometimes it is necessary to send a copy of a bug report to somewhere
- else besides debian-bugs-dist and the package maintainer, which is
- where they are normally sent.
-
- You could do this by CC'ing your bug report to the other address(es),
- but then the other copies would not have the bug report number put in
- the Reply-To field and the Subject line. When the recipients reply
- they will probably preserve the submit@bugs.debian.org entry in the
- header and have their message filed as a new bug report. This leads to
- many duplicated reports.
-
- The right way to do this is to use the X-Debbugs-CC header. Add a line
- like this to your message's mail header:
- X-Debbugs-CC: other-list@cosmic.edu
-
- This will cause the bug tracking system to send a copy of your report
- to the address(es) in the X-Debbugs-CC line as well as to
- debian-bugs-dist.
-
- Avoid sending such copies to the addresses of other bug reports, as
- they will be caught by the checks that prevent mail loops. There is
- relatively little point in using X-Debbugs-CC for this anyway, as the
- bug number added by that mechanism will just be replaced by a new one;
- use an ordinary CC header instead.
-
- This feature can often be combined usefully with mailing quiet -- see
- below.
-
-Additional Pseudoheaders
-
-Severity levels
-
- If a report is of a particularly serious bug, or is merely a feature
- request, you can set the severity level of the bug as you report it.
- This is not required however, and the package maintainer will assign
- an appropriate severity level to your report even if you do not (or
- pick the wrong severity).
-
- To assign a severity level, put a line like this one in the
- pseudo-header:
-Severity: <severity>
-
- Replace <severity> with one of the available severity levels, as
- described in the advanced documentation.
-
-Assigning tags
-
- You can set tags on a bug as you are reporting it. For example, if you
- are including a patch with your bug report, you may wish to set the
- patch tag. This is not required, however, and the developers will set
- tags on your report as and when it is appropriate.
-
- To set tags, put a line like this one in the pseudo-header:
-Tags: <tags>
-
- Replace <tags> with one or more of the available tags, as described in
- the advanced documentation. Separate multiple tags with commas,
- spaces, or both.
-User: <username>
-Usertags: <usertags>
-
- Replace <usertags> with one or more usertags. Separate multiple tags
- with commas, spaces, or both. If you specify a <username>, that user's
- tags will be set. Otherwise, the e-mail address of the sender will be
- used as the username.
-Forwarded: foo@example.com
-
- will mark the newly submitted bug as forwarded to foo@example.com. See
- Recording that you have passed on a bug report in the developers'
- documentation for details.
-Owner: foo@example.com
-
- will indicate that foo@example.com is now responsible for fixing this
- bug. See Changing bug ownership in the developers' documentation for
- details.
-Source: foopackage
-
- the equivalent of Package: for bugs present in the source package of
- foopackage; for most bugs in most packages you don't want to use this
- option.
-
- Finally, if your MUA doesn't allow you to edit the headers, you can
- set the various X-Debbugs- headers in the pseudo-headers.
-
-Additional information
-
-Different submission addresses (minor or mass bug reports)
-
- If a bug report is minor, for example, a documentation typo or a
- trivial build problem, please adjust the severity appropriately and
- send it to maintonly@bugs.debian.org instead of
- submit@bugs.debian.org. maintonly will forward the report to the
- package maintainer only, it won't forward it to the BTS mailing lists.
-
- If you're submitting many reports at once, you should definitely use
- maintonly@bugs.debian.org so that you don't cause too much redundant
- traffic on the BTS mailing lists. Before submitting many similar bugs
- you may also want to post a summary on debian-bugs-dist.
-
- If wish to report a bug to the bug tracking system that's already been
- sent to the maintainer, you can use quiet@bugs.debian.org. Bugs sent
- to quiet@bugs.debian.org will not be forwarded anywhere, only filed.
-
- When you use different submission addresses, the bug tracking system
- will set the Reply-To of any forwarded message so that the replies
- will by default be processed in the same way as the original report.
- That means that, for example, replies to maintonly will go to
- nnn-maintonly@bugs.debian.org instead of nnn@bugs.debian.org, unless
- of course one overrides this manually.
-
-Acknowledgements
-
- Normally, the bug tracking system will return an acknowledgement to
- you by e-mail when you report a new bug or submit additional
- information to an existing bug. If you want to suppress this
- acknowledgement, include an X-Debbugs-No-Ack header in your e-mail
- (the contents of this header do not matter; however, it must be in the
- mail header and not in the pseudo-header with the Package field). If
- you report a new bug with this header, you will need to check the web
- interface yourself to find the bug number.
-
- Note that this header will not suppress acknowledgements from the
- control@bugs.debian.org mailserver, since those acknowledgements may
- contain error messages which should be read and acted upon.
-
-Bug reports against unknown packages
-
- If the bug tracking system doesn't know who the maintainer of the
- relevant package is it will forward the report to debian-bugs-dist
- even if maintonly was used.
-
- When sending to maintonly@bugs.debian.org or
- nnn-maintonly@bugs.debian.org you should make sure that the bug report
- is assigned to the right package, by putting a correct Package at the
- top of an original submission of a report, or by using the
- control@bugs.debian.org service to (re)assign the report
- appropriately.
-
-Using dpkg to find the package and version for the report
-
- When using reportbug to report a bug in a command, say grep, the
- following will automatically select the right package and let you
- write the report right away: reportbug --file $(which grep)
-
- You can also find out which package installed it by using dpkg
- --search. You can find out which version of a package you have
- installed by using dpkg --list or dpkg --status.
-
- For example:
-$ which apt-get
-/usr/bin/apt-get
-$ type apt-get
-apt-get is /usr/bin/apt-get
-$ dpkg --search /usr/bin/apt-get
-apt: /usr/bin/apt-get
-$ dpkg --list apt
-Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
-| Status=Not/Installed/Config-files/Unpacked/Failed-config/Half-installed
-|/ Err?=(none)/Hold/Reinst-required/X=both-problems (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
-||/ Name Version Description
-+++-==============-==============-============================================
-ii apt 0.3.19 Advanced front-end for dpkg
-$ dpkg --status apt
-Package: apt
-Status: install ok installed
-Priority: standard
-Section: base
-Installed-Size: 1391
-Maintainer: APT Development Team <deity@lists.debian.org>
-Version: 0.3.19
-Replaces: deity, libapt-pkg-doc (<< 0.3.7), libapt-pkg-dev (<< 0.3.7)
-Provides: libapt-pkg2.7
-Depends: libapt-pkg2.7, libc6 (>= 2.1.2), libstdc++2.10
-Suggests: dpkg-dev
-Conflicts: deity
-Description: Advanced front-end for dpkg
- This is Debian's next generation front-end for the dpkg package manager.
- It provides the apt-get utility and APT dselect method that provides a
- simpler, safer way to install and upgrade packages.
- .
- APT features complete installation ordering, multiple source capability
- and several other unique features, see the Users Guide in
- /usr/doc/apt/guide.text.gz
-
-Other useful commands and packages
-
- The querybts tool, available from the same package as reportbug,
- provides a convenient text-based interface to the bug tracking system.
-
- Emacs users can also use the debian-bug command provided by the
- debian-el package. When called with M-x debian-bug, it will ask for
- all necessary information in a similar way to reportbug.
- _________________________________________________________________
-
- Debian BTS administrators <owner@bugs.debian.org>
-
- Debian bug tracking system
- Copyright © 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997, 2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd,
- 1994-1997 Ian Jackson.
- _________________________________________________________________
-
diff --git a/includes/lenny/common/doc/constitution.txt b/includes/lenny/common/doc/constitution.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 96ed0c700..000000000
--- a/includes/lenny/common/doc/constitution.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,600 +0,0 @@
- Historical version of the Constitution for the Debian Project (v1.2)
-
- Version 1.2 ratified on October 29th, 2003. Supersedes Version 1.1
- ratified on June 21st, 2003, which itself supersedes Version 1.0
- ratified on December 2nd, 1998. Superseded by version 1.3, ratified on
- September 24th, 2006. That was superceded by the current version, 1.4
- ratified on October 7th, 2007.
-
-1. Introduction
-
- The Debian Project is an association of individuals who have made
- common cause to create a free operating system.
-
- This document describes the organisational structure for formal
- decision-making in the Project. It does not describe the goals of the
- Project or how it achieves them, or contain any policies except those
- directly related to the decision-making process.
-
-2. Decision-making bodies and individuals
-
- Each decision in the Project is made by one or more of the following:
- 1. The Developers, by way of General Resolution or an election;
- 2. The Project Leader;
- 3. The Technical Committee and/or its Chairman;
- 4. The individual Developer working on a particular task;
- 5. Delegates appointed by the Project Leader for specific tasks;
- 6. The Project Secretary.
-
- Most of the remainder of this document will outline the powers of these
- bodies, their composition and appointment, and the procedure for their
- decision-making. The powers of a person or body may be subject to
- review and/or limitation by others; in this case the reviewing body or
- person's entry will state this. In the list above, a person or body is
- usually listed before any people or bodies whose decisions they can
- overrule or who they (help) appoint - but not everyone listed earlier
- can overrule everyone listed later.
-
- 2.1. General rules
-
- 1. Nothing in this constitution imposes an obligation on anyone to do
- work for the Project. A person who does not want to do a task which
- has been delegated or assigned to them does not need to do it.
- However, they must not actively work against these rules and
- decisions properly made under them.
- 2. A person may hold several posts, except that the Project Leader,
- Project Secretary and the Chairman of the Technical Committee must
- be distinct, and that the Leader cannot appoint themselves as their
- own Delegate.
- 3. A person may leave the Project or resign from a particular post
- they hold, at any time, by stating so publicly.
-
-3. Individual Developers
-
- 3.1. Powers
-
- An individual Developer may
- 1. make any technical or nontechnical decision with regard to their
- own work;
- 2. propose or sponsor draft General Resolutions;
- 3. propose themselves as a Project Leader candidate in elections;
- 4. vote on General Resolutions and in Leadership elections.
-
- 3.2. Composition and appointment
-
- 1. Developers are volunteers who agree to further the aims of the
- Project insofar as they participate in it, and who maintain
- package(s) for the Project or do other work which the Project
- Leader's Delegate(s) consider worthwhile.
- 2. The Project Leader's Delegate(s) may choose not to admit new
- Developers, or expel existing Developers. If the Developers feel
- that the Delegates are abusing their authority they can of course
- override the decision by way of General Resolution - see §4.1(3),
- §4.2.
-
- 3.3. Procedure
-
- Developers may make these decisions as they see fit.
-
-4. The Developers by way of General Resolution or election
-
- 4.1. Powers
-
- Together, the Developers may:
- 1. Appoint or recall the Project Leader.
- 2. Amend this constitution, provided they agree with a 3:1 majority.
- 3. Override any decision by the Project Leader or a Delegate.
- 4. Override any decision by the Technical Committee, provided they
- agree with a 2:1 majority.
- 5. Issue, supersede and withdraw nontechnical policy documents and
- statements.
- These include documents describing the goals of the project, its
- relationship with other free software entities, and nontechnical
- policies such as the free software licence terms that Debian
- software must meet.
- They may also include position statements about issues of the day.
- 1. A Foundation Document is a document or statement regarded as
- critical to the Project's mission and purposes.
- 2. The Foundation Documents are the works entitled "Debian Social
- Contract" and "Debian Free Software Guidelines".
- 3. A Foundation Document requires a 3:1 majority for its
- supersession. New Foundation Documents are issued and existing
- ones withdrawn by amending the list of Foundation Documents in
- this constitution.
- 6. Together with the Project Leader and SPI, make decisions about
- property held in trust for purposes related to Debian. (See §9.1.)
-
- 4.2. Procedure
-
- 1. The Developers follow the Standard Resolution Procedure, below. A
- resolution or amendment is introduced if proposed by any Developer
- and sponsored by at least K other Developers, or if proposed by the
- Project Leader or the Technical Committee.
- 2. Delaying a decision by the Project Leader or their Delegate:
- 1. If the Project Leader or their Delegate, or the Technical
- Committee, has made a decision, then Developers can override
- them by passing a resolution to do so; see §4.1(3).
- 2. If such a resolution is sponsored by at least 2K Developers,
- or if it is proposed by the Technical Committee, the
- resolution puts the decision immediately on hold (provided
- that resolution itself says so).
- 3. If the original decision was to change a discussion period or
- a voting period, or the resolution is to override the
- Technical Committee, then only K Developers need to sponsor
- the resolution to be able to put the decision immediately on
- hold.
- 4. If the decision is put on hold, an immediate vote is held to
- determine whether the decision will stand until the full vote
- on the decision is made or whether the implementation of the
- original decision will be delayed until then. There is no
- quorum for this immediate procedural vote.
- 5. If the Project Leader (or the Delegate) withdraws the original
- decision, the vote becomes moot, and is no longer conducted.
- 3. Votes are taken by the Project Secretary. Votes, tallies, and
- results are not revealed during the voting period; after the vote
- the Project Secretary lists all the votes cast. The voting period
- is 2 weeks, but may be varied by up to 1 week by the Project
- Leader.
- 4. The minimum discussion period is 2 weeks, but may be varied by up
- to 1 week by the Project Leader. The Project Leader has a casting
- vote. There is a quorum of 3Q.
- 5. Proposals, sponsors, amendments, calls for votes and other formal
- actions are made by announcement on a publicly-readable electronic
- mailing list designated by the Project Leader's Delegate(s); any
- Developer may post there.
- 6. Votes are cast by email in a manner suitable to the Secretary. The
- Secretary determines for each poll whether voters can change their
- votes.
- 7. Q is half of the square root of the number of current Developers. K
- is Q or 5, whichever is the smaller. Q and K need not be integers
- and are not rounded.
-
-5. Project Leader
-
- 5.1. Powers
-
- The Project Leader may:
- 1. Appoint Delegates or delegate decisions to the Technical Committee.
- The Leader may define an area of ongoing responsibility or a
- specific decision and hand it over to another Developer or to the
- Technical Committee.
- Once a particular decision has been delegated and made the Project
- Leader may not withdraw that delegation; however, they may withdraw
- an ongoing delegation of particular area of responsibility.
- 2. Lend authority to other Developers.
- The Project Leader may make statements of support for points of
- view or for other members of the project, when asked or otherwise;
- these statements have force if and only if the Leader would be
- empowered to make the decision in question.
- 3. Make any decision which requires urgent action.
- This does not apply to decisions which have only become gradually
- urgent through lack of relevant action, unless there is a fixed
- deadline.
- 4. Make any decision for whom noone else has responsibility.
- 5. Propose draft General Resolutions and amendments.
- 6. Together with the Technical Committee, appoint new members to the
- Committee. (See §6.2.)
- 7. Use a casting vote when Developers vote.
- The Project Leader also has a normal vote in such ballots.
- 8. Vary the discussion period for Developers' votes (as above).
- 9. Lead discussions amongst Developers.
- The Project Leader should attempt to participate in discussions
- amongst the Developers in a helpful way which seeks to bring the
- discussion to bear on the key issues at hand. The Project Leader
- should not use the Leadership position to promote their own
- personal views.
- 10. Together with SPI, make decisions affecting property held in trust
- for purposes related to Debian. (See §9.1.)
-
- 5.2. Appointment
-
- 1. The Project Leader is elected by the Developers.
- 2. The election begins nine weeks before the leadership post becomes
- vacant, or (if it is too late already) immediately.
- 3. For the following three weeks any Developer may nominate themselves
- as a candidate Project Leader.
- 4. For three weeks after that no more candidates may be nominated;
- candidates should use this time for campaigning (to make their
- identities and positions known). If there are no candidates at the
- end of the nomination period then the nomination period is extended
- for three further weeks, repeatedly if necessary.
- 5. The next three weeks are the polling period during which Developers
- may cast their votes. Votes in leadership elections are kept
- secret, even after the election is finished.
- 6. The options on the ballot will be those candidates who have
- nominated themselves and have not yet withdrawn, plus None Of The
- Above. If None Of The Above wins the election then the election
- procedure is repeated, many times if necessary.
- 7. The decision will be made using the method specified in section
- §A.6 of the Standard Resolution Procedure. The quorum is the same
- as for a General Resolution (§4.2) and the default option is "None
- Of The Above".
- 8. The Project Leader serves for one year from their election.
-
- 5.3. Procedure
-
- The Project Leader should attempt to make decisions which are
- consistent with the consensus of the opinions of the Developers.
-
- Where practical the Project Leader should informally solicit the views
- of the Developers.
-
- The Project Leader should avoid overemphasizing their own point of view
- when making decisions in their capacity as Leader.
-
-6. Technical committee
-
- 6.1. Powers
-
- The Technical Committee may:
- 1. Decide on any matter of technical policy.
- This includes the contents of the technical policy manuals,
- developers' reference materials, example packages and the behaviour
- of non-experimental package building tools. (In each case the usual
- maintainer of the relevant software or documentation makes
- decisions initially, however; see 6.3(5).)
- 2. Decide any technical matter where Developers' jurisdictions
- overlap.
- In cases where Developers need to implement compatible technical
- policies or stances (for example, if they disagree about the
- priorities of conflicting packages, or about ownership of a command
- name, or about which package is responsible for a bug that both
- maintainers agree is a bug, or about who should be the maintainer
- for a package) the technical committee may decide the matter.
- 3. Make a decision when asked to do so.
- Any person or body may delegate a decision of their own to the
- Technical Committee, or seek advice from it.
- 4. Overrule a Developer (requires a 3:1 majority).
- The Technical Committee may ask a Developer to take a particular
- technical course of action even if the Developer does not wish to;
- this requires a 3:1 majority. For example, the Committee may
- determine that a complaint made by the submitter of a bug is
- justified and that the submitter's proposed solution should be
- implemented.
- 5. Offer advice.
- The Technical Committee may make formal announcements about its
- views on any matter. Individual members may of course make informal
- statements about their views and about the likely views of the
- committee.
- 6. Together with the Project Leader, appoint new members to itself or
- remove existing members. (See §6.2.)
- 7. Appoint the Chairman of the Technical Committee.
- The Chairman is elected by the Committee from its members. All
- members of the committee are automatically nominated; the committee
- votes starting one week before the post will become vacant (or
- immediately, if it is already too late). The members may vote by
- public acclamation for any fellow committee member, including
- themselves; there is no default option. The vote finishes when all
- the members have voted, or when the voting period has ended. The
- result is determined using the method specified in section A.6 of
- the Standard Resolution Procedure.
- 8. The Chairman can stand in for the Leader, together with the
- Secretary
- As detailed in §7.1(2), the Chairman of the Technical Committee and
- the Project Secretary may together stand in for the Leader if there
- is no Leader.
-
- 6.2. Composition
-
- 1. The Technical Committee consists of up to 8 Developers, and should
- usually have at least 4 members.
- 2. When there are fewer than 8 members the Technical Committee may
- recommend new member(s) to the Project Leader, who may choose
- (individually) to appoint them or not.
- 3. When there are 5 members or fewer the Technical Committee may
- appoint new member(s) until the number of members reaches 6.
- 4. When there have been 5 members or fewer for at least one week the
- Project Leader may appoint new member(s) until the number of
- members reaches 6, at intervals of at least one week per
- appointment.
- 5. If the Technical Committee and the Project Leader agree they may
- remove or replace an existing member of the Technical Committee.
-
- 6.3. Procedure
-
- 1. The Technical Committee uses the Standard Resolution Procedure.
- A draft resolution or amendment may be proposed by any member of
- the Technical Committee. There is no minimum discussion period; the
- voting period lasts for up to one week, or until the outcome is no
- longer in doubt. Members may change their votes. There is a quorum
- of two.
- 2. Details regarding voting
- The Chairman has a casting vote. When the Technical Committee votes
- whether to override a Developer who also happens to be a member of
- the Committee, that member may not vote (unless they are the
- Chairman, in which case they may use only their casting vote).
- 3. Public discussion and decision-making.
- Discussion, draft resolutions and amendments, and votes by members
- of the committee, are made public on the Technical Committee public
- discussion list. There is no separate secretary for the Committee.
- 4. Confidentiality of appointments.
- The Technical Committee may hold confidential discussions via
- private email or a private mailing list or other means to discuss
- appointments to the Committee. However, votes on appointments must
- be public.
- 5. No detailed design work.
- The Technical Committee does not engage in design of new proposals
- and policies. Such design work should be carried out by individuals
- privately or together and discussed in ordinary technical policy
- and design forums.
- The Technical Committee restricts itself to choosing from or
- adopting compromises between solutions and decisions which have
- been proposed and reasonably thoroughly discussed elsewhere.
- Individual members of the technical committee may of course
- participate on their own behalf in any aspect of design and policy
- work.
- 6. Technical Committee makes decisions only as last resort.
- The Technical Committee does not make a technical decision until
- efforts to resolve it via consensus have been tried and failed,
- unless it has been asked to make a decision by the person or body
- who would normally be responsible for it.
-
-7. The Project Secretary
-
- 7.1. Powers
-
- The Secretary:
- 1. Takes votes amongst the Developers, and determines the number and
- identity of Developers, whenever this is required by the
- constitution.
- 2. Can stand in for the Leader, together with the Chairman of the
- Technical Committee.
- If there is no Project Leader then the Chairman of the Technical
- Committee and the Project Secretary may by joint agreement make
- decisions if they consider it imperative to do so.
- 3. Adjudicates any disputes about interpretation of the constitution.
- 4. May delegate part or all of their authority to someone else, or
- withdraw such a delegation at any time.
-
- 7.2. Appointment
-
- The Project Secretary is appointed by the Project Leader and the
- current Project Secretary.
-
- If the Project Leader and the current Project Secretary cannot agree on
- a new appointment they must ask the board of SPI (see §9.1.) to appoint
- a Secretary.
-
- If there is no Project Secretary or the current Secretary is
- unavailable and has not delegated authority for a decision then the
- decision may be made or delegated by the Chairman of the Technical
- Committee, as Acting Secretary.
-
- The Project Secretary's term of office is 1 year, at which point they
- or another Secretary must be (re)appointed.
-
- 7.3. Procedure
-
- The Project Secretary should make decisions which are fair and
- reasonable, and preferably consistent with the consensus of the
- Developers.
-
- When acting together to stand in for an absent Project Leader the
- Chairman of the Technical Committee and the Project Secretary should
- make decisions only when absolutely necessary and only when consistent
- with the consensus of the Developers.
-
-8. The Project Leader's Delegates
-
- 8.1. Powers
-
- The Project Leader's Delegates:
- 1. have powers delegated to them by the Project Leader;
- 2. may make certain decisions which the Leader may not make directly,
- including approving or expelling Developers or designating people
- as Developers who do not maintain packages. This is to avoid
- concentration of power, particularly over membership as a
- Developer, in the hands of the Project Leader.
-
- 8.2. Appointment
-
- The Delegates are appointed by the Project Leader and may be replaced
- by the Leader at the Leader's discretion. The Project Leader may not
- make the position as a Delegate conditional on particular decisions by
- the Delegate, nor may they override a decision made by a Delegate once
- made.
-
- 8.3. Procedure
-
- Delegates may make decisions as they see fit, but should attempt to
- implement good technical decisions and/or follow consensus opinion.
-
-9. Software in the Public Interest
-
- SPI and Debian are separate organisations who share some goals. Debian
- is grateful for the legal support framework offered by SPI. Debian's
- Developers are currently members of SPI by virtue of their status as
- Developers.
-
- 9.1. Authority
-
- 1. SPI has no authority regarding Debian's technical or nontechnical
- decisions, except that no decision by Debian with respect to any
- property held by SPI shall require SPI to act outside its legal
- authority, and that Debian's constitution may occasionally use SPI
- as a decision body of last resort.
- 2. Debian claims no authority over SPI other than that over the use of
- certain of SPI's property, as described below, though Debian
- Developers may be granted authority within SPI by SPI's rules.
- 3. Debian Developers are not agents or employees of SPI, or of each
- other or of persons in authority in the Debian Project. A person
- acting as a Developer does so as an individual, on their own
- behalf.
-
- 9.2. Management of property for purposes related to Debian
-
- Since Debian has no authority to hold money or property, any donations
- for the Debian Project must be made to SPI, which manages such affairs.
-
- SPI have made the following undertakings:
- 1. SPI will hold money, trademarks and other tangible and intangible
- property and manage other affairs for purposes related to Debian.
- 2. Such property will be accounted for separately and held in trust
- for those purposes, decided on by Debian and SPI according to this
- section.
- 3. SPI will not dispose of or use property held in trust for Debian
- without approval from Debian, which may be granted by the Project
- Leader or by General Resolution of the Developers.
- 4. SPI will consider using or disposing of property held in trust for
- Debian when asked to do so by the Project Leader.
- 5. SPI will use or dispose of property held in trust for Debian when
- asked to do so by a General Resolution of the Developers, provided
- that this is compatible with SPI's legal authority.
- 6. SPI will notify the Developers by electronic mail to a Debian
- Project mailing list when it uses or disposes of property held in
- trust for Debian.
-
-A. Standard Resolution Procedure
-
- These rules apply to communal decision-making by committees and
- plebiscites, where stated above.
-
- A.1. Proposal
-
- The formal procedure begins when a draft resolution is proposed and
- sponsored, as required.
-
- A.1. Discussion and Amendment
-
- 1. Following the proposal, the resolution may be discussed. Amendments
- may be made formal by being proposed and sponsored according to the
- requirements for a new resolution, or directly by the proposer of
- the original resolution.
- 2. A formal amendment may be accepted by the resolution's proposer, in
- which case the formal resolution draft is immediately changed to
- match.
- 3. If a formal amendment is not accepted, or one of the sponsors of
- the resolution does not agree with the acceptance by the proposer
- of a formal amendment, the amendment remains as an amendment and
- will be voted on.
- 4. If an amendment accepted by the original proposer is not to the
- liking of others, they may propose another amendment to reverse the
- earlier change (again, they must meet the requirements for proposer
- and sponsor(s).)
- 5. The proposer of a resolution may suggest changes to the wordings of
- amendments; these take effect if the proposer of the amendment
- agrees and none of the sponsors object. In this case the changed
- amendments will be voted on instead of the originals.
- 6. The proposer of a resolution may make changes to correct minor
- errors (for example, typographical errors or inconsistencies) or
- changes which do not alter the meaning, providing noone objects
- within 24 hours. In this case the minimum discussion period is not
- restarted.
-
- A.2. Calling for a vote
-
- 1. The proposer or a sponsor of a motion or an amendment may call for
- a vote, providing that the minimum discussion period (if any) has
- elapsed.
- 2. The proposer or any sponsor of a resolution may call for a vote on
- that resolution and all related amendments.
- 3. The person who calls for a vote states what they believe the
- wordings of the resolution and any relevant amendments are, and
- consequently what form the ballot should take. However, the final
- decision on the form of ballot(s) is the Secretary's - see 7.1(1),
- 7.1(3) and A.3(4).
- 4. The minimum discussion period is counted from the time the last
- formal amendment was accepted, or since the whole resolution was
- proposed if no amendments have been proposed and accepted.
-
- A.3. Voting procedure
-
- 1. Each resolution and its related amendments is voted on in a single
- ballot that includes an option for the original resolution, each
- amendment, and the default option (where applicable).
- 2. The default option must not have any supermajority requirements.
- Options which do not have an explicit supermajority requirement
- have a 1:1 majority requirement.
- 3. The votes are counted according to the rules in A.6. The default
- option is "Further Discussion", unless specified otherwise.
- 4. In cases of doubt the Project Secretary shall decide on matters of
- procedure.
-
- A.4. Withdrawing resolutions or unaccepted amendments
-
- The proposer of a resolution or unaccepted amendment may withdraw it.
- In this case new proposers may come forward keep it alive, in which
- case the first person to do so becomes the new proposer and any others
- become sponsors if they aren't sponsors already.
-
- A sponsor of a resolution or amendment (unless it has been accepted)
- may withdraw.
-
- If the withdrawal of the proposer and/or sponsors means that a
- resolution has no proposer or not enough sponsors it will not be voted
- on unless this is rectified before the resolution expires.
-
- A.5. Expiry
-
- If a proposed resolution has not been discussed, amended, voted on or
- otherwise dealt with for 4 weeks the secretary may issue a statement
- that the issue is being withdrawn. If none of the sponsors of any of
- the proposals object within a week, the issue is withdrawn.
-
- The secretary may also include suggestions on how to proceed, if
- appropriate.
-
- A.6. Vote Counting
-
- 1. Each voter's ballot ranks the options being voted on. Not all
- options need be ranked. Ranked options are considered preferred to
- all unranked options. Voters may rank options equally. Unranked
- options are considered to be ranked equally with one another.
- Details of how ballots may be filled out will be included in the
- Call For Votes.
- 2. If the ballot has a quorum requirement R any options other than the
- default option which do not receive at least R votes ranking that
- option above the default option are dropped from consideration.
- 3. Any (non-default) option which does not defeat the default option
- by its required majority ratio is dropped from consideration.
- 1. Given two options A and B, V(A,B) is the number of voters who
- prefer option A over option B.
- 2. An option A defeats the default option D by a majority ratio
- N, if V(A,D) is strictly greater than N * V(D,A).
- 3. If a supermajority of S:1 is required for A, its majority
- ratio is S; otherwise, its majority ratio is 1.
- 4. From the list of undropped options, we generate a list of pairwise
- defeats.
- 1. An option A defeats an option B, if V(A,B) is strictly greater
- than V(B,A).
- 5. From the list of [undropped] pairwise defeats, we generate a set of
- transitive defeats.
- 1. An option A transitively defeats an option C if A defeats C or
- if there is some other option B where A defeats B AND B
- transitively defeats C.
- 6. We construct the Schwartz set from the set of transitive defeats.
- 1. An option A is in the Schwartz set if for all options B,
- either A transitively defeats B, or B does not transitively
- defeat A.
- 7. If there are defeats between options in the Schwartz set, we drop
- the weakest such defeats from the list of pairwise defeats, and
- return to step 5.
- 1. A defeat (A,X) is weaker than a defeat (B,Y) if V(A,X) is less
- than V(B,Y). Also, (A,X) is weaker than (B,Y) if V(A,X) is
- equal to V(B,Y) and V(X,A) is greater than V(Y,B).
- 2. A weakest defeat is a defeat that has no other defeat weaker
- than it. There may be more than one such defeat.
- 8. If there are no defeats within the Schwartz set, then the winner is
- chosen from the options in the Schwartz set. If there is only one
- such option, it is the winner. If there are multiple options, the
- elector with the casting vote chooses which of those options wins.
-
- Note: Options which the voters rank above the default option are
- options they find acceptable. Options ranked below the default options
- are options they find unacceptable.
-
- When the Standard Resolution Procedure is to be used, the text which
- refers to it must specify what is sufficient to have a draft resolution
- proposed and/or sponsored, what the minimum discussion period is, and
- what the voting period is. It must also specify any supermajority
- and/or the quorum (and default option) to be used.
-
-B. Use of language and typography
-
- The present indicative ("is", for example) means that the statement is
- a rule in this constitution. "ay" or "can" indicates that the person or
- body has discretion. "Should" means that it would be considered a good
- thing if the sentence were obeyed, but it is not binding. Text marked
- as a citation, such as this, is rationale and does not form part of the
- constitution. It may be used only to aid interpretation in cases of
- doubt.
diff --git a/includes/lenny/common/doc/debian-manifesto b/includes/lenny/common/doc/debian-manifesto
deleted file mode 100644
index 9322c934f..000000000
--- a/includes/lenny/common/doc/debian-manifesto
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
-Please note that this document is provided in order to document
-Debian's history. While the general ideas still apply some details
-changed.
-
-
-********************
-Appendix
-The Debian Manifesto
-********************
-
-
- The Debian Linux Manifesto
-
- Written by Ian A. Murdock
- Revised 01/06/94
-
-
-What is Debian Linux?
-=====================
-
-Debian Linux is a brand-new kind of Linux distribution. Rather than
-being developed by one isolated individual or group, as other
-distributions of Linux have been developed in the past, Debian is being
-developed openly in the spirit of Linux and GNU. The primary purpose
-of the Debian project is to finally create a distribution that lives up
-to the Linux name. Debian is being carefully and conscientiously put
-together and will be maintained and supported with similar care.
-
-It is also an attempt to create a non-commercial distribution that will
-be able to effectively compete in the commercial market. It will
-eventually be distributed by The Free Software Foundation on CD-ROM,
-and The Debian Linux Association will offer the distribution on floppy
-disk and tape along with printed manuals, technical support and other
-end-user essentials. All of the above will be available at little more
-than cost, and the excess will be put toward further development of
-free software for all users. Such distribution is essential to the
-success of the Linux operating system in the commercial market, and it
-must be done by organizations in a position to successfully advance and
-advocate free software without the pressure of profits or returns.
-
-
-Why is Debian being constructed?
-================================
-
-Distributions are essential to the future of Linux. Essentially, they
-eliminate the need for the user to locate, download, compile, install
-and integrate a fairly large number of essential tools to assemble a
-working Linux system. Instead, the burden of system construction is
-placed on the distribution creator, whose work can be shared with
-thousands of other users. Almost all users of Linux will get their
-first taste of it through a distribution, and most users will continue
-to use a distribution for the sake of convenience even after they are
-familiar with the operating system. Thus, distributions play a very
-important role indeed.
-
-Despite their obvious importance, distributions have attracted little
-attention from developers. There is a simple reason for this: they are
-neither easy nor glamorous to construct and require a great deal of
-ongoing effort from the creator to keep the distribution bug-free and
-up-to-date. It is one thing to put together a system from scratch; it
-is quite another to ensure that the system is easy for others to
-install, is installable and usable under a wide variety of hardware
-configurations, contains software that others will find useful, and is
-updated when the components themselves are improved.
-
-Many distributions have started out as fairly good systems, but as time
-passes attention to maintaining the distribution becomes a secondary
-concern. A case-in-point is the Softlanding Linux System (better known
-as SLS). It is quite possibly the most bug-ridden and badly maintained
-Linux distribution available; unfortunately, it is also quite possibly
-the most popular. It is, without question, the distribution that
-attracts the most attention from the many commercial "distributors" of
-Linux that have surfaced to capitalize on the growing popularity of the
-operating system.
-
-This is a bad combination indeed, as most people who obtain Linux from
-these "distributors" receive a bug-ridden and badly maintained Linux
-distribution. As if this wasn't bad enough, these "distributors" have
-a disturbing tendency to misleadingly advertise non-functional or
-extremely unstable "features" of their product. Combine this with the
-fact that the buyers will, of course, expect the product to live up to
-its advertisement and the fact that many may believe it to be a
-commercial operating system (there is also a tendency not to mention
-that Linux is free nor that it is distributed under the GNU General
-Public License). To top it all off, these "distributors" are actually
-making enough money from their effort to justify buying larger
-advertisements in more magazines; it is the classic example of
-unacceptable behavior being rewarded by those who simply do not know
-any better. Clearly something needs to be done to remedy the
-situation.
-
-
-How will Debian attempt to put an end to these problems?
-========================================================
-
-The Debian design process is open to ensure that the system is of the
-highest quality and that it reflects the needs of the user community.
-By involving others with a wide range of abilities and backgrounds,
-Debian is able to be developed in a modular fashion. Its components
-are of high quality because those with expertise in a certain area are
-given the opportunity to construct or maintain the individual
-components of Debian involving that area. Involving others also
-ensures that valuable suggestions for improvement can be incorporated
-into the distribution during its development; thus, a distribution is
-created based on the needs and wants of the users rather than the needs
-and wants of the constructor. It is very difficult for one individual
-or small group to anticipate these needs and wants in advance without
-direct input from others.
-
-Debian Linux will also be distributed on physical media by the Free
-Software Foundation and the Debian Linux Association. This provides
-Debian to users without access to the Internet or FTP and additionally
-makes products and services such as printed manuals and technical
-support available to all users of the system. In this way, Debian may
-be used by many more individuals and organizations than is otherwise
-possible, the focus will be on providing a first-class product and not
-on profits or returns, and the margin from the products and services
-provided may be used to improve the software itself for all users
-whether they paid to obtain it or not.
-
-The Free Software Foundation plays an extremely important role in the
-future of Debian. By the simple fact that they will be distributing
-it, a message is sent to the world that Linux is not a commercial
-product and that it never should be, but that this does not mean that
-Linux will never be able to compete commercially. For those of you who
-disagree, I challenge you to rationalize the success of GNU Emacs and
-GCC, which are not commercial software but which have had quite an
-impact on the commercial market regardless of that fact.
-
-The time has come to concentrate on the future of Linux rather than on
-the destructive goal of enriching oneself at the expense of the entire
-Linux community and its future. The development and distribution of
-Debian may not be the answer to the problems that I have outlined in
-the Manifesto, but I hope that it will at least attract enough
-attention to these problems to allow them to be solved.
diff --git a/includes/lenny/common/doc/mailing-lists.txt b/includes/lenny/common/doc/mailing-lists.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index c72295b1b..000000000
--- a/includes/lenny/common/doc/mailing-lists.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1273 +0,0 @@
- Introduction to the Debian mailing lists
- ========================================
-
- Debian GNU/Linux is developed through distributed development all
- around the world. Therefore, email is the preferred way to discuss
- various items. Much of the conversation between Debian developers
- and users is managed through several mailing lists.
-
- There are many world-open mailing lists, meaning anyone can read
- everything that is posted, and participate in the discussions. Everyone is
- encouraged to help development of Debian and to spread the word of free
- software. There are also a few lists which are only open to official Debian
- developers; please don't interpret this as closed development, it sometimes
- doesn't make much sense discussing internal topics with non-developers.
-
- All original Debian mailing lists run on a special server, using an
- automatic mail processing software called SmartList. This server is called
- lists.debian.org. All submission, subscription and unsubscription messages
- have to be sent to a particular address at this host.
-
- The language used on all lists is English, unless stated otherwise.
- There are some user lists for other languages available.
-
-Subscription / Unsubscription
------------------------------
-
- Anyone is able to subscribe/unsubscribe on their own to any mailing list,
- presuming the subscription policy for a particular list is `open'.
-
- The requests for subscription or unsubscription can be sent to a special
- control address, which is slightly different from the list address.
- Subscription or unsubscription messages should NOT be sent to the address
- of the mailing list itself.
-
- To subscribe or unsubscribe from a mailing list, please send mail to
-
- <listname>-REQUEST@lists.debian.org
-
- with the word `subscribe' or `unsubscribe' as subject.
-
- Please remember the -REQUEST part of the address.
-
- As part of the subscription process, the list software will send you an
- email to which you must reply in order to finish subscribing. This is a
- security measure to keep people from subscribing others to the lists without
- their permission.
-
- If you need to contact a human listmaster, direct your mail to
- listmaster@lists.debian.org . To find out who is responsible for the
- lists, take a look at http://www.debian.org/intro/organization
-
-User lists
-
- There are several user based mailing lists where developers and
- users can get in contact to discuss and solve problems.
-
- debian-announce@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Important announcements
- Moderated : yes
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-chinese-big5@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Chinese [Big5]
- Language : Chinese
- Moderated : subscribers
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-chinese-gb@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Chinese [GB]
- Language : Chinese
- Moderated : subscribers
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-edu-announce@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Announcements for the debian-edu archive
- Moderated : yes
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-enterprise@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian for the enterprise
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-esperanto@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Esperanto
- Language : Esperanto
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-firewall@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Running a firewall on Debian
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-infrastructure-announce@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Infrastructure announcements
- Moderated : signed
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-isp@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian at Internet Service Providers
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-italian@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Italian
- Language : Italian
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-japanese@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Japanese
- Language : English/Japanese
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-kde@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : KDE in Debian
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-laptop@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian on mobile computers
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-news-french@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : French Debian News, weekly and otherwise
- Language : French
- Moderated : yes
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-news-german@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : German Debian News, weekly and otherwise
- Language : German
- Moderated : yes
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-news-italian@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Italian Debian News, weekly and otherwise
- Language : Italian
- Moderated : yes
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-news-portuguese@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Portuguese Debian News, weekly and otherwise
- Language : Portuguese
- Moderated : yes
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-news-spanish@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Spanish Debian News, weekly and otherwise
- Language : Spanish
- Moderated : yes
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-news@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian News, weekly and otherwise
- Moderated : yes
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-photo@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Using Debian for photography
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-russian@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Russian
- Language : Russian
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-security-announce@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Security announcements
- Moderated : yes
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-security@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Security in Debian
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-testing-security-announce@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Security announcements for testing
- Moderated : yes
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-user-catalan@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Catalan
- Language : Catalan
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-user-danish@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Danish
- Language : Danish
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-user-french@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in French
- Language : French
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-user-german@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in German
- Language : German
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-user-hungarian
-
- Description : debian-user in Hungarian
- Language : Hungarian
- Subscription: http://lists.linux.hu/mailman/listinfo/debian
-
- debian-user-icelandic@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Icelandic
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-user-indonesian@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Indonesian
- Language : Indonesian
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-user-polish@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Polish
- Language : Polish
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-user-portuguese@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Portuguese
- Language : Portuguese (both European and Brazilian, and other dialects are welcome)
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-user-spanish@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Spanish
- Language : Spanish
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-user-swedish@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Swedish
- Language : Swedish
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-user-turkish@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Turkish
- Language : Turkish
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-user-ukrainian@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Ukrainian
- Language : Ukrainian
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-user-vietnamese@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debian-user in Vietnamese
- Language : Vietnamese
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-user@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Help and discussion among users of Debian
- Digest : debian-user-digest@lists.debian.org
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-volatile-announce@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Announcements for the debian-volatile archive
- Moderated : yes
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-volatile@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Using the debian-volatile archive
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
-Development lists
-
- There are several lists on which developers and experienced
- users discuss more technical issues. In addition, there are some
- announcement lists to help experienced users keep track of
- development.
-
- debian-accessibility@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Making Debian more accessible to people with disabilities
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-apache@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Maintaining the Debian Apache (web server) and related packages
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-beowulf@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian on Beowulf clusters
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-boot@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Developing the installation system
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-cd@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Creating Debian CD Images
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-ctte-private@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian Technical Committee private list [dead list]
- Moderated : yes
- Subscription: Debian Technical Committee only
-
- debian-ctte@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian Technical Committee
- Moderated : subscribers
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-custom@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Developing common infrastructure for custom Debian distributions
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-dak@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian Archive Kit / Buildd list
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-debbugs-cvs@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debbugs CVS commits
- Moderated : yes
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-debbugs@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : debbugs, the Debian bug tracking system
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-desktop@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian Desktop project
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-devel-announce@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Announcements for developers
- Moderated : signed
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-devel-austrian
-
- Description : Development discussions among Austrians
- Language : (mostly) German
- Subscription: https://www.gibraltar.at/mailman/listinfo/debian-at
-
- debian-devel-french@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Development discussions in French
- Language : French
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-devel-games@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Development of games in Debian
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-devel-italian@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Development discussions in Italian
- Language : Italian
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-devel-portuguese@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Development discussions in Portuguese
- Language : Portuguese
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-devel-spanish@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Development discussions in Spanish
- Language : Spanish
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-devel@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Development of Debian
- Digest : debian-devel-digest@lists.debian.org
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-doc@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Writing documentation for Debian
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-dpkg-bugs@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : dpkg bug reports
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-dpkg-cvs@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : dpkg CVS commits
- Moderated : yes
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-dpkg@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Development of dpkg
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-edu-french@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Discussion between French educational Debian-based projects
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-edu@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Making Debian desirable for education purposes
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-emacsen@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Maintaining Emacsen
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-email@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Generic "grab-bag" list for Debian-related communication
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: developers only
-
- debian-embedded@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian on embedded systems
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-flash@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : development and use of flash technologies on Debian
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-gcc@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian GCC Maintainers
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-glibc@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Maintaining GNU C Library packages
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-gtk-gnome@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Packages using GTK+ and/or GNOME
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-hams@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Development of HAM Radio under Debian
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-handheld@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian on handheld computers
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-haskell@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Haskell packages and maintenance
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-ipv6@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : IPv6 Maintenance
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-java@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Java Maintenance
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-jr@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Making Debian desirable for children
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-kernel-maint@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian kernel development and discussion
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-kernel@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Kernel packages in Debian
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-knoppix@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Development of the Knoppix Live CD/DVD
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-lex@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Making Debian desirable for lawyers
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-lint-maint@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Maintenance of Debian `lint' tools like lintian or linda
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-live@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Discussion and maintenance of the Debian Live systems
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-lsb@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian and the Linux Standard Base
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-med@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Making Debian desirable for doctors
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-mentors@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Helping newbie developers
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-multimedia@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Multimedia support and applications
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-ocaml-maint@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : ocaml package maintenance and development
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-openoffice@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : OpenOffice packages maintenance
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-perl@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Perl packages maintenance
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-policy@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Creating and editing Debian Policy
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-printing@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian Printing Infrastructure
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-private@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Private discussions among developers
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: developers only
-
- debian-python@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Python packages maintenance
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-qa-packages@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Orphaned packages maintained by the QA group
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-qa@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Quality Assurance
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-qt-kde@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Packages using Qt and/or KDE
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-release@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Coordinating Debian releases
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-ruby@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Ruby packages maintenance
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-science@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : using debian for science and related research
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-security-tracker@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Discussion about the Debian Security Tracker
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-sgml@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian and SGML
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-ssh@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : SSH packages maintenance
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-testing@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Testing for the next release
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-tex-maint@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Coordination of the maintenance of TeX packages in Debian
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-toolchain@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Compilers, assemblers etc.
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-webapps@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Web applications packaging
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-wnpp@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Work-Needing and Prospective Packages
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-www-cvs@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Web pages CVS commits
- Moderated : yes
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-www@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Web pages design and maintenance
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-x@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian XFree86 packaging
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- deity@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : APT packages maintenance
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
-Internationalization and Translations
-
- These lists cover issues like localization, translation and support for
- users that don't speak English.
-
- debian-i18n@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Debian Internationalization
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-l10n-arabic@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Arabic Localization
- Language : Arabic
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-l10n-basque@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Basque localization
- Language : Basque
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-l10n-belarusian@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Belarusian Localization
- Language : Belarusian
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-l10n-catalan@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Catalan Localization
- Language : Catalan
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-l10n-czech@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Czech Localization
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-l10n-danish@lists.debian.org
-
- Description : Danish Localization
- Language : Danish
- Moderated : no
- Subscription: open
-
- debian-l10n-dutch@lists.debian.org
-
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-Ports to non-i386 Linux architectures and to non-Linux kernels
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- are also efforts to create Debian systems on kernels other than Linux.
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-The Bug Tracking System
-
- The Debian bug tracking system is open to the public, and it produces
- a lot of email. Some of this might be of interest to developers or even
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-Miscellaneous Debian lists
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- There are several mailing lists which discuss topics that are
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- are some that don't necessarily have a clear distinction
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-Debian mailing list advertising policy
---------------------------------------
-
- This policy is intended to fight mailing-list "spamming".
-
- The Debian mailing lists accept commercial advertising for payment. The fee
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-
---
-Online HTML version of this document is available at
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diff --git a/includes/lenny/common/doc/social-contract.txt b/includes/lenny/common/doc/social-contract.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 63591f8f4..000000000
--- a/includes/lenny/common/doc/social-contract.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,118 +0,0 @@
- Version 1.0 ratified on July 5, 1997. Superseded by Version 1.1,
- ratified on April 26, 2004.
-
- Debian, the producers of the Debian GNU/Linux system, have created the
- Debian Social Contract. The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) part
- of the contract, initially designed as a set of commitments that we
- agree to abide by, has been adopted by the free software community as
- the basis of the Open Source Definition.
- __________________________________________________________________
-
-"Social Contract" with the Free Software Community
-
- 1. Debian Will Remain 100% Free Software
- We promise to keep the Debian GNU/Linux Distribution entirely free
- software. As there are many definitions of free software, we
- include the guidelines we use to determine if software is "free"
- below. We will support our users who develop and run non-free
- software on Debian, but we will never make the system depend on an
- item of non-free software.
- 2. We Will Give Back to the Free Software Community
- When we write new components of the Debian system, we will license
- them as free software. We will make the best system we can, so that
- free software will be widely distributed and used. We will feed
- back bug-fixes, improvements, user requests, etc. to the "upstream"
- authors of software included in our system.
- 3. We Won't Hide Problems
- We will keep our entire bug-report database open for public view at
- all times. Reports that users file on-line will immediately become
- visible to others.
- 4. Our Priorities are Our Users and Free Software
- We will be guided by the needs of our users and the free-software
- community. We will place their interests first in our priorities.
- We will support the needs of our users for operation in many
- different kinds of computing environment. We won't object to
- commercial software that is intended to run on Debian systems, and
- we'll allow others to create value-added distributions containing
- both Debian and commercial software, without any fee from us. To
- support these goals, we will provide an integrated system of
- high-quality, 100% free software, with no legal restrictions that
- would prevent these kinds of use.
- 5. Programs That Don't Meet Our Free-Software Standards
- We acknowledge that some of our users require the use of programs
- that don't conform to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. We have
- created "contrib" and "non-free" areas in our FTP archive for this
- software. The software in these directories is not part of the
- Debian system, although it has been configured for use with Debian.
- We encourage CD manufacturers to read the licenses of software
- packages in these directories and determine if they can distribute
- that software on their CDs. Thus, although non-free software isn't
- a part of Debian, we support its use, and we provide infrastructure
- (such as our bug-tracking system and mailing lists) for non-free
- software packages.
- __________________________________________________________________
-
-The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)
-
- 1. Free Redistribution
- The license of a Debian component may not restrict any party from
- selling or giving away the software as a component of an aggregate
- software distribution containing programs from several different
- sources. The license may not require a royalty or other fee for
- such sale.
- 2. Source Code
- The program must include source code, and must allow distribution
- in source code as well as compiled form.
- 3. Derived Works
- The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must
- allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of
- the original software.
- 4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code
- The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in
- modified form _only_ if the license allows the distribution of
- "patch files" with the source code for the purpose of modifying the
- program at build time. The license must explicitly permit
- distribution of software built from modified source code. The
- license may require derived works to carry a different name or
- version number from the original software. (This is a compromise.
- The Debian group encourages all authors not to restrict any files,
- source or binary, from being modified.)
- 5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups
- The license must not discriminate against any person or group of
- persons.
- 6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor
- The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program
- in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict
- the program from being used in a business, or from being used for
- genetic research.
- 7. Distribution of License
- The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the
- program is redistributed without the need for execution of an
- additional license by those parties.
- 8. License Must Not Be Specific to Debian
- The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's
- being part of a Debian system. If the program is extracted from
- Debian and used or distributed without Debian but otherwise within
- the terms of the program's license, all parties to whom the program
- is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are
- granted in conjunction with the Debian system.
- 9. License Must Not Contaminate Other Software
- The license must not place restrictions on other software that is
- distributed along with the licensed software. For example, the
- license must not insist that all other programs distributed on the
- same medium must be free software.
- 10. Example Licenses
- The "GPL", "BSD", and "Artistic" licenses are examples of licenses
- that we consider "free".
-
- The concept of stating our "social contract with the free software
- community" was suggested by Ean Schuessler. This document was drafted
- by Bruce Perens, refined by the other Debian developers during a
- month-long e-mail conference in June 1997, and then accepted as the
- publicly stated policy of the Debian Project.
-
- Bruce Perens later removed the Debian-specific references from the
- Debian Free Software Guidelines to create "The Open Source Definition".
-
- Other organizations may derive from and build on this document. Please
- give credit to the Debian project if you do.
diff --git a/includes/lenny/common/doc/source-unpack.txt b/includes/lenny/common/doc/source-unpack.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 151b7337d..000000000
--- a/includes/lenny/common/doc/source-unpack.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
- HOW TO UNPACK A DEBIAN SOURCE PACKAGE
-
-There are two kinds of Debian source packages: old ones and new ones.
-
-A. Old ones look like this:
- hello-1.3-4.tar.gz
- hello-1.3-4.diff.gz
- You unpack them by untarring the .tar.gz. There is NO need to apply
- the diff.
-
-B. New ones look like this:
- hello_1.3-11.dsc
- hello_1.3-11.diff.gz
- hello_1.3-11.orig.tar.gz - note the `.orig' part
- Here you MUST use dpkg-source or apply the diff manually - see below.
-
- If you have `dpkg-source' you should put the files in the same
- directory and type `dpkg-source -x <whatever>.dsc'.
-
- If you do not you can extract the Debian source as follows:
- 1. untar P_V.orig.tar.gz.
- 2. rename the resulting P-V.orig directory to P-V. If some other
- directory results, rename *it* to P-V.
- 3. mkdir P-V/debian.
- 4. apply the diff with patch -p0.
- 5. do `chmod +x P-V/debian/rules'
- (where P is the package name and V the version.)
-
-C. There are some packages where the Debian source is the upstream
- source. In this case there will be no .diff.gz and you can just use
- the .tar.gz. If a .dsc is provided you can use `dpkg-source -x'.
-
- -- Ian Jackson <ijackson@gnu.ai.mit.edu> Sat, 31 Aug 1996