Imported Upstream version 5.4.0

13 files changed, 8055 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/Makefile.am b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..973e2c2f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+AM_CPPFLAGS = \
+	-I${linux_headers} \
+	-I$(top_srcdir)/src/libstrongswan \
+	-I$(top_srcdir)/src/libcharon \
+	-DROUTING_TABLE=${routing_table} \
+	-DROUTING_TABLE_PRIO=${routing_table_prio}
+
+AM_CFLAGS = \
+	$(PLUGIN_CFLAGS)
+
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+noinst_LTLIBRARIES = libstrongswan-kernel-netlink.la
+else
+plugin_LTLIBRARIES = libstrongswan-kernel-netlink.la
+endif
+
+libstrongswan_kernel_netlink_la_SOURCES = \
+	kernel_netlink_plugin.h kernel_netlink_plugin.c \
+	kernel_netlink_ipsec.h kernel_netlink_ipsec.c \
+	kernel_netlink_net.h kernel_netlink_net.c \
+	kernel_netlink_shared.h kernel_netlink_shared.c
+
+libstrongswan_kernel_netlink_la_LDFLAGS = -module -avoid-version
+
+
+TESTS = tests
+
+check_PROGRAMS = $(TESTS)
+
+tests_SOURCES = \
+	tests.h tests.c \
+	suites/test_socket.c \
+	kernel_netlink_shared.c
+
+tests_CFLAGS = \
+	-I$(top_srcdir)/src/libstrongswan \
+	-I$(top_srcdir)/src/libstrongswan/tests \
+	-DNETLINK_MSG_LOSS_HOOK=netlink_msg_loss \
+	@COVERAGE_CFLAGS@
+
+tests_LDFLAGS = @COVERAGE_LDFLAGS@
+tests_LDADD = \
+	$(top_builddir)/src/libstrongswan/libstrongswan.la \
+	$(top_builddir)/src/libstrongswan/tests/libtest.la
diff --git a/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/Makefile.in b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55dcabf6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,1007 @@
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+	-DROUTING_TABLE=${routing_table} \
+	-DROUTING_TABLE_PRIO=${routing_table_prio}
+
+AM_CFLAGS = \
+	$(PLUGIN_CFLAGS)
+
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+	kernel_netlink_plugin.h kernel_netlink_plugin.c \
+	kernel_netlink_ipsec.h kernel_netlink_ipsec.c \
+	kernel_netlink_net.h kernel_netlink_net.c \
+	kernel_netlink_shared.h kernel_netlink_shared.c
+
+libstrongswan_kernel_netlink_la_LDFLAGS = -module -avoid-version
+tests_SOURCES = \
+	tests.h tests.c \
+	suites/test_socket.c \
+	kernel_netlink_shared.c
+
+tests_CFLAGS = \
+	-I$(top_srcdir)/src/libstrongswan \
+	-I$(top_srcdir)/src/libstrongswan/tests \
+	-DNETLINK_MSG_LOSS_HOOK=netlink_msg_loss \
+	@COVERAGE_CFLAGS@
+
+tests_LDFLAGS = @COVERAGE_LDFLAGS@
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+	$(top_builddir)/src/libstrongswan/libstrongswan.la \
+	$(top_builddir)/src/libstrongswan/tests/libtest.la
+
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+
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+	    *$$dep*) \
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+	      exit 1;; \
+	  esac; \
+	done; \
+	echo ' cd $(top_srcdir) && $(AUTOMAKE) --gnu src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/Makefile'; \
+	$(am__cd) $(top_srcdir) && \
+	  $(AUTOMAKE) --gnu src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/Makefile
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+	  echo " $(LIBTOOL) $(AM_LIBTOOLFLAGS) $(LIBTOOLFLAGS) --mode=uninstall rm -f '$(DESTDIR)$(plugindir)/$$f'"; \
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+	  echo rm -f $${locs}; \
+	  rm -f $${locs}; \
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+	      dashes="$$report"; \
+	  fi; \
+	  dashes=`echo "$$dashes" | sed s/./=/g`; \
+	  if test "$$failed" -eq 0; then \
+	    col="$$grn"; \
+	  else \
+	    col="$$red"; \
+	  fi; \
+	  echo "$${col}$$dashes$${std}"; \
+	  echo "$${col}$$banner$${std}"; \
+	  test -z "$$skipped" || echo "$${col}$$skipped$${std}"; \
+	  test -z "$$report" || echo "$${col}$$report$${std}"; \
+	  echo "$${col}$$dashes$${std}"; \
+	  test "$$failed" -eq 0; \
+	else :; fi
+
+distdir: $(DISTFILES)
+	@srcdirstrip=`echo "$(srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	topsrcdirstrip=`echo "$(top_srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	list='$(DISTFILES)'; \
+	  dist_files=`for file in $$list; do echo $$file; done | \
+	  sed -e "s|^$$srcdirstrip/||;t" \
+	      -e "s|^$$topsrcdirstrip/|$(top_builddir)/|;t"`; \
+	case $$dist_files in \
+	  */*) $(MKDIR_P) `echo "$$dist_files" | \
+			   sed '/\//!d;s|^|$(distdir)/|;s,/[^/]*$$,,' | \
+			   sort -u` ;; \
+	esac; \
+	for file in $$dist_files; do \
+	  if test -f $$file || test -d $$file; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
+	  if test -d $$d/$$file; then \
+	    dir=`echo "/$$file" | sed -e 's,/[^/]*$$,,'`; \
+	    if test -d "$(distdir)/$$file"; then \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    if test -d $(srcdir)/$$file && test $$d != $(srcdir); then \
+	      cp -fpR $(srcdir)/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    cp -fpR $$d/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	  else \
+	    test -f "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || cp -p $$d/$$file "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || exit 1; \
+	  fi; \
+	done
+check-am: all-am
+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) $(check_PROGRAMS)
+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) check-TESTS
+check: check-am
+all-am: Makefile $(LTLIBRARIES)
+installdirs:
+	for dir in "$(DESTDIR)$(plugindir)"; do \
+	  test -z "$$dir" || $(MKDIR_P) "$$dir"; \
+	done
+install: install-am
+install-exec: install-exec-am
+install-data: install-data-am
+uninstall: uninstall-am
+
+install-am: all-am
+	@$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) install-exec-am install-data-am
+
+installcheck: installcheck-am
+install-strip:
+	if test -z '$(STRIP)'; then \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	      install; \
+	else \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	    "INSTALL_PROGRAM_ENV=STRIPPROG='$(STRIP)'" install; \
+	fi
+mostlyclean-generic:
+
+clean-generic:
+
+distclean-generic:
+	-test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)
+	-test . = "$(srcdir)" || test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)
+	-rm -f suites/$(DEPDIR)/$(am__dirstamp)
+	-rm -f suites/$(am__dirstamp)
+
+maintainer-clean-generic:
+	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use"
+	@echo "it deletes files that may require special tools to rebuild."
+clean: clean-am
+
+clean-am: clean-checkPROGRAMS clean-generic clean-libtool \
+	clean-noinstLTLIBRARIES clean-pluginLTLIBRARIES mostlyclean-am
+
+distclean: distclean-am
+	-rm -rf ./$(DEPDIR) suites/$(DEPDIR)
+	-rm -f Makefile
+distclean-am: clean-am distclean-compile distclean-generic \
+	distclean-tags
+
+dvi: dvi-am
+
+dvi-am:
+
+html: html-am
+
+html-am:
+
+info: info-am
+
+info-am:
+
+install-data-am: install-pluginLTLIBRARIES
+
+install-dvi: install-dvi-am
+
+install-dvi-am:
+
+install-exec-am:
+
+install-html: install-html-am
+
+install-html-am:
+
+install-info: install-info-am
+
+install-info-am:
+
+install-man:
+
+install-pdf: install-pdf-am
+
+install-pdf-am:
+
+install-ps: install-ps-am
+
+install-ps-am:
+
+installcheck-am:
+
+maintainer-clean: maintainer-clean-am
+	-rm -rf ./$(DEPDIR) suites/$(DEPDIR)
+	-rm -f Makefile
+maintainer-clean-am: distclean-am maintainer-clean-generic
+
+mostlyclean: mostlyclean-am
+
+mostlyclean-am: mostlyclean-compile mostlyclean-generic \
+	mostlyclean-libtool
+
+pdf: pdf-am
+
+pdf-am:
+
+ps: ps-am
+
+ps-am:
+
+uninstall-am: uninstall-pluginLTLIBRARIES
+
+.MAKE: check-am install-am install-strip
+
+.PHONY: CTAGS GTAGS TAGS all all-am check check-TESTS check-am clean \
+	clean-checkPROGRAMS clean-generic clean-libtool \
+	clean-noinstLTLIBRARIES clean-pluginLTLIBRARIES cscopelist-am \
+	ctags ctags-am distclean distclean-compile distclean-generic \
+	distclean-libtool distclean-tags distdir dvi dvi-am html \
+	html-am info info-am install install-am install-data \
+	install-data-am install-dvi install-dvi-am install-exec \
+	install-exec-am install-html install-html-am install-info \
+	install-info-am install-man install-pdf install-pdf-am \
+	install-pluginLTLIBRARIES install-ps install-ps-am \
+	install-strip installcheck installcheck-am installdirs \
+	maintainer-clean maintainer-clean-generic mostlyclean \
+	mostlyclean-compile mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-libtool \
+	pdf pdf-am ps ps-am tags tags-am uninstall uninstall-am \
+	uninstall-pluginLTLIBRARIES
+
+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_ipsec.c b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_ipsec.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d9d63a98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_ipsec.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2975 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2006-2015 Tobias Brunner
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2009 Martin Willi
+ * Copyright (C) 2008-2016 Andreas Steffen
+ * Copyright (C) 2006-2007 Fabian Hartmann, Noah Heusser
+ * Copyright (C) 2006 Daniel Roethlisberger
+ * Copyright (C) 2005 Jan Hutter
+ * Hochschule fuer Technik Rapperswil
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
+ * Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
+ * option) any later version.  See <http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.txt>.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+ * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * for more details.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <linux/ipsec.h>
+#include <linux/netlink.h>
+#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
+#include <linux/xfrm.h>
+#include <linux/udp.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+#include "kernel_netlink_ipsec.h"
+#include "kernel_netlink_shared.h"
+
+#include <daemon.h>
+#include <utils/debug.h>
+#include <threading/mutex.h>
+#include <collections/array.h>
+#include <collections/hashtable.h>
+#include <collections/linked_list.h>
+
+/** Required for Linux 2.6.26 kernel and later */
+#ifndef XFRM_STATE_AF_UNSPEC
+#define XFRM_STATE_AF_UNSPEC 32
+#endif
+
+/** From linux/in.h */
+#ifndef IP_XFRM_POLICY
+#define IP_XFRM_POLICY 17
+#endif
+
+/** Missing on uclibc */
+#ifndef IPV6_XFRM_POLICY
+#define IPV6_XFRM_POLICY 34
+#endif /*IPV6_XFRM_POLICY*/
+
+/* from linux/udp.h */
+#ifndef UDP_ENCAP
+#define UDP_ENCAP 100
+#endif
+
+#ifndef UDP_ENCAP_ESPINUDP
+#define UDP_ENCAP_ESPINUDP 2
+#endif
+
+/* this is not defined on some platforms */
+#ifndef SOL_UDP
+#define SOL_UDP IPPROTO_UDP
+#endif
+
+/** Base priority for installed policies */
+#define PRIO_BASE 384
+
+/** Default lifetime of an acquire XFRM state (in seconds) */
+#define DEFAULT_ACQUIRE_LIFETIME 165
+
+/**
+ * Map the limit for bytes and packets to XFRM_INF by default
+ */
+#define XFRM_LIMIT(x) ((x) == 0 ? XFRM_INF : (x))
+
+/**
+ * Create ORable bitfield of XFRM NL groups
+ */
+#define XFRMNLGRP(x) (1<<(XFRMNLGRP_##x-1))
+
+/**
+ * Returns a pointer to the first rtattr following the nlmsghdr *nlh and the
+ * 'usual' netlink data x like 'struct xfrm_usersa_info'
+ */
+#define XFRM_RTA(nlh, x) ((struct rtattr*)(NLMSG_DATA(nlh) + \
+										   NLMSG_ALIGN(sizeof(x))))
+/**
+ * Returns the total size of attached rta data
+ * (after 'usual' netlink data x like 'struct xfrm_usersa_info')
+ */
+#define XFRM_PAYLOAD(nlh, x) NLMSG_PAYLOAD(nlh, sizeof(x))
+
+typedef struct kernel_algorithm_t kernel_algorithm_t;
+
+/**
+ * Mapping of IKEv2 kernel identifier to linux crypto API names
+ */
+struct kernel_algorithm_t {
+	/**
+	 * Identifier specified in IKEv2
+	 */
+	int ikev2;
+
+	/**
+	 * Name of the algorithm in linux crypto API
+	 */
+	char *name;
+};
+
+ENUM(xfrm_msg_names, XFRM_MSG_NEWSA, XFRM_MSG_MAPPING,
+	"XFRM_MSG_NEWSA",
+	"XFRM_MSG_DELSA",
+	"XFRM_MSG_GETSA",
+	"XFRM_MSG_NEWPOLICY",
+	"XFRM_MSG_DELPOLICY",
+	"XFRM_MSG_GETPOLICY",
+	"XFRM_MSG_ALLOCSPI",
+	"XFRM_MSG_ACQUIRE",
+	"XFRM_MSG_EXPIRE",
+	"XFRM_MSG_UPDPOLICY",
+	"XFRM_MSG_UPDSA",
+	"XFRM_MSG_POLEXPIRE",
+	"XFRM_MSG_FLUSHSA",
+	"XFRM_MSG_FLUSHPOLICY",
+	"XFRM_MSG_NEWAE",
+	"XFRM_MSG_GETAE",
+	"XFRM_MSG_REPORT",
+	"XFRM_MSG_MIGRATE",
+	"XFRM_MSG_NEWSADINFO",
+	"XFRM_MSG_GETSADINFO",
+	"XFRM_MSG_NEWSPDINFO",
+	"XFRM_MSG_GETSPDINFO",
+	"XFRM_MSG_MAPPING"
+);
+
+ENUM(xfrm_attr_type_names, XFRMA_UNSPEC, XFRMA_REPLAY_ESN_VAL,
+	"XFRMA_UNSPEC",
+	"XFRMA_ALG_AUTH",
+	"XFRMA_ALG_CRYPT",
+	"XFRMA_ALG_COMP",
+	"XFRMA_ENCAP",
+	"XFRMA_TMPL",
+	"XFRMA_SA",
+	"XFRMA_POLICY",
+	"XFRMA_SEC_CTX",
+	"XFRMA_LTIME_VAL",
+	"XFRMA_REPLAY_VAL",
+	"XFRMA_REPLAY_THRESH",
+	"XFRMA_ETIMER_THRESH",
+	"XFRMA_SRCADDR",
+	"XFRMA_COADDR",
+	"XFRMA_LASTUSED",
+	"XFRMA_POLICY_TYPE",
+	"XFRMA_MIGRATE",
+	"XFRMA_ALG_AEAD",
+	"XFRMA_KMADDRESS",
+	"XFRMA_ALG_AUTH_TRUNC",
+	"XFRMA_MARK",
+	"XFRMA_TFCPAD",
+	"XFRMA_REPLAY_ESN_VAL",
+);
+
+/**
+ * Algorithms for encryption
+ */
+static kernel_algorithm_t encryption_algs[] = {
+/*	{ENCR_DES_IV64,				"***"				}, */
+	{ENCR_DES,					"des"				},
+	{ENCR_3DES,					"des3_ede"			},
+/*	{ENCR_RC5,					"***"				}, */
+/*	{ENCR_IDEA,					"***"				}, */
+	{ENCR_CAST,					"cast5"				},
+	{ENCR_BLOWFISH,				"blowfish"			},
+/*	{ENCR_3IDEA,				"***"				}, */
+/*	{ENCR_DES_IV32,				"***"				}, */
+	{ENCR_NULL,					"cipher_null"		},
+	{ENCR_AES_CBC,				"aes"				},
+	{ENCR_AES_CTR,				"rfc3686(ctr(aes))"	},
+	{ENCR_AES_CCM_ICV8,			"rfc4309(ccm(aes))"	},
+	{ENCR_AES_CCM_ICV12,		"rfc4309(ccm(aes))"	},
+	{ENCR_AES_CCM_ICV16,		"rfc4309(ccm(aes))"	},
+	{ENCR_AES_GCM_ICV8,			"rfc4106(gcm(aes))"	},
+	{ENCR_AES_GCM_ICV12,		"rfc4106(gcm(aes))"	},
+	{ENCR_AES_GCM_ICV16,		"rfc4106(gcm(aes))"	},
+	{ENCR_NULL_AUTH_AES_GMAC,	"rfc4543(gcm(aes))"	},
+	{ENCR_CAMELLIA_CBC,			"cbc(camellia)"		},
+/*	{ENCR_CAMELLIA_CTR,			"***"				}, */
+/*	{ENCR_CAMELLIA_CCM_ICV8,	"***"				}, */
+/*	{ENCR_CAMELLIA_CCM_ICV12,	"***"				}, */
+/*	{ENCR_CAMELLIA_CCM_ICV16,	"***"				}, */
+	{ENCR_SERPENT_CBC,			"serpent"			},
+	{ENCR_TWOFISH_CBC,			"twofish"			},
+	{ENCR_CHACHA20_POLY1305,	"rfc7539esp(chacha20,poly1305)"},
+};
+
+/**
+ * Algorithms for integrity protection
+ */
+static kernel_algorithm_t integrity_algs[] = {
+	{AUTH_HMAC_MD5_96,			"md5"				},
+	{AUTH_HMAC_MD5_128,			"hmac(md5)"			},
+	{AUTH_HMAC_SHA1_96,			"sha1"				},
+	{AUTH_HMAC_SHA1_160,		"hmac(sha1)"		},
+	{AUTH_HMAC_SHA2_256_96,		"sha256"			},
+	{AUTH_HMAC_SHA2_256_128,	"hmac(sha256)"		},
+	{AUTH_HMAC_SHA2_384_192,	"hmac(sha384)"		},
+	{AUTH_HMAC_SHA2_512_256,	"hmac(sha512)"		},
+/*	{AUTH_DES_MAC,				"***"				}, */
+/*	{AUTH_KPDK_MD5,				"***"				}, */
+	{AUTH_AES_XCBC_96,			"xcbc(aes)"			},
+};
+
+/**
+ * Algorithms for IPComp
+ */
+static kernel_algorithm_t compression_algs[] = {
+/*	{IPCOMP_OUI,				"***"				}, */
+	{IPCOMP_DEFLATE,			"deflate"			},
+	{IPCOMP_LZS,				"lzs"				},
+	{IPCOMP_LZJH,				"lzjh"				},
+};
+
+/**
+ * Look up a kernel algorithm name and its key size
+ */
+static char* lookup_algorithm(transform_type_t type, int ikev2)
+{
+	kernel_algorithm_t *list;
+	int i, count;
+	char *name;
+
+	switch (type)
+	{
+		case ENCRYPTION_ALGORITHM:
+			list = encryption_algs;
+			count = countof(encryption_algs);
+			break;
+		case INTEGRITY_ALGORITHM:
+			list = integrity_algs;
+			count = countof(integrity_algs);
+			break;
+		case COMPRESSION_ALGORITHM:
+			list = compression_algs;
+			count = countof(compression_algs);
+			break;
+		default:
+			return NULL;
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
+	{
+		if (list[i].ikev2 == ikev2)
+		{
+			return list[i].name;
+		}
+	}
+	if (charon->kernel->lookup_algorithm(charon->kernel, ikev2, type, NULL,
+										 &name))
+	{
+		return name;
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+typedef struct private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t;
+
+/**
+ * Private variables and functions of kernel_netlink class.
+ */
+struct private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t {
+	/**
+	 * Public part of the kernel_netlink_t object
+	 */
+	kernel_netlink_ipsec_t public;
+
+	/**
+	 * Mutex to lock access to installed policies
+	 */
+	mutex_t *mutex;
+
+	/**
+	 * Hash table of installed policies (policy_entry_t)
+	 */
+	hashtable_t *policies;
+
+	/**
+	 * Hash table of IPsec SAs using policies (ipsec_sa_t)
+	 */
+	hashtable_t *sas;
+
+	/**
+	 * Netlink xfrm socket (IPsec)
+	 */
+	netlink_socket_t *socket_xfrm;
+
+	/**
+	 * Netlink xfrm socket to receive acquire and expire events
+	 */
+	int socket_xfrm_events;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to install routes along policies
+	 */
+	bool install_routes;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to set protocol and ports on selector installed with transport
+	 * mode IPsec SAs
+	 */
+	bool proto_port_transport;
+
+	/**
+	 * Whether to always use UPDATE to install policies
+	 */
+	bool policy_update;
+
+	/**
+	 * Installed port based IKE bypass policies, as bypass_t
+	 */
+	array_t *bypass;
+};
+
+typedef struct route_entry_t route_entry_t;
+
+/**
+ * Installed routing entry
+ */
+struct route_entry_t {
+	/** Name of the interface the route is bound to */
+	char *if_name;
+
+	/** Source ip of the route */
+	host_t *src_ip;
+
+	/** Gateway for this route */
+	host_t *gateway;
+
+	/** Destination net */
+	chunk_t dst_net;
+
+	/** Destination net prefixlen */
+	u_int8_t prefixlen;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Destroy a route_entry_t object
+ */
+static void route_entry_destroy(route_entry_t *this)
+{
+	free(this->if_name);
+	this->src_ip->destroy(this->src_ip);
+	DESTROY_IF(this->gateway);
+	chunk_free(&this->dst_net);
+	free(this);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compare two route_entry_t objects
+ */
+static bool route_entry_equals(route_entry_t *a, route_entry_t *b)
+{
+	return a->if_name && b->if_name && streq(a->if_name, b->if_name) &&
+		   a->src_ip->ip_equals(a->src_ip, b->src_ip) &&
+		   a->gateway->ip_equals(a->gateway, b->gateway) &&
+		   chunk_equals(a->dst_net, b->dst_net) && a->prefixlen == b->prefixlen;
+}
+
+typedef struct ipsec_sa_t ipsec_sa_t;
+
+/**
+ * IPsec SA assigned to a policy.
+ */
+struct ipsec_sa_t {
+	/** Source address of this SA */
+	host_t *src;
+
+	/** Destination address of this SA */
+	host_t *dst;
+
+	/** Optional mark */
+	mark_t mark;
+
+	/** Description of this SA */
+	ipsec_sa_cfg_t cfg;
+
+	/** Reference count for this SA */
+	refcount_t refcount;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Hash function for ipsec_sa_t objects
+ */
+static u_int ipsec_sa_hash(ipsec_sa_t *sa)
+{
+	return chunk_hash_inc(sa->src->get_address(sa->src),
+						  chunk_hash_inc(sa->dst->get_address(sa->dst),
+						  chunk_hash_inc(chunk_from_thing(sa->mark),
+						  chunk_hash(chunk_from_thing(sa->cfg)))));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Equality function for ipsec_sa_t objects
+ */
+static bool ipsec_sa_equals(ipsec_sa_t *sa, ipsec_sa_t *other_sa)
+{
+	return sa->src->ip_equals(sa->src, other_sa->src) &&
+		   sa->dst->ip_equals(sa->dst, other_sa->dst) &&
+		   memeq(&sa->mark, &other_sa->mark, sizeof(mark_t)) &&
+		   memeq(&sa->cfg, &other_sa->cfg, sizeof(ipsec_sa_cfg_t));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Allocate or reference an IPsec SA object
+ */
+static ipsec_sa_t *ipsec_sa_create(private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this,
+								   host_t *src, host_t *dst, mark_t mark,
+								   ipsec_sa_cfg_t *cfg)
+{
+	ipsec_sa_t *sa, *found;
+	INIT(sa,
+		.src = src,
+		.dst = dst,
+		.mark = mark,
+		.cfg = *cfg,
+	);
+	found = this->sas->get(this->sas, sa);
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		sa->src = src->clone(src);
+		sa->dst = dst->clone(dst);
+		this->sas->put(this->sas, sa, sa);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		free(sa);
+		sa = found;
+	}
+	ref_get(&sa->refcount);
+	return sa;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Release and destroy an IPsec SA object
+ */
+static void ipsec_sa_destroy(private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this,
+							 ipsec_sa_t *sa)
+{
+	if (ref_put(&sa->refcount))
+	{
+		this->sas->remove(this->sas, sa);
+		DESTROY_IF(sa->src);
+		DESTROY_IF(sa->dst);
+		free(sa);
+	}
+}
+
+typedef struct policy_sa_t policy_sa_t;
+typedef struct policy_sa_fwd_t policy_sa_fwd_t;
+
+/**
+ * Mapping between a policy and an IPsec SA.
+ */
+struct policy_sa_t {
+	/** Priority assigned to the policy when installed with this SA */
+	u_int32_t priority;
+
+	/** Type of the policy */
+	policy_type_t type;
+
+	/** Assigned SA */
+	ipsec_sa_t *sa;
+};
+
+/**
+ * For forward policies we also cache the traffic selectors in order to install
+ * the route.
+ */
+struct policy_sa_fwd_t {
+	/** Generic interface */
+	policy_sa_t generic;
+
+	/** Source traffic selector of this policy */
+	traffic_selector_t *src_ts;
+
+	/** Destination traffic selector of this policy */
+	traffic_selector_t *dst_ts;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Create a policy_sa(_fwd)_t object
+ */
+static policy_sa_t *policy_sa_create(private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this,
+	policy_dir_t dir, policy_type_t type, host_t *src, host_t *dst,
+	traffic_selector_t *src_ts, traffic_selector_t *dst_ts, mark_t mark,
+	ipsec_sa_cfg_t *cfg)
+{
+	policy_sa_t *policy;
+
+	if (dir == POLICY_FWD)
+	{
+		policy_sa_fwd_t *fwd;
+		INIT(fwd,
+			.src_ts = src_ts->clone(src_ts),
+			.dst_ts = dst_ts->clone(dst_ts),
+		);
+		policy = &fwd->generic;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		INIT(policy, .priority = 0);
+	}
+	policy->type = type;
+	policy->sa = ipsec_sa_create(this, src, dst, mark, cfg);
+	return policy;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Destroy a policy_sa(_fwd)_t object
+ */
+static void policy_sa_destroy(policy_sa_t *policy, policy_dir_t *dir,
+							  private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this)
+{
+	if (*dir == POLICY_FWD)
+	{
+		policy_sa_fwd_t *fwd = (policy_sa_fwd_t*)policy;
+		fwd->src_ts->destroy(fwd->src_ts);
+		fwd->dst_ts->destroy(fwd->dst_ts);
+	}
+	ipsec_sa_destroy(this, policy->sa);
+	free(policy);
+}
+
+typedef struct policy_entry_t policy_entry_t;
+
+/**
+ * Installed kernel policy.
+ */
+struct policy_entry_t {
+
+	/** Direction of this policy: in, out, forward */
+	u_int8_t direction;
+
+	/** Parameters of installed policy */
+	struct xfrm_selector sel;
+
+	/** Optional mark */
+	u_int32_t mark;
+
+	/** Associated route installed for this policy */
+	route_entry_t *route;
+
+	/** List of SAs this policy is used by, ordered by priority */
+	linked_list_t *used_by;
+
+	/** reqid for this policy */
+	u_int32_t reqid;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Destroy a policy_entry_t object
+ */
+static void policy_entry_destroy(private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this,
+								 policy_entry_t *policy)
+{
+	if (policy->route)
+	{
+		route_entry_destroy(policy->route);
+	}
+	if (policy->used_by)
+	{
+		policy->used_by->invoke_function(policy->used_by,
+										(linked_list_invoke_t)policy_sa_destroy,
+										 &policy->direction, this);
+		policy->used_by->destroy(policy->used_by);
+	}
+	free(policy);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Hash function for policy_entry_t objects
+ */
+static u_int policy_hash(policy_entry_t *key)
+{
+	chunk_t chunk = chunk_from_thing(key->sel);
+	return chunk_hash_inc(chunk, chunk_hash(chunk_from_thing(key->mark)));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Equality function for policy_entry_t objects
+ */
+static bool policy_equals(policy_entry_t *key, policy_entry_t *other_key)
+{
+	return memeq(&key->sel, &other_key->sel, sizeof(struct xfrm_selector)) &&
+		   key->mark == other_key->mark &&
+		   key->direction == other_key->direction;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Calculate the priority of a policy
+ */
+static inline u_int32_t get_priority(policy_entry_t *policy,
+									 policy_priority_t prio)
+{
+	u_int32_t priority = PRIO_BASE;
+	switch (prio)
+	{
+		case POLICY_PRIORITY_FALLBACK:
+			priority <<= 1;
+			/* fall-through */
+		case POLICY_PRIORITY_ROUTED:
+			priority <<= 1;
+			/* fall-through */
+		case POLICY_PRIORITY_DEFAULT:
+			priority <<= 1;
+			/* fall-through */
+		case POLICY_PRIORITY_PASS:
+			break;
+	}
+	/* calculate priority based on selector size, small size = high prio */
+	priority -= policy->sel.prefixlen_s;
+	priority -= policy->sel.prefixlen_d;
+	priority <<= 2; /* make some room for the two flags */
+	priority += policy->sel.sport_mask || policy->sel.dport_mask ? 0 : 2;
+	priority += policy->sel.proto ? 0 : 1;
+	return priority;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert the general ipsec mode to the one defined in xfrm.h
+ */
+static u_int8_t mode2kernel(ipsec_mode_t mode)
+{
+	switch (mode)
+	{
+		case MODE_TRANSPORT:
+			return XFRM_MODE_TRANSPORT;
+		case MODE_TUNNEL:
+			return XFRM_MODE_TUNNEL;
+		case MODE_BEET:
+			return XFRM_MODE_BEET;
+		default:
+			return mode;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert a host_t to a struct xfrm_address
+ */
+static void host2xfrm(host_t *host, xfrm_address_t *xfrm)
+{
+	chunk_t chunk = host->get_address(host);
+	memcpy(xfrm, chunk.ptr, min(chunk.len, sizeof(xfrm_address_t)));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert a struct xfrm_address to a host_t
+ */
+static host_t* xfrm2host(int family, xfrm_address_t *xfrm, u_int16_t port)
+{
+	chunk_t chunk;
+
+	switch (family)
+	{
+		case AF_INET:
+			chunk = chunk_create((u_char*)&xfrm->a4, sizeof(xfrm->a4));
+			break;
+		case AF_INET6:
+			chunk = chunk_create((u_char*)&xfrm->a6, sizeof(xfrm->a6));
+			break;
+		default:
+			return NULL;
+	}
+	return host_create_from_chunk(family, chunk, ntohs(port));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert a traffic selector address range to subnet and its mask.
+ */
+static void ts2subnet(traffic_selector_t* ts,
+					  xfrm_address_t *net, u_int8_t *mask)
+{
+	host_t *net_host;
+	chunk_t net_chunk;
+
+	ts->to_subnet(ts, &net_host, mask);
+	net_chunk = net_host->get_address(net_host);
+	memcpy(net, net_chunk.ptr, net_chunk.len);
+	net_host->destroy(net_host);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert a traffic selector port range to port/portmask
+ */
+static void ts2ports(traffic_selector_t* ts,
+					 u_int16_t *port, u_int16_t *mask)
+{
+	uint16_t from, to, bitmask;
+	int bit;
+
+	from = ts->get_from_port(ts);
+	to = ts->get_to_port(ts);
+
+	/* Quick check for a single port */
+	if (from == to)
+	{
+		*port = htons(from);
+		*mask = ~0;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* Compute the port mask for port ranges */
+		*mask = 0;
+
+		for (bit = 15; bit >= 0; bit--)
+		{
+			bitmask = 1 << bit;
+
+			if ((bitmask & from) != (bitmask & to))
+			{
+				*port = htons(from & *mask);
+				*mask = htons(*mask);
+				return;
+			}
+			*mask |= bitmask;
+		}
+	}
+	return;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert a pair of traffic_selectors to an xfrm_selector
+ */
+static struct xfrm_selector ts2selector(traffic_selector_t *src,
+										traffic_selector_t *dst)
+{
+	struct xfrm_selector sel;
+	u_int16_t port;
+
+	memset(&sel, 0, sizeof(sel));
+	sel.family = (src->get_type(src) == TS_IPV4_ADDR_RANGE) ? AF_INET : AF_INET6;
+	/* src or dest proto may be "any" (0), use more restrictive one */
+	sel.proto = max(src->get_protocol(src), dst->get_protocol(dst));
+	ts2subnet(dst, &sel.daddr, &sel.prefixlen_d);
+	ts2subnet(src, &sel.saddr, &sel.prefixlen_s);
+	ts2ports(dst, &sel.dport, &sel.dport_mask);
+	ts2ports(src, &sel.sport, &sel.sport_mask);
+	if ((sel.proto == IPPROTO_ICMP || sel.proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6) &&
+		(sel.dport || sel.sport))
+	{
+		/* the kernel expects the ICMP type and code in the source and
+		 * destination port fields, respectively. */
+		port = ntohs(max(sel.dport, sel.sport));
+		sel.sport = htons(traffic_selector_icmp_type(port));
+		sel.sport_mask = sel.sport ? ~0 : 0;
+		sel.dport = htons(traffic_selector_icmp_code(port));
+		sel.dport_mask = sel.dport ? ~0 : 0;
+	}
+	sel.ifindex = 0;
+	sel.user = 0;
+
+	return sel;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Convert an xfrm_selector to a src|dst traffic_selector
+ */
+static traffic_selector_t* selector2ts(struct xfrm_selector *sel, bool src)
+{
+	u_char *addr;
+	u_int8_t prefixlen;
+	u_int16_t port = 0;
+	host_t *host = NULL;
+
+	if (src)
+	{
+		addr = (u_char*)&sel->saddr;
+		prefixlen = sel->prefixlen_s;
+		if (sel->sport_mask)
+		{
+			port = ntohs(sel->sport);
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		addr = (u_char*)&sel->daddr;
+		prefixlen = sel->prefixlen_d;
+		if (sel->dport_mask)
+		{
+			port = ntohs(sel->dport);
+		}
+	}
+	if (sel->proto == IPPROTO_ICMP || sel->proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6)
+	{	/* convert ICMP[v6] message type and code as supplied by the kernel in
+		 * source and destination ports (both in network order) */
+		port = (sel->sport >> 8) | (sel->dport & 0xff00);
+		port = ntohs(port);
+	}
+	/* The Linux 2.6 kernel does not set the selector's family field,
+	 * so as a kludge we additionally test the prefix length.
+	 */
+	if (sel->family == AF_INET || sel->prefixlen_s == 32)
+	{
+		host = host_create_from_chunk(AF_INET, chunk_create(addr, 4), 0);
+	}
+	else if (sel->family == AF_INET6 || sel->prefixlen_s == 128)
+	{
+		host = host_create_from_chunk(AF_INET6, chunk_create(addr, 16), 0);
+	}
+
+	if (host)
+	{
+		return traffic_selector_create_from_subnet(host, prefixlen,
+											sel->proto, port, port ?: 65535);
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Process a XFRM_MSG_ACQUIRE from kernel
+ */
+static void process_acquire(private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this,
+							struct nlmsghdr *hdr)
+{
+	struct xfrm_user_acquire *acquire;
+	struct rtattr *rta;
+	size_t rtasize;
+	traffic_selector_t *src_ts, *dst_ts;
+	u_int32_t reqid = 0;
+	int proto = 0;
+
+	acquire = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	rta = XFRM_RTA(hdr, struct xfrm_user_acquire);
+	rtasize = XFRM_PAYLOAD(hdr, struct xfrm_user_acquire);
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "received a XFRM_MSG_ACQUIRE");
+
+	while (RTA_OK(rta, rtasize))
+	{
+		DBG2(DBG_KNL, "  %N", xfrm_attr_type_names, rta->rta_type);
+
+		if (rta->rta_type == XFRMA_TMPL)
+		{
+			struct xfrm_user_tmpl* tmpl;
+			tmpl = (struct xfrm_user_tmpl*)RTA_DATA(rta);
+			reqid = tmpl->reqid;
+			proto = tmpl->id.proto;
+		}
+		rta = RTA_NEXT(rta, rtasize);
+	}
+	switch (proto)
+	{
+		case 0:
+		case IPPROTO_ESP:
+		case IPPROTO_AH:
+			break;
+		default:
+			/* acquire for AH/ESP only, not for IPCOMP */
+			return;
+	}
+	src_ts = selector2ts(&acquire->sel, TRUE);
+	dst_ts = selector2ts(&acquire->sel, FALSE);
+
+	charon->kernel->acquire(charon->kernel, reqid, src_ts, dst_ts);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Process a XFRM_MSG_EXPIRE from kernel
+ */
+static void process_expire(private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this,
+						   struct nlmsghdr *hdr)
+{
+	struct xfrm_user_expire *expire;
+	u_int32_t spi;
+	u_int8_t protocol;
+	host_t *dst;
+
+	expire = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	protocol = expire->state.id.proto;
+	spi = expire->state.id.spi;
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "received a XFRM_MSG_EXPIRE");
+
+	if (protocol == IPPROTO_ESP || protocol == IPPROTO_AH)
+	{
+		dst = xfrm2host(expire->state.family, &expire->state.id.daddr, 0);
+		if (dst)
+		{
+			charon->kernel->expire(charon->kernel, protocol, spi, dst,
+								   expire->hard != 0);
+			dst->destroy(dst);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Process a XFRM_MSG_MIGRATE from kernel
+ */
+static void process_migrate(private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this,
+							struct nlmsghdr *hdr)
+{
+	struct xfrm_userpolicy_id *policy_id;
+	struct rtattr *rta;
+	size_t rtasize;
+	traffic_selector_t *src_ts, *dst_ts;
+	host_t *local = NULL, *remote = NULL;
+	host_t *old_src = NULL, *old_dst = NULL;
+	host_t *new_src = NULL, *new_dst = NULL;
+	u_int32_t reqid = 0;
+	policy_dir_t dir;
+
+	policy_id = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	rta     = XFRM_RTA(hdr, struct xfrm_userpolicy_id);
+	rtasize = XFRM_PAYLOAD(hdr, struct xfrm_userpolicy_id);
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "received a XFRM_MSG_MIGRATE");
+
+	src_ts = selector2ts(&policy_id->sel, TRUE);
+	dst_ts = selector2ts(&policy_id->sel, FALSE);
+	dir = (policy_dir_t)policy_id->dir;
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "  policy: %R === %R %N", src_ts, dst_ts, policy_dir_names);
+
+	while (RTA_OK(rta, rtasize))
+	{
+		DBG2(DBG_KNL, "  %N", xfrm_attr_type_names, rta->rta_type);
+		if (rta->rta_type == XFRMA_KMADDRESS)
+		{
+			struct xfrm_user_kmaddress *kmaddress;
+
+			kmaddress = (struct xfrm_user_kmaddress*)RTA_DATA(rta);
+			local  = xfrm2host(kmaddress->family, &kmaddress->local, 0);
+			remote = xfrm2host(kmaddress->family, &kmaddress->remote, 0);
+			DBG2(DBG_KNL, "  kmaddress: %H...%H", local, remote);
+		}
+		else if (rta->rta_type == XFRMA_MIGRATE)
+		{
+			struct xfrm_user_migrate *migrate;
+
+			migrate = (struct xfrm_user_migrate*)RTA_DATA(rta);
+			old_src = xfrm2host(migrate->old_family, &migrate->old_saddr, 0);
+			old_dst = xfrm2host(migrate->old_family, &migrate->old_daddr, 0);
+			new_src = xfrm2host(migrate->new_family, &migrate->new_saddr, 0);
+			new_dst = xfrm2host(migrate->new_family, &migrate->new_daddr, 0);
+			reqid = migrate->reqid;
+			DBG2(DBG_KNL, "  migrate %H...%H to %H...%H, reqid {%u}",
+						   old_src, old_dst, new_src, new_dst, reqid);
+			DESTROY_IF(old_src);
+			DESTROY_IF(old_dst);
+			DESTROY_IF(new_src);
+			DESTROY_IF(new_dst);
+		}
+		rta = RTA_NEXT(rta, rtasize);
+	}
+
+	if (src_ts && dst_ts && local && remote)
+	{
+		charon->kernel->migrate(charon->kernel, reqid, src_ts, dst_ts, dir,
+								local, remote);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		DESTROY_IF(src_ts);
+		DESTROY_IF(dst_ts);
+		DESTROY_IF(local);
+		DESTROY_IF(remote);
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Process a XFRM_MSG_MAPPING from kernel
+ */
+static void process_mapping(private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this,
+							struct nlmsghdr *hdr)
+{
+	struct xfrm_user_mapping *mapping;
+	u_int32_t spi;
+
+	mapping = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	spi = mapping->id.spi;
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "received a XFRM_MSG_MAPPING");
+
+	if (mapping->id.proto == IPPROTO_ESP)
+	{
+		host_t *dst, *new;
+
+		dst = xfrm2host(mapping->id.family, &mapping->id.daddr, 0);
+		if (dst)
+		{
+			new = xfrm2host(mapping->id.family, &mapping->new_saddr,
+							mapping->new_sport);
+			if (new)
+			{
+				charon->kernel->mapping(charon->kernel, IPPROTO_ESP, spi, dst,
+										new);
+				new->destroy(new);
+			}
+			dst->destroy(dst);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Receives events from kernel
+ */
+static bool receive_events(private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this, int fd,
+						   watcher_event_t event)
+{
+	char response[1024];
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr = (struct nlmsghdr*)response;
+	struct sockaddr_nl addr;
+	socklen_t addr_len = sizeof(addr);
+	int len;
+
+	len = recvfrom(this->socket_xfrm_events, response, sizeof(response),
+				   MSG_DONTWAIT, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, &addr_len);
+	if (len < 0)
+	{
+		switch (errno)
+		{
+			case EINTR:
+				/* interrupted, try again */
+				return TRUE;
+			case EAGAIN:
+				/* no data ready, select again */
+				return TRUE;
+			default:
+				DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to receive from xfrm event socket");
+				sleep(1);
+				return TRUE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (addr.nl_pid != 0)
+	{	/* not from kernel. not interested, try another one */
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	while (NLMSG_OK(hdr, len))
+	{
+		switch (hdr->nlmsg_type)
+		{
+			case XFRM_MSG_ACQUIRE:
+				process_acquire(this, hdr);
+				break;
+			case XFRM_MSG_EXPIRE:
+				process_expire(this, hdr);
+				break;
+			case XFRM_MSG_MIGRATE:
+				process_migrate(this, hdr);
+				break;
+			case XFRM_MSG_MAPPING:
+				process_mapping(this, hdr);
+				break;
+			default:
+				DBG1(DBG_KNL, "received unknown event from xfrm event "
+							  "socket: %d", hdr->nlmsg_type);
+				break;
+		}
+		hdr = NLMSG_NEXT(hdr, len);
+	}
+	return TRUE;
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_ipsec_t, get_features, kernel_feature_t,
+	private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this)
+{
+	return KERNEL_ESP_V3_TFC;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get an SPI for a specific protocol from the kernel.
+ */
+static status_t get_spi_internal(private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this,
+	host_t *src, host_t *dst, u_int8_t proto, u_int32_t min, u_int32_t max,
+	u_int32_t *spi)
+{
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr, *out;
+	struct xfrm_userspi_info *userspi;
+	u_int32_t received_spi = 0;
+	size_t len;
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = XFRM_MSG_ALLOCSPI;
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct xfrm_userspi_info));
+
+	userspi = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	host2xfrm(src, &userspi->info.saddr);
+	host2xfrm(dst, &userspi->info.id.daddr);
+	userspi->info.id.proto = proto;
+	userspi->info.mode = XFRM_MODE_TUNNEL;
+	userspi->info.family = src->get_family(src);
+	userspi->min = min;
+	userspi->max = max;
+
+	if (this->socket_xfrm->send(this->socket_xfrm, hdr, &out, &len) == SUCCESS)
+	{
+		hdr = out;
+		while (NLMSG_OK(hdr, len))
+		{
+			switch (hdr->nlmsg_type)
+			{
+				case XFRM_MSG_NEWSA:
+				{
+					struct xfrm_usersa_info* usersa = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+					received_spi = usersa->id.spi;
+					break;
+				}
+				case NLMSG_ERROR:
+				{
+					struct nlmsgerr *err = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+					DBG1(DBG_KNL, "allocating SPI failed: %s (%d)",
+						 strerror(-err->error), -err->error);
+					break;
+				}
+				default:
+					hdr = NLMSG_NEXT(hdr, len);
+					continue;
+				case NLMSG_DONE:
+					break;
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+		free(out);
+	}
+
+	if (received_spi == 0)
+	{
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+
+	*spi = received_spi;
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_ipsec_t, get_spi, status_t,
+	private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this, host_t *src, host_t *dst,
+	u_int8_t protocol, u_int32_t *spi)
+{
+	if (get_spi_internal(this, src, dst, protocol,
+						 0xc0000000, 0xcFFFFFFF, spi) != SUCCESS)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to get SPI");
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "got SPI %.8x", ntohl(*spi));
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_ipsec_t, get_cpi, status_t,
+	private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this, host_t *src, host_t *dst,
+	u_int16_t *cpi)
+{
+	u_int32_t received_spi = 0;
+
+	if (get_spi_internal(this, src, dst, IPPROTO_COMP,
+						 0x100, 0xEFFF, &received_spi) != SUCCESS)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to get CPI");
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+
+	*cpi = htons((u_int16_t)ntohl(received_spi));
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "got CPI %.4x", ntohs(*cpi));
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Add a XFRM mark to message if required
+ */
+static bool add_mark(struct nlmsghdr *hdr, int buflen, mark_t mark)
+{
+	if (mark.value)
+	{
+		struct xfrm_mark *xmrk;
+
+		xmrk = netlink_reserve(hdr, buflen, XFRMA_MARK, sizeof(*xmrk));
+		if (!xmrk)
+		{
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		xmrk->v = mark.value;
+		xmrk->m = mark.mask;
+	}
+	return TRUE;
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_ipsec_t, add_sa, status_t,
+	private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this, host_t *src, host_t *dst,
+	u_int32_t spi, u_int8_t protocol, u_int32_t reqid, mark_t mark,
+	u_int32_t tfc, lifetime_cfg_t *lifetime, u_int16_t enc_alg, chunk_t enc_key,
+	u_int16_t int_alg, chunk_t int_key, ipsec_mode_t mode,
+	u_int16_t ipcomp, u_int16_t cpi, u_int32_t replay_window,
+	bool initiator, bool encap, bool esn, bool inbound, bool update,
+	linked_list_t* src_ts, linked_list_t* dst_ts)
+{
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	char *alg_name;
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr;
+	struct xfrm_usersa_info *sa;
+	u_int16_t icv_size = 64;
+	ipsec_mode_t original_mode = mode;
+	traffic_selector_t *first_src_ts, *first_dst_ts;
+	status_t status = FAILED;
+
+	/* if IPComp is used, we install an additional IPComp SA. if the cpi is 0
+	 * we are in the recursive call below */
+	if (ipcomp != IPCOMP_NONE && cpi != 0)
+	{
+		lifetime_cfg_t lft = {{0,0,0},{0,0,0},{0,0,0}};
+		add_sa(this, src, dst, htonl(ntohs(cpi)), IPPROTO_COMP, reqid, mark,
+			   tfc, &lft, ENCR_UNDEFINED, chunk_empty, AUTH_UNDEFINED,
+			   chunk_empty, mode, ipcomp, 0, 0, initiator, FALSE, FALSE,
+			   inbound, update, src_ts, dst_ts);
+		ipcomp = IPCOMP_NONE;
+		/* use transport mode ESP SA, IPComp uses tunnel mode */
+		mode = MODE_TRANSPORT;
+	}
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "adding SAD entry with SPI %.8x and reqid {%u}  (mark "
+				  "%u/0x%08x)", ntohl(spi), reqid, mark.value, mark.mask);
+
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = update ? XFRM_MSG_UPDSA : XFRM_MSG_NEWSA;
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct xfrm_usersa_info));
+
+	sa = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	host2xfrm(src, &sa->saddr);
+	host2xfrm(dst, &sa->id.daddr);
+	sa->id.spi = spi;
+	sa->id.proto = protocol;
+	sa->family = src->get_family(src);
+	sa->mode = mode2kernel(mode);
+	switch (mode)
+	{
+		case MODE_TUNNEL:
+			sa->flags |= XFRM_STATE_AF_UNSPEC;
+			break;
+		case MODE_BEET:
+		case MODE_TRANSPORT:
+			if (original_mode == MODE_TUNNEL)
+			{	/* don't install selectors for switched SAs.  because only one
+				 * selector can be installed other traffic would get dropped */
+				break;
+			}
+			if (src_ts->get_first(src_ts, (void**)&first_src_ts) == SUCCESS &&
+				dst_ts->get_first(dst_ts, (void**)&first_dst_ts) == SUCCESS)
+			{
+				sa->sel = ts2selector(first_src_ts, first_dst_ts);
+				if (!this->proto_port_transport)
+				{
+					/* don't install proto/port on SA. This would break
+					 * potential secondary SAs for the same address using a
+					 * different prot/port. */
+					sa->sel.proto = 0;
+					sa->sel.dport = sa->sel.dport_mask = 0;
+					sa->sel.sport = sa->sel.sport_mask = 0;
+				}
+			}
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
+
+	sa->reqid = reqid;
+	sa->lft.soft_byte_limit = XFRM_LIMIT(lifetime->bytes.rekey);
+	sa->lft.hard_byte_limit = XFRM_LIMIT(lifetime->bytes.life);
+	sa->lft.soft_packet_limit = XFRM_LIMIT(lifetime->packets.rekey);
+	sa->lft.hard_packet_limit = XFRM_LIMIT(lifetime->packets.life);
+	/* we use lifetimes since added, not since used */
+	sa->lft.soft_add_expires_seconds = lifetime->time.rekey;
+	sa->lft.hard_add_expires_seconds = lifetime->time.life;
+	sa->lft.soft_use_expires_seconds = 0;
+	sa->lft.hard_use_expires_seconds = 0;
+
+	switch (enc_alg)
+	{
+		case ENCR_UNDEFINED:
+			/* no encryption */
+			break;
+		case ENCR_AES_CCM_ICV16:
+		case ENCR_AES_GCM_ICV16:
+		case ENCR_NULL_AUTH_AES_GMAC:
+		case ENCR_CAMELLIA_CCM_ICV16:
+		case ENCR_CHACHA20_POLY1305:
+			icv_size += 32;
+			/* FALL */
+		case ENCR_AES_CCM_ICV12:
+		case ENCR_AES_GCM_ICV12:
+		case ENCR_CAMELLIA_CCM_ICV12:
+			icv_size += 32;
+			/* FALL */
+		case ENCR_AES_CCM_ICV8:
+		case ENCR_AES_GCM_ICV8:
+		case ENCR_CAMELLIA_CCM_ICV8:
+		{
+			struct xfrm_algo_aead *algo;
+
+			alg_name = lookup_algorithm(ENCRYPTION_ALGORITHM, enc_alg);
+			if (alg_name == NULL)
+			{
+				DBG1(DBG_KNL, "algorithm %N not supported by kernel!",
+						 encryption_algorithm_names, enc_alg);
+					goto failed;
+			}
+			DBG2(DBG_KNL, "  using encryption algorithm %N with key size %d",
+				 encryption_algorithm_names, enc_alg, enc_key.len * 8);
+
+			algo = netlink_reserve(hdr, sizeof(request), XFRMA_ALG_AEAD,
+								   sizeof(*algo) + enc_key.len);
+			if (!algo)
+			{
+				goto failed;
+			}
+			algo->alg_key_len = enc_key.len * 8;
+			algo->alg_icv_len = icv_size;
+			strncpy(algo->alg_name, alg_name, sizeof(algo->alg_name));
+			algo->alg_name[sizeof(algo->alg_name) - 1] = '\0';
+			memcpy(algo->alg_key, enc_key.ptr, enc_key.len);
+			break;
+		}
+		default:
+		{
+			struct xfrm_algo *algo;
+
+			alg_name = lookup_algorithm(ENCRYPTION_ALGORITHM, enc_alg);
+			if (alg_name == NULL)
+			{
+				DBG1(DBG_KNL, "algorithm %N not supported by kernel!",
+					 encryption_algorithm_names, enc_alg);
+				goto failed;
+			}
+			DBG2(DBG_KNL, "  using encryption algorithm %N with key size %d",
+				 encryption_algorithm_names, enc_alg, enc_key.len * 8);
+
+			algo = netlink_reserve(hdr, sizeof(request), XFRMA_ALG_CRYPT,
+								   sizeof(*algo) + enc_key.len);
+			if (!algo)
+			{
+				goto failed;
+			}
+			algo->alg_key_len = enc_key.len * 8;
+			strncpy(algo->alg_name, alg_name, sizeof(algo->alg_name));
+			algo->alg_name[sizeof(algo->alg_name) - 1] = '\0';
+			memcpy(algo->alg_key, enc_key.ptr, enc_key.len);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (int_alg != AUTH_UNDEFINED)
+	{
+		u_int trunc_len = 0;
+
+		alg_name = lookup_algorithm(INTEGRITY_ALGORITHM, int_alg);
+		if (alg_name == NULL)
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "algorithm %N not supported by kernel!",
+				 integrity_algorithm_names, int_alg);
+			goto failed;
+		}
+		DBG2(DBG_KNL, "  using integrity algorithm %N with key size %d",
+			 integrity_algorithm_names, int_alg, int_key.len * 8);
+
+		switch (int_alg)
+		{
+			case AUTH_HMAC_MD5_128:
+			case AUTH_HMAC_SHA2_256_128:
+				trunc_len = 128;
+				break;
+			case AUTH_HMAC_SHA1_160:
+				trunc_len = 160;
+				break;
+			default:
+				break;
+		}
+
+		if (trunc_len)
+		{
+			struct xfrm_algo_auth* algo;
+
+			/* the kernel uses SHA256 with 96 bit truncation by default,
+			 * use specified truncation size supported by newer kernels.
+			 * also use this for untruncated MD5 and SHA1. */
+			algo = netlink_reserve(hdr, sizeof(request), XFRMA_ALG_AUTH_TRUNC,
+								   sizeof(*algo) + int_key.len);
+			if (!algo)
+			{
+				goto failed;
+			}
+			algo->alg_key_len = int_key.len * 8;
+			algo->alg_trunc_len = trunc_len;
+			strncpy(algo->alg_name, alg_name, sizeof(algo->alg_name));
+			algo->alg_name[sizeof(algo->alg_name) - 1] = '\0';
+			memcpy(algo->alg_key, int_key.ptr, int_key.len);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			struct xfrm_algo* algo;
+
+			algo = netlink_reserve(hdr, sizeof(request), XFRMA_ALG_AUTH,
+								   sizeof(*algo) + int_key.len);
+			if (!algo)
+			{
+				goto failed;
+			}
+			algo->alg_key_len = int_key.len * 8;
+			strncpy(algo->alg_name, alg_name, sizeof(algo->alg_name));
+			algo->alg_name[sizeof(algo->alg_name) - 1] = '\0';
+			memcpy(algo->alg_key, int_key.ptr, int_key.len);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (ipcomp != IPCOMP_NONE)
+	{
+		struct xfrm_algo* algo;
+
+		alg_name = lookup_algorithm(COMPRESSION_ALGORITHM, ipcomp);
+		if (alg_name == NULL)
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "algorithm %N not supported by kernel!",
+				 ipcomp_transform_names, ipcomp);
+			goto failed;
+		}
+		DBG2(DBG_KNL, "  using compression algorithm %N",
+			 ipcomp_transform_names, ipcomp);
+
+		algo = netlink_reserve(hdr, sizeof(request), XFRMA_ALG_COMP,
+							   sizeof(*algo));
+		if (!algo)
+		{
+			goto failed;
+		}
+		algo->alg_key_len = 0;
+		strncpy(algo->alg_name, alg_name, sizeof(algo->alg_name));
+		algo->alg_name[sizeof(algo->alg_name) - 1] = '\0';
+	}
+
+	if (encap)
+	{
+		struct xfrm_encap_tmpl *tmpl;
+
+		tmpl = netlink_reserve(hdr, sizeof(request), XFRMA_ENCAP, sizeof(*tmpl));
+		if (!tmpl)
+		{
+			goto failed;
+		}
+		tmpl->encap_type = UDP_ENCAP_ESPINUDP;
+		tmpl->encap_sport = htons(src->get_port(src));
+		tmpl->encap_dport = htons(dst->get_port(dst));
+		memset(&tmpl->encap_oa, 0, sizeof (xfrm_address_t));
+		/* encap_oa could probably be derived from the
+		 * traffic selectors [rfc4306, p39]. In the netlink kernel
+		 * implementation pluto does the same as we do here but it uses
+		 * encap_oa in the pfkey implementation.
+		 * BUT as /usr/src/linux/net/key/af_key.c indicates the kernel ignores
+		 * it anyway
+		 *   -> does that mean that NAT-T encap doesn't work in transport mode?
+		 * No. The reason the kernel ignores NAT-OA is that it recomputes
+		 * (or, rather, just ignores) the checksum. If packets pass the IPsec
+		 * checks it marks them "checksum ok" so OA isn't needed. */
+	}
+
+	if (!add_mark(hdr, sizeof(request), mark))
+	{
+		goto failed;
+	}
+
+	if (tfc && protocol == IPPROTO_ESP && mode == MODE_TUNNEL)
+	{	/* the kernel supports TFC padding only for tunnel mode ESP SAs */
+		u_int32_t *tfcpad;
+
+		tfcpad = netlink_reserve(hdr, sizeof(request), XFRMA_TFCPAD,
+								 sizeof(*tfcpad));
+		if (!tfcpad)
+		{
+			goto failed;
+		}
+		*tfcpad = tfc;
+	}
+
+	if (protocol != IPPROTO_COMP)
+	{
+		if (replay_window != 0 && (esn || replay_window > 32))
+		{
+			/* for ESN or larger replay windows we need the new
+			 * XFRMA_REPLAY_ESN_VAL attribute to configure a bitmap */
+			struct xfrm_replay_state_esn *replay;
+			u_int32_t bmp_size;
+
+			bmp_size = round_up(replay_window, sizeof(u_int32_t) * 8) / 8;
+			replay = netlink_reserve(hdr, sizeof(request), XFRMA_REPLAY_ESN_VAL,
+									 sizeof(*replay) + bmp_size);
+			if (!replay)
+			{
+				goto failed;
+			}
+			/* bmp_len contains number uf __u32's */
+			replay->bmp_len = bmp_size / sizeof(u_int32_t);
+			replay->replay_window = replay_window;
+			DBG2(DBG_KNL, "  using replay window of %u packets", replay_window);
+
+			if (esn)
+			{
+				DBG2(DBG_KNL, "  using extended sequence numbers (ESN)");
+				sa->flags |= XFRM_STATE_ESN;
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			DBG2(DBG_KNL, "  using replay window of %u packets", replay_window);
+			sa->replay_window = replay_window;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (this->socket_xfrm->send_ack(this->socket_xfrm, hdr) != SUCCESS)
+	{
+		if (mark.value)
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to add SAD entry with SPI %.8x  "
+						  "(mark %u/0x%08x)", ntohl(spi), mark.value, mark.mask);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to add SAD entry with SPI %.8x", ntohl(spi));
+		}
+		goto failed;
+	}
+
+	status = SUCCESS;
+
+failed:
+	memwipe(&request, sizeof(request));
+	return status;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get the ESN replay state (i.e. sequence numbers) of an SA.
+ *
+ * Allocates into one the replay state structure we get from the kernel.
+ */
+static void get_replay_state(private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this,
+							 u_int32_t spi, u_int8_t protocol,
+							 host_t *dst, mark_t mark,
+							 struct xfrm_replay_state_esn **replay_esn,
+							 u_int32_t *replay_esn_len,
+							 struct xfrm_replay_state **replay,
+							 struct xfrm_lifetime_cur **lifetime)
+{
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr, *out = NULL;
+	struct xfrm_aevent_id *out_aevent = NULL, *aevent_id;
+	size_t len;
+	struct rtattr *rta;
+	size_t rtasize;
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "querying replay state from SAD entry with SPI %.8x",
+				   ntohl(spi));
+
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = XFRM_MSG_GETAE;
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct xfrm_aevent_id));
+
+	aevent_id = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	aevent_id->flags = XFRM_AE_RVAL;
+
+	host2xfrm(dst, &aevent_id->sa_id.daddr);
+	aevent_id->sa_id.spi = spi;
+	aevent_id->sa_id.proto = protocol;
+	aevent_id->sa_id.family = dst->get_family(dst);
+
+	if (!add_mark(hdr, sizeof(request), mark))
+	{
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (this->socket_xfrm->send(this->socket_xfrm, hdr, &out, &len) == SUCCESS)
+	{
+		hdr = out;
+		while (NLMSG_OK(hdr, len))
+		{
+			switch (hdr->nlmsg_type)
+			{
+				case XFRM_MSG_NEWAE:
+				{
+					out_aevent = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+					break;
+				}
+				case NLMSG_ERROR:
+				{
+					struct nlmsgerr *err = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+					DBG1(DBG_KNL, "querying replay state from SAD entry "
+								  "failed: %s (%d)", strerror(-err->error),
+								  -err->error);
+					break;
+				}
+				default:
+					hdr = NLMSG_NEXT(hdr, len);
+					continue;
+				case NLMSG_DONE:
+					break;
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (out_aevent)
+	{
+		rta = XFRM_RTA(out, struct xfrm_aevent_id);
+		rtasize = XFRM_PAYLOAD(out, struct xfrm_aevent_id);
+		while (RTA_OK(rta, rtasize))
+		{
+			if (rta->rta_type == XFRMA_LTIME_VAL &&
+				RTA_PAYLOAD(rta) == sizeof(**lifetime))
+			{
+				free(*lifetime);
+				*lifetime = malloc(RTA_PAYLOAD(rta));
+				memcpy(*lifetime, RTA_DATA(rta), RTA_PAYLOAD(rta));
+			}
+			if (rta->rta_type == XFRMA_REPLAY_VAL &&
+				RTA_PAYLOAD(rta) == sizeof(**replay))
+			{
+				free(*replay);
+				*replay = malloc(RTA_PAYLOAD(rta));
+				memcpy(*replay, RTA_DATA(rta), RTA_PAYLOAD(rta));
+			}
+			if (rta->rta_type == XFRMA_REPLAY_ESN_VAL &&
+				RTA_PAYLOAD(rta) >= sizeof(**replay_esn))
+			{
+				free(*replay_esn);
+				*replay_esn = malloc(RTA_PAYLOAD(rta));
+				*replay_esn_len = RTA_PAYLOAD(rta);
+				memcpy(*replay_esn, RTA_DATA(rta), RTA_PAYLOAD(rta));
+			}
+			rta = RTA_NEXT(rta, rtasize);
+		}
+	}
+	free(out);
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_ipsec_t, query_sa, status_t,
+	private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this, host_t *src, host_t *dst,
+	u_int32_t spi, u_int8_t protocol, mark_t mark,
+	u_int64_t *bytes, u_int64_t *packets, time_t *time)
+{
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	struct nlmsghdr *out = NULL, *hdr;
+	struct xfrm_usersa_id *sa_id;
+	struct xfrm_usersa_info *sa = NULL;
+	status_t status = FAILED;
+	size_t len;
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "querying SAD entry with SPI %.8x  (mark %u/0x%08x)",
+				   ntohl(spi), mark.value, mark.mask);
+
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = XFRM_MSG_GETSA;
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct xfrm_usersa_id));
+
+	sa_id = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	host2xfrm(dst, &sa_id->daddr);
+	sa_id->spi = spi;
+	sa_id->proto = protocol;
+	sa_id->family = dst->get_family(dst);
+
+	if (!add_mark(hdr, sizeof(request), mark))
+	{
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+
+	if (this->socket_xfrm->send(this->socket_xfrm, hdr, &out, &len) == SUCCESS)
+	{
+		hdr = out;
+		while (NLMSG_OK(hdr, len))
+		{
+			switch (hdr->nlmsg_type)
+			{
+				case XFRM_MSG_NEWSA:
+				{
+					sa = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+					break;
+				}
+				case NLMSG_ERROR:
+				{
+					struct nlmsgerr *err = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+
+					if (mark.value)
+					{
+						DBG1(DBG_KNL, "querying SAD entry with SPI %.8x  "
+									  "(mark %u/0x%08x) failed: %s (%d)",
+									   ntohl(spi), mark.value, mark.mask,
+									   strerror(-err->error), -err->error);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						DBG1(DBG_KNL, "querying SAD entry with SPI %.8x "
+									  "failed: %s (%d)", ntohl(spi),
+									   strerror(-err->error), -err->error);
+					}
+					break;
+				}
+				default:
+					hdr = NLMSG_NEXT(hdr, len);
+					continue;
+				case NLMSG_DONE:
+					break;
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (sa == NULL)
+	{
+		DBG2(DBG_KNL, "unable to query SAD entry with SPI %.8x", ntohl(spi));
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		if (bytes)
+		{
+			*bytes = sa->curlft.bytes;
+		}
+		if (packets)
+		{
+			*packets = sa->curlft.packets;
+		}
+		if (time)
+		{	/* curlft contains an "use" time, but that contains a timestamp
+			 * of the first use, not the last. Last use time must be queried
+			 * on the policy on Linux */
+			*time = 0;
+		}
+		status = SUCCESS;
+	}
+	memwipe(out, len);
+	free(out);
+	return status;
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_ipsec_t, del_sa, status_t,
+	private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this, host_t *src, host_t *dst,
+	u_int32_t spi, u_int8_t protocol, u_int16_t cpi, mark_t mark)
+{
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr;
+	struct xfrm_usersa_id *sa_id;
+
+	/* if IPComp was used, we first delete the additional IPComp SA */
+	if (cpi)
+	{
+		del_sa(this, src, dst, htonl(ntohs(cpi)), IPPROTO_COMP, 0, mark);
+	}
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "deleting SAD entry with SPI %.8x  (mark %u/0x%08x)",
+				   ntohl(spi), mark.value, mark.mask);
+
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = XFRM_MSG_DELSA;
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct xfrm_usersa_id));
+
+	sa_id = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	host2xfrm(dst, &sa_id->daddr);
+	sa_id->spi = spi;
+	sa_id->proto = protocol;
+	sa_id->family = dst->get_family(dst);
+
+	if (!add_mark(hdr, sizeof(request), mark))
+	{
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+
+	switch (this->socket_xfrm->send_ack(this->socket_xfrm, hdr))
+	{
+		case SUCCESS:
+			DBG2(DBG_KNL, "deleted SAD entry with SPI %.8x (mark %u/0x%08x)",
+				 ntohl(spi), mark.value, mark.mask);
+			return SUCCESS;
+		case NOT_FOUND:
+			return NOT_FOUND;
+		default:
+			if (mark.value)
+			{
+				DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to delete SAD entry with SPI %.8x "
+					 "(mark %u/0x%08x)", ntohl(spi), mark.value, mark.mask);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to delete SAD entry with SPI %.8x",
+					 ntohl(spi));
+			}
+			return FAILED;
+	}
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_ipsec_t, update_sa, status_t,
+	private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this, u_int32_t spi, u_int8_t protocol,
+	u_int16_t cpi, host_t *src, host_t *dst, host_t *new_src, host_t *new_dst,
+	bool old_encap, bool new_encap, mark_t mark)
+{
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr, *out = NULL;
+	struct xfrm_usersa_id *sa_id;
+	struct xfrm_usersa_info *out_sa = NULL, *sa;
+	size_t len;
+	struct rtattr *rta;
+	size_t rtasize;
+	struct xfrm_encap_tmpl* tmpl = NULL;
+	struct xfrm_replay_state *replay = NULL;
+	struct xfrm_replay_state_esn *replay_esn = NULL;
+	struct xfrm_lifetime_cur *lifetime = NULL;
+	u_int32_t replay_esn_len = 0;
+	status_t status = FAILED;
+
+	/* if IPComp is used, we first update the IPComp SA */
+	if (cpi)
+	{
+		update_sa(this, htonl(ntohs(cpi)), IPPROTO_COMP, 0,
+				  src, dst, new_src, new_dst, FALSE, FALSE, mark);
+	}
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "querying SAD entry with SPI %.8x for update", ntohl(spi));
+
+	/* query the existing SA first */
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = XFRM_MSG_GETSA;
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct xfrm_usersa_id));
+
+	sa_id = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	host2xfrm(dst, &sa_id->daddr);
+	sa_id->spi = spi;
+	sa_id->proto = protocol;
+	sa_id->family = dst->get_family(dst);
+
+	if (!add_mark(hdr, sizeof(request), mark))
+	{
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+
+	if (this->socket_xfrm->send(this->socket_xfrm, hdr, &out, &len) == SUCCESS)
+	{
+		hdr = out;
+		while (NLMSG_OK(hdr, len))
+		{
+			switch (hdr->nlmsg_type)
+			{
+				case XFRM_MSG_NEWSA:
+				{
+					out_sa = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+					break;
+				}
+				case NLMSG_ERROR:
+				{
+					struct nlmsgerr *err = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+					DBG1(DBG_KNL, "querying SAD entry failed: %s (%d)",
+						 strerror(-err->error), -err->error);
+					break;
+				}
+				default:
+					hdr = NLMSG_NEXT(hdr, len);
+					continue;
+				case NLMSG_DONE:
+					break;
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (out_sa == NULL)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to update SAD entry with SPI %.8x", ntohl(spi));
+		goto failed;
+	}
+
+	get_replay_state(this, spi, protocol, dst, mark, &replay_esn,
+					 &replay_esn_len, &replay, &lifetime);
+
+	/* delete the old SA (without affecting the IPComp SA) */
+	if (del_sa(this, src, dst, spi, protocol, 0, mark) != SUCCESS)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to delete old SAD entry with SPI %.8x",
+					   ntohl(spi));
+		goto failed;
+	}
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "updating SAD entry with SPI %.8x from %#H..%#H to %#H..%#H",
+				   ntohl(spi), src, dst, new_src, new_dst);
+	/* copy over the SA from out to request */
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = XFRM_MSG_NEWSA;
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct xfrm_usersa_info));
+	sa = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	memcpy(sa, NLMSG_DATA(out), sizeof(struct xfrm_usersa_info));
+	sa->family = new_dst->get_family(new_dst);
+
+	if (!src->ip_equals(src, new_src))
+	{
+		host2xfrm(new_src, &sa->saddr);
+	}
+	if (!dst->ip_equals(dst, new_dst))
+	{
+		host2xfrm(new_dst, &sa->id.daddr);
+	}
+
+	rta = XFRM_RTA(out, struct xfrm_usersa_info);
+	rtasize = XFRM_PAYLOAD(out, struct xfrm_usersa_info);
+	while (RTA_OK(rta, rtasize))
+	{
+		/* copy all attributes, but not XFRMA_ENCAP if we are disabling it */
+		if (rta->rta_type != XFRMA_ENCAP || new_encap)
+		{
+			if (rta->rta_type == XFRMA_ENCAP)
+			{	/* update encap tmpl */
+				tmpl = RTA_DATA(rta);
+				tmpl->encap_sport = ntohs(new_src->get_port(new_src));
+				tmpl->encap_dport = ntohs(new_dst->get_port(new_dst));
+			}
+			netlink_add_attribute(hdr, rta->rta_type,
+								  chunk_create(RTA_DATA(rta), RTA_PAYLOAD(rta)),
+								  sizeof(request));
+		}
+		rta = RTA_NEXT(rta, rtasize);
+	}
+
+	if (tmpl == NULL && new_encap)
+	{	/* add tmpl if we are enabling it */
+		tmpl = netlink_reserve(hdr, sizeof(request), XFRMA_ENCAP, sizeof(*tmpl));
+		if (!tmpl)
+		{
+			goto failed;
+		}
+		tmpl->encap_type = UDP_ENCAP_ESPINUDP;
+		tmpl->encap_sport = ntohs(new_src->get_port(new_src));
+		tmpl->encap_dport = ntohs(new_dst->get_port(new_dst));
+		memset(&tmpl->encap_oa, 0, sizeof (xfrm_address_t));
+	}
+
+	if (replay_esn)
+	{
+		struct xfrm_replay_state_esn *state;
+
+		state = netlink_reserve(hdr, sizeof(request), XFRMA_REPLAY_ESN_VAL,
+								replay_esn_len);
+		if (!state)
+		{
+			goto failed;
+		}
+		memcpy(state, replay_esn, replay_esn_len);
+	}
+	else if (replay)
+	{
+		struct xfrm_replay_state *state;
+
+		state = netlink_reserve(hdr, sizeof(request), XFRMA_REPLAY_VAL,
+								sizeof(*state));
+		if (!state)
+		{
+			goto failed;
+		}
+		memcpy(state, replay, sizeof(*state));
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to copy replay state from old SAD entry with "
+			 "SPI %.8x", ntohl(spi));
+	}
+	if (lifetime)
+	{
+		struct xfrm_lifetime_cur *state;
+
+		state = netlink_reserve(hdr, sizeof(request), XFRMA_LTIME_VAL,
+								sizeof(*state));
+		if (!state)
+		{
+			goto failed;
+		}
+		memcpy(state, lifetime, sizeof(*state));
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to copy usage stats from old SAD entry with "
+			 "SPI %.8x", ntohl(spi));
+	}
+
+	if (this->socket_xfrm->send_ack(this->socket_xfrm, hdr) != SUCCESS)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to update SAD entry with SPI %.8x", ntohl(spi));
+		goto failed;
+	}
+
+	status = SUCCESS;
+failed:
+	free(replay);
+	free(replay_esn);
+	free(lifetime);
+	memwipe(out, len);
+	memwipe(&request, sizeof(request));
+	free(out);
+
+	return status;
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_ipsec_t, flush_sas, status_t,
+	private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this)
+{
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr;
+	struct xfrm_usersa_flush *flush;
+	struct {
+		u_int8_t proto;
+		char *name;
+	} protos[] = {
+		{ IPPROTO_AH, "AH" },
+		{ IPPROTO_ESP, "ESP" },
+		{ IPPROTO_COMP, "IPComp" },
+	};
+	int i;
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = XFRM_MSG_FLUSHSA;
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct xfrm_usersa_flush));
+
+	flush = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < countof(protos); i++)
+	{
+		DBG2(DBG_KNL, "flushing all %s SAD entries", protos[i].name);
+
+		flush->proto = protos[i].proto;
+
+		if (this->socket_xfrm->send_ack(this->socket_xfrm, hdr) != SUCCESS)
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to flush %s SAD entries", protos[i].name);
+			return FAILED;
+		}
+	}
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Add or update a policy in the kernel.
+ *
+ * Note: The mutex has to be locked when entering this function
+ * and is unlocked here in any case.
+ */
+static status_t add_policy_internal(private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this,
+	policy_entry_t *policy, policy_sa_t *mapping, bool update)
+{
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	policy_entry_t clone;
+	ipsec_sa_t *ipsec = mapping->sa;
+	struct xfrm_userpolicy_info *policy_info;
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr;
+	status_t status;
+	int i;
+
+	/* clone the policy so we are able to check it out again later */
+	memcpy(&clone, policy, sizeof(policy_entry_t));
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = update ? XFRM_MSG_UPDPOLICY : XFRM_MSG_NEWPOLICY;
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct xfrm_userpolicy_info));
+
+	policy_info = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	policy_info->sel = policy->sel;
+	policy_info->dir = policy->direction;
+
+	/* calculate priority based on selector size, small size = high prio */
+	policy_info->priority = mapping->priority;
+	policy_info->action = mapping->type != POLICY_DROP ? XFRM_POLICY_ALLOW
+													   : XFRM_POLICY_BLOCK;
+	policy_info->share = XFRM_SHARE_ANY;
+
+	/* policies don't expire */
+	policy_info->lft.soft_byte_limit = XFRM_INF;
+	policy_info->lft.soft_packet_limit = XFRM_INF;
+	policy_info->lft.hard_byte_limit = XFRM_INF;
+	policy_info->lft.hard_packet_limit = XFRM_INF;
+	policy_info->lft.soft_add_expires_seconds = 0;
+	policy_info->lft.hard_add_expires_seconds = 0;
+	policy_info->lft.soft_use_expires_seconds = 0;
+	policy_info->lft.hard_use_expires_seconds = 0;
+
+	if (mapping->type == POLICY_IPSEC)
+	{
+		struct xfrm_user_tmpl *tmpl;
+		struct {
+			u_int8_t proto;
+			bool use;
+		} protos[] = {
+			{ IPPROTO_COMP, ipsec->cfg.ipcomp.transform != IPCOMP_NONE },
+			{ IPPROTO_ESP, ipsec->cfg.esp.use },
+			{ IPPROTO_AH, ipsec->cfg.ah.use },
+		};
+		ipsec_mode_t proto_mode = ipsec->cfg.mode;
+		int count = 0;
+
+		for (i = 0; i < countof(protos); i++)
+		{
+			if (protos[i].use)
+			{
+				count++;
+			}
+		}
+		tmpl = netlink_reserve(hdr, sizeof(request), XFRMA_TMPL,
+							   count * sizeof(*tmpl));
+		if (!tmpl)
+		{
+			this->mutex->unlock(this->mutex);
+			return FAILED;
+		}
+
+		for (i = 0; i < countof(protos); i++)
+		{
+			if (!protos[i].use)
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
+			tmpl->reqid = ipsec->cfg.reqid;
+			tmpl->id.proto = protos[i].proto;
+			tmpl->aalgos = tmpl->ealgos = tmpl->calgos = ~0;
+			tmpl->mode = mode2kernel(proto_mode);
+			tmpl->optional = protos[i].proto == IPPROTO_COMP &&
+							 policy->direction != POLICY_OUT;
+			tmpl->family = ipsec->src->get_family(ipsec->src);
+
+			if (proto_mode == MODE_TUNNEL || proto_mode == MODE_BEET)
+			{	/* only for tunnel mode */
+				host2xfrm(ipsec->src, &tmpl->saddr);
+				host2xfrm(ipsec->dst, &tmpl->id.daddr);
+			}
+
+			tmpl++;
+
+			/* use transport mode for other SAs */
+			proto_mode = MODE_TRANSPORT;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!add_mark(hdr, sizeof(request), ipsec->mark))
+	{
+		this->mutex->unlock(this->mutex);
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+	this->mutex->unlock(this->mutex);
+
+	status = this->socket_xfrm->send_ack(this->socket_xfrm, hdr);
+	if (status == ALREADY_DONE && !update)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "policy already exists, try to update it");
+		hdr->nlmsg_type = XFRM_MSG_UPDPOLICY;
+		status = this->socket_xfrm->send_ack(this->socket_xfrm, hdr);
+	}
+	if (status != SUCCESS)
+	{
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+
+	/* find the policy again */
+	this->mutex->lock(this->mutex);
+	policy = this->policies->get(this->policies, &clone);
+	if (!policy ||
+		 policy->used_by->find_first(policy->used_by,
+									 NULL, (void**)&mapping) != SUCCESS)
+	{	/* policy or mapping is already gone, ignore */
+		this->mutex->unlock(this->mutex);
+		return SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	/* install a route, if:
+	 * - this is a forward policy (to just get one for each child)
+	 * - we are in tunnel/BEET mode or install a bypass policy
+	 * - routing is not disabled via strongswan.conf
+	 */
+	if (policy->direction == POLICY_FWD && this->install_routes &&
+		(mapping->type != POLICY_IPSEC || ipsec->cfg.mode != MODE_TRANSPORT))
+	{
+		policy_sa_fwd_t *fwd = (policy_sa_fwd_t*)mapping;
+		route_entry_t *route;
+		host_t *iface;
+
+		INIT(route,
+			.prefixlen = policy->sel.prefixlen_s,
+		);
+
+		if (charon->kernel->get_address_by_ts(charon->kernel, fwd->dst_ts,
+											  &route->src_ip, NULL) == SUCCESS)
+		{
+			/* get the nexthop to src (src as we are in POLICY_FWD) */
+			if (!ipsec->src->is_anyaddr(ipsec->src))
+			{
+				route->gateway = charon->kernel->get_nexthop(charon->kernel,
+													ipsec->src, -1, ipsec->dst);
+			}
+			else
+			{	/* for shunt policies */
+				iface = xfrm2host(policy->sel.family, &policy->sel.saddr, 0);
+				route->gateway = charon->kernel->get_nexthop(charon->kernel,
+												iface, policy->sel.prefixlen_s,
+												route->src_ip);
+				iface->destroy(iface);
+			}
+			route->dst_net = chunk_alloc(policy->sel.family == AF_INET ? 4 : 16);
+			memcpy(route->dst_net.ptr, &policy->sel.saddr, route->dst_net.len);
+
+			/* get the interface to install the route for. If we have a local
+			 * address, use it. Otherwise (for shunt policies) use the
+			 * routes source address. */
+			iface = ipsec->dst;
+			if (iface->is_anyaddr(iface))
+			{
+				iface = route->src_ip;
+			}
+			/* install route via outgoing interface */
+			if (!charon->kernel->get_interface(charon->kernel, iface,
+											   &route->if_name))
+			{
+				this->mutex->unlock(this->mutex);
+				route_entry_destroy(route);
+				return SUCCESS;
+			}
+
+			if (policy->route)
+			{
+				route_entry_t *old = policy->route;
+				if (route_entry_equals(old, route))
+				{
+					this->mutex->unlock(this->mutex);
+					route_entry_destroy(route);
+					return SUCCESS;
+				}
+				/* uninstall previously installed route */
+				if (charon->kernel->del_route(charon->kernel, old->dst_net,
+										old->prefixlen, old->gateway,
+										old->src_ip, old->if_name) != SUCCESS)
+				{
+					DBG1(DBG_KNL, "error uninstalling route installed with "
+								  "policy %R === %R %N", fwd->src_ts,
+								   fwd->dst_ts, policy_dir_names,
+								   policy->direction);
+				}
+				route_entry_destroy(old);
+				policy->route = NULL;
+			}
+
+			DBG2(DBG_KNL, "installing route: %R via %H src %H dev %s",
+				 fwd->src_ts, route->gateway, route->src_ip, route->if_name);
+			switch (charon->kernel->add_route(charon->kernel, route->dst_net,
+											  route->prefixlen, route->gateway,
+											  route->src_ip, route->if_name))
+			{
+				default:
+					DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to install source route for %H",
+								   route->src_ip);
+					/* FALL */
+				case ALREADY_DONE:
+					/* route exists, do not uninstall */
+					route_entry_destroy(route);
+					break;
+				case SUCCESS:
+					/* cache the installed route */
+					policy->route = route;
+					break;
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			free(route);
+		}
+	}
+	this->mutex->unlock(this->mutex);
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_ipsec_t, add_policy, status_t,
+	private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this, host_t *src, host_t *dst,
+	traffic_selector_t *src_ts, traffic_selector_t *dst_ts,
+	policy_dir_t direction, policy_type_t type, ipsec_sa_cfg_t *sa,
+	mark_t mark, policy_priority_t priority)
+{
+	policy_entry_t *policy, *current;
+	policy_sa_t *assigned_sa, *current_sa;
+	enumerator_t *enumerator;
+	bool found = FALSE, update = TRUE;
+
+	/* create a policy */
+	INIT(policy,
+		.sel = ts2selector(src_ts, dst_ts),
+		.mark = mark.value & mark.mask,
+		.direction = direction,
+		.reqid = sa->reqid,
+	);
+
+	/* find the policy, which matches EXACTLY */
+	this->mutex->lock(this->mutex);
+	current = this->policies->get(this->policies, policy);
+	if (current)
+	{
+		if (current->reqid && sa->reqid && current->reqid != sa->reqid)
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_CFG, "unable to install policy %R === %R %N (mark "
+				 "%u/0x%08x) for reqid %u, the same policy for reqid %u exists",
+				 src_ts, dst_ts, policy_dir_names, direction,
+				 mark.value, mark.mask, sa->reqid, current->reqid);
+			policy_entry_destroy(this, policy);
+			this->mutex->unlock(this->mutex);
+			return INVALID_STATE;
+		}
+		/* use existing policy */
+		DBG2(DBG_KNL, "policy %R === %R %N  (mark %u/0x%08x) "
+					  "already exists, increasing refcount",
+					   src_ts, dst_ts, policy_dir_names, direction,
+					   mark.value, mark.mask);
+		policy_entry_destroy(this, policy);
+		policy = current;
+		found = TRUE;
+	}
+	else
+	{	/* use the new one, if we have no such policy */
+		policy->used_by = linked_list_create();
+		this->policies->put(this->policies, policy, policy);
+	}
+
+	/* cache the assigned IPsec SA */
+	assigned_sa = policy_sa_create(this, direction, type, src, dst, src_ts,
+								   dst_ts, mark, sa);
+	assigned_sa->priority = get_priority(policy, priority);
+
+	/* insert the SA according to its priority */
+	enumerator = policy->used_by->create_enumerator(policy->used_by);
+	while (enumerator->enumerate(enumerator, (void**)&current_sa))
+	{
+		if (current_sa->priority >= assigned_sa->priority)
+		{
+			break;
+		}
+		update = FALSE;
+	}
+	policy->used_by->insert_before(policy->used_by, enumerator,
+								   assigned_sa);
+	enumerator->destroy(enumerator);
+
+	if (!update)
+	{	/* we don't update the policy if the priority is lower than that of
+		 * the currently installed one */
+		this->mutex->unlock(this->mutex);
+		return SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	if (this->policy_update)
+	{
+		found = TRUE;
+	}
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "%s policy %R === %R %N  (mark %u/0x%08x)",
+				   found ? "updating" : "adding", src_ts, dst_ts,
+				   policy_dir_names, direction, mark.value, mark.mask);
+
+	if (add_policy_internal(this, policy, assigned_sa, found) != SUCCESS)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to %s policy %R === %R %N",
+					   found ? "update" : "add", src_ts, dst_ts,
+					   policy_dir_names, direction);
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_ipsec_t, query_policy, status_t,
+	private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this, traffic_selector_t *src_ts,
+	traffic_selector_t *dst_ts, policy_dir_t direction, mark_t mark,
+	time_t *use_time)
+{
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	struct nlmsghdr *out = NULL, *hdr;
+	struct xfrm_userpolicy_id *policy_id;
+	struct xfrm_userpolicy_info *policy = NULL;
+	size_t len;
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "querying policy %R === %R %N  (mark %u/0x%08x)",
+				   src_ts, dst_ts, policy_dir_names, direction,
+				   mark.value, mark.mask);
+
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = XFRM_MSG_GETPOLICY;
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct xfrm_userpolicy_id));
+
+	policy_id = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	policy_id->sel = ts2selector(src_ts, dst_ts);
+	policy_id->dir = direction;
+
+	if (!add_mark(hdr, sizeof(request), mark))
+	{
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+
+	if (this->socket_xfrm->send(this->socket_xfrm, hdr, &out, &len) == SUCCESS)
+	{
+		hdr = out;
+		while (NLMSG_OK(hdr, len))
+		{
+			switch (hdr->nlmsg_type)
+			{
+				case XFRM_MSG_NEWPOLICY:
+				{
+					policy = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+					break;
+				}
+				case NLMSG_ERROR:
+				{
+					struct nlmsgerr *err = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+					DBG1(DBG_KNL, "querying policy failed: %s (%d)",
+								   strerror(-err->error), -err->error);
+					break;
+				}
+				default:
+					hdr = NLMSG_NEXT(hdr, len);
+					continue;
+				case NLMSG_DONE:
+					break;
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (policy == NULL)
+	{
+		DBG2(DBG_KNL, "unable to query policy %R === %R %N", src_ts, dst_ts,
+					   policy_dir_names, direction);
+		free(out);
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+
+	if (policy->curlft.use_time)
+	{
+		/* we need the monotonic time, but the kernel returns system time. */
+		*use_time = time_monotonic(NULL) - (time(NULL) - policy->curlft.use_time);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		*use_time = 0;
+	}
+
+	free(out);
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_ipsec_t, del_policy, status_t,
+	private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this, host_t *src, host_t *dst,
+	traffic_selector_t *src_ts, traffic_selector_t *dst_ts,
+	policy_dir_t direction, policy_type_t type, ipsec_sa_cfg_t *sa,
+	mark_t mark, policy_priority_t prio)
+{
+	policy_entry_t *current, policy;
+	enumerator_t *enumerator;
+	policy_sa_t *mapping;
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr;
+	struct xfrm_userpolicy_id *policy_id;
+	bool is_installed = TRUE;
+	u_int32_t priority;
+	ipsec_sa_t assigned_sa = {
+		.src = src,
+		.dst = dst,
+		.mark = mark,
+		.cfg = *sa,
+	};
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "deleting policy %R === %R %N  (mark %u/0x%08x)",
+				   src_ts, dst_ts, policy_dir_names, direction,
+				   mark.value, mark.mask);
+
+	/* create a policy */
+	memset(&policy, 0, sizeof(policy_entry_t));
+	policy.sel = ts2selector(src_ts, dst_ts);
+	policy.mark = mark.value & mark.mask;
+	policy.direction = direction;
+
+	/* find the policy */
+	this->mutex->lock(this->mutex);
+	current = this->policies->get(this->policies, &policy);
+	if (!current)
+	{
+		if (mark.value)
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "deleting policy %R === %R %N  (mark %u/0x%08x) "
+						  "failed, not found", src_ts, dst_ts, policy_dir_names,
+						   direction, mark.value, mark.mask);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "deleting policy %R === %R %N failed, not found",
+						   src_ts, dst_ts, policy_dir_names, direction);
+		}
+		this->mutex->unlock(this->mutex);
+		return NOT_FOUND;
+	}
+
+	/* remove mapping to SA by reqid and priority */
+	priority = get_priority(current, prio);
+	enumerator = current->used_by->create_enumerator(current->used_by);
+	while (enumerator->enumerate(enumerator, (void**)&mapping))
+	{
+		if (priority == mapping->priority && type == mapping->type &&
+			ipsec_sa_equals(mapping->sa, &assigned_sa))
+		{
+			current->used_by->remove_at(current->used_by, enumerator);
+			policy_sa_destroy(mapping, &direction, this);
+			break;
+		}
+		is_installed = FALSE;
+	}
+	enumerator->destroy(enumerator);
+
+	if (current->used_by->get_count(current->used_by) > 0)
+	{	/* policy is used by more SAs, keep in kernel */
+		DBG2(DBG_KNL, "policy still used by another CHILD_SA, not removed");
+		if (!is_installed)
+		{	/* no need to update as the policy was not installed for this SA */
+			this->mutex->unlock(this->mutex);
+			return SUCCESS;
+		}
+
+		DBG2(DBG_KNL, "updating policy %R === %R %N  (mark %u/0x%08x)",
+					   src_ts, dst_ts, policy_dir_names, direction,
+					   mark.value, mark.mask);
+
+		current->used_by->get_first(current->used_by, (void**)&mapping);
+		if (add_policy_internal(this, current, mapping, TRUE) != SUCCESS)
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to update policy %R === %R %N",
+						   src_ts, dst_ts, policy_dir_names, direction);
+			return FAILED;
+		}
+		return SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = XFRM_MSG_DELPOLICY;
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct xfrm_userpolicy_id));
+
+	policy_id = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	policy_id->sel = current->sel;
+	policy_id->dir = direction;
+
+	if (!add_mark(hdr, sizeof(request), mark))
+	{
+		this->mutex->unlock(this->mutex);
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+
+	if (current->route)
+	{
+		route_entry_t *route = current->route;
+		if (charon->kernel->del_route(charon->kernel, route->dst_net,
+									  route->prefixlen, route->gateway,
+									  route->src_ip, route->if_name) != SUCCESS)
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "error uninstalling route installed with "
+						  "policy %R === %R %N", src_ts, dst_ts,
+						   policy_dir_names, direction);
+		}
+	}
+
+	this->policies->remove(this->policies, current);
+	policy_entry_destroy(this, current);
+	this->mutex->unlock(this->mutex);
+
+	if (this->socket_xfrm->send_ack(this->socket_xfrm, hdr) != SUCCESS)
+	{
+		if (mark.value)
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to delete policy %R === %R %N  "
+						  "(mark %u/0x%08x)", src_ts, dst_ts, policy_dir_names,
+						   direction, mark.value, mark.mask);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to delete policy %R === %R %N",
+						   src_ts, dst_ts, policy_dir_names, direction);
+		}
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_ipsec_t, flush_policies, status_t,
+	private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this)
+{
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr;
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "flushing all policies from SPD");
+
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = XFRM_MSG_FLUSHPOLICY;
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(0); /* no data associated */
+
+	/* by adding an rtattr of type  XFRMA_POLICY_TYPE we could restrict this
+	 * to main or sub policies (default is main) */
+
+	if (this->socket_xfrm->send_ack(this->socket_xfrm, hdr) != SUCCESS)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to flush SPD entries");
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Bypass socket using a per-socket policy
+ */
+static bool add_socket_bypass(private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this,
+							  int fd, int family)
+{
+	struct xfrm_userpolicy_info policy;
+	u_int sol, ipsec_policy;
+
+	switch (family)
+	{
+		case AF_INET:
+			sol = SOL_IP;
+			ipsec_policy = IP_XFRM_POLICY;
+			break;
+		case AF_INET6:
+			sol = SOL_IPV6;
+			ipsec_policy = IPV6_XFRM_POLICY;
+			break;
+		default:
+			return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	memset(&policy, 0, sizeof(policy));
+	policy.action = XFRM_POLICY_ALLOW;
+	policy.sel.family = family;
+
+	policy.dir = XFRM_POLICY_OUT;
+	if (setsockopt(fd, sol, ipsec_policy, &policy, sizeof(policy)) < 0)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to set IPSEC_POLICY on socket: %s",
+					   strerror(errno));
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+	policy.dir = XFRM_POLICY_IN;
+	if (setsockopt(fd, sol, ipsec_policy, &policy, sizeof(policy)) < 0)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to set IPSEC_POLICY on socket: %s",
+					   strerror(errno));
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+	return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Port based IKE bypass policy
+ */
+typedef struct {
+	/** address family */
+	int family;
+	/** layer 4 protocol */
+	int proto;
+	/** port number, network order */
+	u_int16_t port;
+} bypass_t;
+
+/**
+ * Add or remove a bypass policy from/to kernel
+ */
+static bool manage_bypass(private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this,
+						  int type, policy_dir_t dir, bypass_t *bypass)
+{
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	struct xfrm_selector *sel;
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr;
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = type;
+
+	if (type == XFRM_MSG_NEWPOLICY)
+	{
+		struct xfrm_userpolicy_info *policy;
+
+		hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct xfrm_userpolicy_info));
+
+		policy = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+		policy->dir = dir;
+		policy->priority = 32;
+		policy->action = XFRM_POLICY_ALLOW;
+		policy->share = XFRM_SHARE_ANY;
+
+		policy->lft.soft_byte_limit = XFRM_INF;
+		policy->lft.soft_packet_limit = XFRM_INF;
+		policy->lft.hard_byte_limit = XFRM_INF;
+		policy->lft.hard_packet_limit = XFRM_INF;
+
+		sel = &policy->sel;
+	}
+	else /* XFRM_MSG_DELPOLICY */
+	{
+		struct xfrm_userpolicy_id *policy;
+
+		hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct xfrm_userpolicy_id));
+
+		policy = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+		policy->dir = dir;
+
+		sel = &policy->sel;
+	}
+
+	sel->family = bypass->family;
+	sel->proto = bypass->proto;
+	if (dir == POLICY_IN)
+	{
+		sel->dport = bypass->port;
+		sel->dport_mask = 0xffff;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		sel->sport = bypass->port;
+		sel->sport_mask = 0xffff;
+	}
+	return this->socket_xfrm->send_ack(this->socket_xfrm, hdr) == SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Bypass socket using a port-based bypass policy
+ */
+static bool add_port_bypass(private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this,
+							int fd, int family)
+{
+	union {
+		struct sockaddr sa;
+		struct sockaddr_in in;
+		struct sockaddr_in6 in6;
+	} saddr;
+	socklen_t len;
+	bypass_t bypass = {
+		.family = family,
+	};
+
+	len = sizeof(saddr);
+	if (getsockname(fd, &saddr.sa, &len) != 0)
+	{
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+#ifdef SO_PROTOCOL /* since 2.6.32 */
+	len = sizeof(bypass.proto);
+	if (getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PROTOCOL, &bypass.proto, &len) != 0)
+#endif
+	{	/* assume UDP if SO_PROTOCOL not supported */
+		bypass.proto = IPPROTO_UDP;
+	}
+	switch (family)
+	{
+		case AF_INET:
+			bypass.port = saddr.in.sin_port;
+			break;
+		case AF_INET6:
+			bypass.port = saddr.in6.sin6_port;
+			break;
+		default:
+			return FALSE;
+	}
+
+	if (!manage_bypass(this, XFRM_MSG_NEWPOLICY, POLICY_IN, &bypass))
+	{
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+	if (!manage_bypass(this, XFRM_MSG_NEWPOLICY, POLICY_OUT, &bypass))
+	{
+		manage_bypass(this, XFRM_MSG_DELPOLICY, POLICY_IN, &bypass);
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+	array_insert(this->bypass, ARRAY_TAIL, &bypass);
+
+	return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remove installed port based bypass policy
+ */
+static void remove_port_bypass(bypass_t *bypass, int idx,
+							   private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this)
+{
+	manage_bypass(this, XFRM_MSG_DELPOLICY, POLICY_OUT, bypass);
+	manage_bypass(this, XFRM_MSG_DELPOLICY, POLICY_IN, bypass);
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_ipsec_t, bypass_socket, bool,
+	private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this, int fd, int family)
+{
+	if (lib->settings->get_bool(lib->settings,
+					"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.port_bypass", FALSE, lib->ns))
+	{
+		return add_port_bypass(this, fd, family);
+	}
+	return add_socket_bypass(this, fd, family);
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_ipsec_t, enable_udp_decap, bool,
+	private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this, int fd, int family, u_int16_t port)
+{
+	int type = UDP_ENCAP_ESPINUDP;
+
+	if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_UDP, UDP_ENCAP, &type, sizeof(type)) < 0)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to set UDP_ENCAP: %s", strerror(errno));
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+	return TRUE;
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_ipsec_t, destroy, void,
+	private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this)
+{
+	enumerator_t *enumerator;
+	policy_entry_t *policy;
+
+	array_destroy_function(this->bypass,
+						   (array_callback_t)remove_port_bypass, this);
+	if (this->socket_xfrm_events > 0)
+	{
+		lib->watcher->remove(lib->watcher, this->socket_xfrm_events);
+		close(this->socket_xfrm_events);
+	}
+	DESTROY_IF(this->socket_xfrm);
+	enumerator = this->policies->create_enumerator(this->policies);
+	while (enumerator->enumerate(enumerator, &policy, &policy))
+	{
+		policy_entry_destroy(this, policy);
+	}
+	enumerator->destroy(enumerator);
+	this->policies->destroy(this->policies);
+	this->sas->destroy(this->sas);
+	this->mutex->destroy(this->mutex);
+	free(this);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Described in header.
+ */
+kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *kernel_netlink_ipsec_create()
+{
+	private_kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *this;
+	bool register_for_events = TRUE;
+	FILE *f;
+
+	INIT(this,
+		.public = {
+			.interface = {
+				.get_features = _get_features,
+				.get_spi = _get_spi,
+				.get_cpi = _get_cpi,
+				.add_sa  = _add_sa,
+				.update_sa = _update_sa,
+				.query_sa = _query_sa,
+				.del_sa = _del_sa,
+				.flush_sas = _flush_sas,
+				.add_policy = _add_policy,
+				.query_policy = _query_policy,
+				.del_policy = _del_policy,
+				.flush_policies = _flush_policies,
+				.bypass_socket = _bypass_socket,
+				.enable_udp_decap = _enable_udp_decap,
+				.destroy = _destroy,
+			},
+		},
+		.policies = hashtable_create((hashtable_hash_t)policy_hash,
+									 (hashtable_equals_t)policy_equals, 32),
+		.sas = hashtable_create((hashtable_hash_t)ipsec_sa_hash,
+								(hashtable_equals_t)ipsec_sa_equals, 32),
+		.bypass = array_create(sizeof(bypass_t), 0),
+		.mutex = mutex_create(MUTEX_TYPE_DEFAULT),
+		.policy_update = lib->settings->get_bool(lib->settings,
+					"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.policy_update", FALSE, lib->ns),
+		.install_routes = lib->settings->get_bool(lib->settings,
+							"%s.install_routes", TRUE, lib->ns),
+		.proto_port_transport = lib->settings->get_bool(lib->settings,
+						"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.set_proto_port_transport_sa",
+						FALSE, lib->ns),
+	);
+
+	if (streq(lib->ns, "starter"))
+	{	/* starter has no threads, so we do not register for kernel events */
+		register_for_events = FALSE;
+	}
+
+	f = fopen("/proc/sys/net/core/xfrm_acq_expires", "w");
+	if (f)
+	{
+		fprintf(f, "%u", lib->settings->get_int(lib->settings,
+								"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.xfrm_acq_expires",
+								DEFAULT_ACQUIRE_LIFETIME, lib->ns));
+		fclose(f);
+	}
+
+	this->socket_xfrm = netlink_socket_create(NETLINK_XFRM, xfrm_msg_names,
+				lib->settings->get_bool(lib->settings,
+					"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.parallel_xfrm", FALSE, lib->ns));
+	if (!this->socket_xfrm)
+	{
+		destroy(this);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (register_for_events)
+	{
+		struct sockaddr_nl addr;
+
+		memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr));
+		addr.nl_family = AF_NETLINK;
+
+		/* create and bind XFRM socket for ACQUIRE, EXPIRE, MIGRATE & MAPPING */
+		this->socket_xfrm_events = socket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, NETLINK_XFRM);
+		if (this->socket_xfrm_events <= 0)
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to create XFRM event socket");
+			destroy(this);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+		addr.nl_groups = XFRMNLGRP(ACQUIRE) | XFRMNLGRP(EXPIRE) |
+						 XFRMNLGRP(MIGRATE) | XFRMNLGRP(MAPPING);
+		if (bind(this->socket_xfrm_events, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr)))
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to bind XFRM event socket");
+			destroy(this);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+		lib->watcher->add(lib->watcher, this->socket_xfrm_events, WATCHER_READ,
+						  (watcher_cb_t)receive_events, this);
+	}
+
+	return &this->public;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_ipsec.h b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_ipsec.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a45cce06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_ipsec.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 Tobias Brunner
+ * Hochschule fuer Technik Rapperswil
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
+ * Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
+ * option) any later version.  See <http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.txt>.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+ * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * for more details.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup kernel_netlink_ipsec_i kernel_netlink_ipsec
+ * @{ @ingroup kernel_netlink
+ */
+
+#ifndef KERNEL_NETLINK_IPSEC_H_
+#define KERNEL_NETLINK_IPSEC_H_
+
+#include <kernel/kernel_ipsec.h>
+
+typedef struct kernel_netlink_ipsec_t kernel_netlink_ipsec_t;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of the kernel ipsec interface using Netlink.
+ */
+struct kernel_netlink_ipsec_t {
+
+	/**
+	 * Implements kernel_ipsec_t interface
+	 */
+	kernel_ipsec_t interface;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Create a netlink kernel ipsec interface instance.
+ *
+ * @return			kernel_netlink_ipsec_t instance
+ */
+kernel_netlink_ipsec_t *kernel_netlink_ipsec_create();
+
+#endif /** KERNEL_NETLINK_IPSEC_H_ @}*/
diff --git a/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_net.c b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_net.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4394a14f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_net.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2686 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2008-2014 Tobias Brunner
+ * Copyright (C) 2005-2008 Martin Willi
+ * Hochschule fuer Technik Rapperswil
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
+ * Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
+ * option) any later version.  See <http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.txt>.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+ * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * for more details.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 secunet Security Networks AG
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 Thomas Egerer
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/utsname.h>
+#include <linux/netlink.h>
+#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <net/if.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_FIB_RULES_H
+#include <linux/fib_rules.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "kernel_netlink_net.h"
+#include "kernel_netlink_shared.h"
+
+#include <daemon.h>
+#include <utils/debug.h>
+#include <threading/mutex.h>
+#include <threading/rwlock.h>
+#include <threading/rwlock_condvar.h>
+#include <threading/spinlock.h>
+#include <collections/hashtable.h>
+#include <collections/linked_list.h>
+#include <processing/jobs/callback_job.h>
+
+/** delay before firing roam events (ms) */
+#define ROAM_DELAY 100
+
+/** delay before reinstalling routes (ms) */
+#define ROUTE_DELAY 100
+
+/** maximum recursion when searching for addresses in get_route() */
+#define MAX_ROUTE_RECURSION 2
+
+#ifndef ROUTING_TABLE
+#define ROUTING_TABLE 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ROUTING_TABLE_PRIO
+#define ROUTING_TABLE_PRIO 0
+#endif
+
+ENUM(rt_msg_names, RTM_NEWLINK, RTM_GETRULE,
+	"RTM_NEWLINK",
+	"RTM_DELLINK",
+	"RTM_GETLINK",
+	"RTM_SETLINK",
+	"RTM_NEWADDR",
+	"RTM_DELADDR",
+	"RTM_GETADDR",
+	"31",
+	"RTM_NEWROUTE",
+	"RTM_DELROUTE",
+	"RTM_GETROUTE",
+	"35",
+	"RTM_NEWNEIGH",
+	"RTM_DELNEIGH",
+	"RTM_GETNEIGH",
+	"RTM_NEWRULE",
+	"RTM_DELRULE",
+	"RTM_GETRULE",
+);
+
+typedef struct addr_entry_t addr_entry_t;
+
+/**
+ * IP address in an iface_entry_t
+ */
+struct addr_entry_t {
+
+	/** the ip address */
+	host_t *ip;
+
+	/** address flags */
+	u_char flags;
+
+	/** scope of the address */
+	u_char scope;
+
+	/** number of times this IP is used, if virtual (i.e. managed by us) */
+	u_int refcount;
+
+	/** TRUE once it is installed, if virtual */
+	bool installed;
+};
+
+/**
+ * destroy a addr_entry_t object
+ */
+static void addr_entry_destroy(addr_entry_t *this)
+{
+	this->ip->destroy(this->ip);
+	free(this);
+}
+
+typedef struct iface_entry_t iface_entry_t;
+
+/**
+ * A network interface on this system, containing addr_entry_t's
+ */
+struct iface_entry_t {
+
+	/** interface index */
+	int ifindex;
+
+	/** name of the interface */
+	char ifname[IFNAMSIZ];
+
+	/** interface flags, as in netdevice(7) SIOCGIFFLAGS */
+	u_int flags;
+
+	/** list of addresses as host_t */
+	linked_list_t *addrs;
+
+	/** TRUE if usable by config */
+	bool usable;
+};
+
+/**
+ * destroy an interface entry
+ */
+static void iface_entry_destroy(iface_entry_t *this)
+{
+	this->addrs->destroy_function(this->addrs, (void*)addr_entry_destroy);
+	free(this);
+}
+
+/**
+ * find an interface entry by index
+ */
+static bool iface_entry_by_index(iface_entry_t *this, int *ifindex)
+{
+	return this->ifindex == *ifindex;
+}
+
+/**
+ * find an interface entry by name
+ */
+static bool iface_entry_by_name(iface_entry_t *this, char *ifname)
+{
+	return streq(this->ifname, ifname);
+}
+
+/**
+ * check if an interface is up
+ */
+static inline bool iface_entry_up(iface_entry_t *iface)
+{
+	return (iface->flags & IFF_UP) == IFF_UP;
+}
+
+/**
+ * check if an interface is up and usable
+ */
+static inline bool iface_entry_up_and_usable(iface_entry_t *iface)
+{
+	return iface->usable && iface_entry_up(iface);
+}
+
+typedef struct addr_map_entry_t addr_map_entry_t;
+
+/**
+ * Entry that maps an IP address to an interface entry
+ */
+struct addr_map_entry_t {
+	/** The IP address */
+	host_t *ip;
+
+	/** The address entry for this IP address */
+	addr_entry_t *addr;
+
+	/** The interface this address is installed on */
+	iface_entry_t *iface;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Hash a addr_map_entry_t object, all entries with the same IP address
+ * are stored in the same bucket
+ */
+static u_int addr_map_entry_hash(addr_map_entry_t *this)
+{
+	return chunk_hash(this->ip->get_address(this->ip));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compare two addr_map_entry_t objects, two entries are equal if they are
+ * installed on the same interface
+ */
+static bool addr_map_entry_equals(addr_map_entry_t *a, addr_map_entry_t *b)
+{
+	return a->iface->ifindex == b->iface->ifindex &&
+		   a->ip->ip_equals(a->ip, b->ip);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Used with get_match this finds an address entry if it is installed on
+ * an up and usable interface
+ */
+static bool addr_map_entry_match_up_and_usable(addr_map_entry_t *a,
+											   addr_map_entry_t *b)
+{
+	return iface_entry_up_and_usable(b->iface) &&
+		   a->ip->ip_equals(a->ip, b->ip);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Used with get_match this finds an address entry if it is installed on
+ * any active local interface
+ */
+static bool addr_map_entry_match_up(addr_map_entry_t *a, addr_map_entry_t *b)
+{
+	return iface_entry_up(b->iface) && a->ip->ip_equals(a->ip, b->ip);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Used with get_match this finds an address entry if it is installed on
+ * any local interface
+ */
+static bool addr_map_entry_match(addr_map_entry_t *a, addr_map_entry_t *b)
+{
+	return a->ip->ip_equals(a->ip, b->ip);
+}
+
+typedef struct route_entry_t route_entry_t;
+
+/**
+ * Installed routing entry
+ */
+struct route_entry_t {
+	/** Name of the interface the route is bound to */
+	char *if_name;
+
+	/** Source ip of the route */
+	host_t *src_ip;
+
+	/** Gateway for this route */
+	host_t *gateway;
+
+	/** Destination net */
+	chunk_t dst_net;
+
+	/** Destination net prefixlen */
+	u_int8_t prefixlen;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Clone a route_entry_t object.
+ */
+static route_entry_t *route_entry_clone(route_entry_t *this)
+{
+	route_entry_t *route;
+
+	INIT(route,
+		.if_name = strdup(this->if_name),
+		.src_ip = this->src_ip->clone(this->src_ip),
+		.gateway = this->gateway ? this->gateway->clone(this->gateway) : NULL,
+		.dst_net = chunk_clone(this->dst_net),
+		.prefixlen = this->prefixlen,
+	);
+	return route;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Destroy a route_entry_t object
+ */
+static void route_entry_destroy(route_entry_t *this)
+{
+	free(this->if_name);
+	DESTROY_IF(this->src_ip);
+	DESTROY_IF(this->gateway);
+	chunk_free(&this->dst_net);
+	free(this);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Hash a route_entry_t object
+ */
+static u_int route_entry_hash(route_entry_t *this)
+{
+	return chunk_hash_inc(chunk_from_thing(this->prefixlen),
+						  chunk_hash(this->dst_net));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compare two route_entry_t objects
+ */
+static bool route_entry_equals(route_entry_t *a, route_entry_t *b)
+{
+	if (a->if_name && b->if_name && streq(a->if_name, b->if_name) &&
+		a->src_ip->ip_equals(a->src_ip, b->src_ip) &&
+		chunk_equals(a->dst_net, b->dst_net) && a->prefixlen == b->prefixlen)
+	{
+		return (!a->gateway && !b->gateway) || (a->gateway && b->gateway &&
+					a->gateway->ip_equals(a->gateway, b->gateway));
+	}
+	return FALSE;
+}
+
+typedef struct net_change_t net_change_t;
+
+/**
+ * Queued network changes
+ */
+struct net_change_t {
+	/** Name of the interface that got activated (or an IP appeared on) */
+	char *if_name;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Destroy a net_change_t object
+ */
+static void net_change_destroy(net_change_t *this)
+{
+	free(this->if_name);
+	free(this);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Hash a net_change_t object
+ */
+static u_int net_change_hash(net_change_t *this)
+{
+	return chunk_hash(chunk_create(this->if_name, strlen(this->if_name)));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compare two net_change_t objects
+ */
+static bool net_change_equals(net_change_t *a, net_change_t *b)
+{
+	return streq(a->if_name, b->if_name);
+}
+
+typedef struct private_kernel_netlink_net_t private_kernel_netlink_net_t;
+
+/**
+ * Private variables and functions of kernel_netlink_net class.
+ */
+struct private_kernel_netlink_net_t {
+	/**
+	 * Public part of the kernel_netlink_net_t object.
+	 */
+	kernel_netlink_net_t public;
+
+	/**
+	 * lock to access various lists and maps
+	 */
+	rwlock_t *lock;
+
+	/**
+	 * condition variable to signal virtual IP add/removal
+	 */
+	rwlock_condvar_t *condvar;
+
+	/**
+	 * Cached list of interfaces and its addresses (iface_entry_t)
+	 */
+	linked_list_t *ifaces;
+
+	/**
+	 * Map for IP addresses to iface_entry_t objects (addr_map_entry_t)
+	 */
+	hashtable_t *addrs;
+
+	/**
+	 * Map for virtual IP addresses to iface_entry_t objects (addr_map_entry_t)
+	 */
+	hashtable_t *vips;
+
+	/**
+	 * netlink rt socket (routing)
+	 */
+	netlink_socket_t *socket;
+
+	/**
+	 * Netlink rt socket to receive address change events
+	 */
+	int socket_events;
+
+	/**
+	 * earliest time of the next roam event
+	 */
+	timeval_t next_roam;
+
+	/**
+	 * roam event due to address change
+	 */
+	bool roam_address;
+
+	/**
+	 * lock to check and update roam event time
+	 */
+	spinlock_t *roam_lock;
+
+	/**
+	 * routing table to install routes
+	 */
+	int routing_table;
+
+	/**
+	 * priority of used routing table
+	 */
+	int routing_table_prio;
+
+	/**
+	 * installed routes
+	 */
+	hashtable_t *routes;
+
+	/**
+	 * mutex for routes
+	 */
+	mutex_t *routes_lock;
+
+	/**
+	 * interface changes which may trigger route reinstallation
+	 */
+	hashtable_t *net_changes;
+
+	/**
+	 * mutex for route reinstallation triggers
+	 */
+	mutex_t *net_changes_lock;
+
+	/**
+	 * time of last route reinstallation
+	 */
+	timeval_t last_route_reinstall;
+
+	/**
+	 * whether to react to RTM_NEWROUTE or RTM_DELROUTE events
+	 */
+	bool process_route;
+
+	/**
+	 * whether to trigger roam events
+	 */
+	bool roam_events;
+
+	/**
+	 * whether to actually install virtual IPs
+	 */
+	bool install_virtual_ip;
+
+	/**
+	 * the name of the interface virtual IP addresses are installed on
+	 */
+	char *install_virtual_ip_on;
+
+	/**
+	 * whether preferred source addresses can be specified for IPv6 routes
+	 */
+	bool rta_prefsrc_for_ipv6;
+
+	/**
+	 * whether marks can be used in route lookups
+	 */
+	bool rta_mark;
+
+	/**
+	 * the mark excluded from the routing rule used for virtual IPs
+	 */
+	mark_t routing_mark;
+
+	/**
+	 * whether to prefer temporary IPv6 addresses over public ones
+	 */
+	bool prefer_temporary_addrs;
+
+	/**
+	 * list with routing tables to be excluded from route lookup
+	 */
+	linked_list_t *rt_exclude;
+
+	/**
+	 * MTU to set on installed routes
+	 */
+	u_int32_t mtu;
+
+	/**
+	 * MSS to set on installed routes
+	 */
+	u_int32_t mss;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Forward declaration
+ */
+static status_t manage_srcroute(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this,
+								int nlmsg_type, int flags, chunk_t dst_net,
+								u_int8_t prefixlen, host_t *gateway,
+								host_t *src_ip, char *if_name);
+
+/**
+ * Clear the queued network changes.
+ */
+static void net_changes_clear(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this)
+{
+	enumerator_t *enumerator;
+	net_change_t *change;
+
+	enumerator = this->net_changes->create_enumerator(this->net_changes);
+	while (enumerator->enumerate(enumerator, NULL, (void**)&change))
+	{
+		this->net_changes->remove_at(this->net_changes, enumerator);
+		net_change_destroy(change);
+	}
+	enumerator->destroy(enumerator);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Act upon queued network changes.
+ */
+static job_requeue_t reinstall_routes(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this)
+{
+	enumerator_t *enumerator;
+	route_entry_t *route;
+
+	this->net_changes_lock->lock(this->net_changes_lock);
+	this->routes_lock->lock(this->routes_lock);
+
+	enumerator = this->routes->create_enumerator(this->routes);
+	while (enumerator->enumerate(enumerator, NULL, (void**)&route))
+	{
+		net_change_t *change, lookup = {
+			.if_name = route->if_name,
+		};
+		/* check if a change for the outgoing interface is queued */
+		change = this->net_changes->get(this->net_changes, &lookup);
+		if (!change)
+		{	/* in case src_ip is not on the outgoing interface */
+			if (this->public.interface.get_interface(&this->public.interface,
+												route->src_ip, &lookup.if_name))
+			{
+				if (!streq(lookup.if_name, route->if_name))
+				{
+					change = this->net_changes->get(this->net_changes, &lookup);
+				}
+				free(lookup.if_name);
+			}
+		}
+		if (change)
+		{
+			manage_srcroute(this, RTM_NEWROUTE, NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_EXCL,
+							route->dst_net, route->prefixlen, route->gateway,
+							route->src_ip, route->if_name);
+		}
+	}
+	enumerator->destroy(enumerator);
+	this->routes_lock->unlock(this->routes_lock);
+
+	net_changes_clear(this);
+	this->net_changes_lock->unlock(this->net_changes_lock);
+	return JOB_REQUEUE_NONE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Queue route reinstallation caused by network changes for a given interface.
+ *
+ * The route reinstallation is delayed for a while and only done once for
+ * several calls during this delay, in order to avoid doing it too often.
+ * The interface name is freed.
+ */
+static void queue_route_reinstall(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this,
+								  char *if_name)
+{
+	net_change_t *update, *found;
+	timeval_t now;
+	job_t *job;
+
+	INIT(update,
+		.if_name = if_name
+	);
+
+	this->net_changes_lock->lock(this->net_changes_lock);
+	found = this->net_changes->put(this->net_changes, update, update);
+	if (found)
+	{
+		net_change_destroy(found);
+	}
+	time_monotonic(&now);
+	if (timercmp(&now, &this->last_route_reinstall, >))
+	{
+		timeval_add_ms(&now, ROUTE_DELAY);
+		this->last_route_reinstall = now;
+
+		job = (job_t*)callback_job_create((callback_job_cb_t)reinstall_routes,
+										  this, NULL, NULL);
+		lib->scheduler->schedule_job_ms(lib->scheduler, job, ROUTE_DELAY);
+	}
+	this->net_changes_lock->unlock(this->net_changes_lock);
+}
+
+/**
+ * check if the given IP is known as virtual IP and currently installed
+ *
+ * this function will also return TRUE if the virtual IP entry disappeared.
+ * in that case the returned entry will be NULL.
+ *
+ * this->lock must be held when calling this function
+ */
+static bool is_vip_installed_or_gone(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this,
+									 host_t *ip, addr_map_entry_t **entry)
+{
+	addr_map_entry_t lookup = {
+		.ip = ip,
+	};
+
+	*entry = this->vips->get_match(this->vips, &lookup,
+								  (void*)addr_map_entry_match);
+	if (*entry == NULL)
+	{	/* the virtual IP disappeared */
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+	return (*entry)->addr->installed;
+}
+
+/**
+ * check if the given IP is known as virtual IP
+ *
+ * this->lock must be held when calling this function
+ */
+static bool is_known_vip(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this, host_t *ip)
+{
+	addr_map_entry_t lookup = {
+		.ip = ip,
+	};
+
+	return this->vips->get_match(this->vips, &lookup,
+								(void*)addr_map_entry_match) != NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Add an address map entry
+ */
+static void addr_map_entry_add(hashtable_t *map, addr_entry_t *addr,
+							   iface_entry_t *iface)
+{
+	addr_map_entry_t *entry;
+
+	INIT(entry,
+		.ip = addr->ip,
+		.addr = addr,
+		.iface = iface,
+	);
+	entry = map->put(map, entry, entry);
+	free(entry);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Remove an address map entry
+ */
+static void addr_map_entry_remove(hashtable_t *map, addr_entry_t *addr,
+								  iface_entry_t *iface)
+{
+	addr_map_entry_t *entry, lookup = {
+		.ip = addr->ip,
+		.addr = addr,
+		.iface = iface,
+	};
+
+	entry = map->remove(map, &lookup);
+	free(entry);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Determine the type or scope of the given unicast IP address.  This is not
+ * the same thing returned in rtm_scope/ifa_scope.
+ *
+ * We use return values as defined in RFC 6724 (referring to RFC 4291).
+ */
+static u_char get_scope(host_t *ip)
+{
+	chunk_t addr;
+
+	addr = ip->get_address(ip);
+	switch (addr.len)
+	{
+		case 4:
+			/* we use the mapping defined in RFC 6724, 3.2 */
+			if (addr.ptr[0] == 127)
+			{	/* link-local, same as the IPv6 loopback address */
+				return 2;
+			}
+			if (addr.ptr[0] == 169 && addr.ptr[1] == 254)
+			{	/* link-local */
+				return 2;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 16:
+			if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LOOPBACK((struct in6_addr*)addr.ptr))
+			{	/* link-local, according to RFC 4291, 2.5.3 */
+				return 2;
+			}
+			if (IN6_IS_ADDR_LINKLOCAL((struct in6_addr*)addr.ptr))
+			{
+				return 2;
+			}
+			if (IN6_IS_ADDR_SITELOCAL((struct in6_addr*)addr.ptr))
+			{	/* deprecated, according to RFC 4291, 2.5.7 */
+				return 5;
+			}
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+	}
+	/* global */
+	return 14;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the length of the common prefix in bits up to the length of a's
+ * prefix, defined by RFC 6724 as the portion of the address not including the
+ * interface ID, which is 64-bit for most unicast addresses (see RFC 4291).
+ */
+static u_char common_prefix(host_t *a, host_t *b)
+{
+	chunk_t aa, ba;
+	u_char byte, bits = 0, match;
+
+	aa = a->get_address(a);
+	ba = b->get_address(b);
+	for (byte = 0; byte < 8; byte++)
+	{
+		if (aa.ptr[byte] != ba.ptr[byte])
+		{
+			match = aa.ptr[byte] ^ ba.ptr[byte];
+			for (bits = 8; match; match >>= 1)
+			{
+				bits--;
+			}
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	return byte * 8 + bits;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compare two IP addresses and return TRUE if the second address is the better
+ * choice of the two to reach the destination.
+ * For IPv6 we approximately follow RFC 6724.
+ */
+static bool is_address_better(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this,
+							  addr_entry_t *a, addr_entry_t *b, host_t *d)
+{
+	u_char sa, sb, sd, pa, pb;
+
+	/* rule 2: prefer appropriate scope */
+	if (d)
+	{
+		sa = get_scope(a->ip);
+		sb = get_scope(b->ip);
+		sd = get_scope(d);
+		if (sa < sb)
+		{
+			return sa < sd;
+		}
+		else if (sb < sa)
+		{
+			return sb >= sd;
+		}
+	}
+	if (a->ip->get_family(a->ip) == AF_INET)
+	{	/* stop here for IPv4, default to addresses found earlier */
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+	/* rule 3: avoid deprecated addresses (RFC 4862) */
+	if ((a->flags & IFA_F_DEPRECATED) != (b->flags & IFA_F_DEPRECATED))
+	{
+		return a->flags & IFA_F_DEPRECATED;
+	}
+	/* rule 4 is not applicable as we don't know if an address is a home or
+	 * care-of addresses.
+	 * rule 5 does not apply as we only compare addresses from one interface
+	 * rule 6 requires a policy table (optionally configurable) to match
+	 * configurable labels
+	 */
+	/* rule 7: prefer temporary addresses (WE REVERSE THIS BY DEFAULT!) */
+	if ((a->flags & IFA_F_TEMPORARY) != (b->flags & IFA_F_TEMPORARY))
+	{
+		if (this->prefer_temporary_addrs)
+		{
+			return b->flags & IFA_F_TEMPORARY;
+		}
+		return a->flags & IFA_F_TEMPORARY;
+	}
+	/* rule 8: use longest matching prefix */
+	if (d)
+	{
+		pa = common_prefix(a->ip, d);
+		pb = common_prefix(b->ip, d);
+		if (pa != pb)
+		{
+			return pb > pa;
+		}
+	}
+	/* default to addresses found earlier */
+	return FALSE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get a non-virtual IP address on the given interface.
+ *
+ * If a candidate address is given, we first search for that address and if not
+ * found return the address as above.
+ * Returned host is a clone, has to be freed by caller.
+ *
+ * this->lock must be held when calling this function.
+ */
+static host_t *get_interface_address(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this,
+									 int ifindex, int family, host_t *dest,
+									 host_t *candidate)
+{
+	iface_entry_t *iface;
+	enumerator_t *addrs;
+	addr_entry_t *addr, *best = NULL;
+
+	if (this->ifaces->find_first(this->ifaces, (void*)iface_entry_by_index,
+								 (void**)&iface, &ifindex) == SUCCESS)
+	{
+		if (iface->usable)
+		{	/* only use interfaces not excluded by config */
+			addrs = iface->addrs->create_enumerator(iface->addrs);
+			while (addrs->enumerate(addrs, &addr))
+			{
+				if (addr->refcount ||
+					addr->ip->get_family(addr->ip) != family)
+				{	/* ignore virtual IP addresses and ensure family matches */
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (candidate && candidate->ip_equals(candidate, addr->ip))
+				{	/* stop if we find the candidate */
+					best = addr;
+					break;
+				}
+				else if (!best || is_address_better(this, best, addr, dest))
+				{
+					best = addr;
+				}
+			}
+			addrs->destroy(addrs);
+		}
+	}
+	return best ? best->ip->clone(best->ip) : NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * callback function that raises the delayed roam event
+ */
+static job_requeue_t roam_event(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this)
+{
+	bool address;
+
+	this->roam_lock->lock(this->roam_lock);
+	address = this->roam_address;
+	this->roam_address = FALSE;
+	this->roam_lock->unlock(this->roam_lock);
+	charon->kernel->roam(charon->kernel, address);
+	return JOB_REQUEUE_NONE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * fire a roaming event. we delay it for a bit and fire only one event
+ * for multiple calls. otherwise we would create too many events.
+ */
+static void fire_roam_event(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this, bool address)
+{
+	timeval_t now;
+	job_t *job;
+
+	if (!this->roam_events)
+	{
+		return;
+	}
+
+	time_monotonic(&now);
+	this->roam_lock->lock(this->roam_lock);
+	this->roam_address |= address;
+	if (!timercmp(&now, &this->next_roam, >))
+	{
+		this->roam_lock->unlock(this->roam_lock);
+		return;
+	}
+	timeval_add_ms(&now, ROAM_DELAY);
+	this->next_roam = now;
+	this->roam_lock->unlock(this->roam_lock);
+
+	job = (job_t*)callback_job_create((callback_job_cb_t)roam_event,
+									  this, NULL, NULL);
+	lib->scheduler->schedule_job_ms(lib->scheduler, job, ROAM_DELAY);
+}
+
+/**
+ * check if an interface with a given index is up and usable
+ *
+ * this->lock must be locked when calling this function
+ */
+static bool is_interface_up_and_usable(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this,
+									   int index)
+{
+	iface_entry_t *iface;
+
+	if (this->ifaces->find_first(this->ifaces, (void*)iface_entry_by_index,
+								 (void**)&iface, &index) == SUCCESS)
+	{
+		return iface_entry_up_and_usable(iface);
+	}
+	return FALSE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * unregister the current addr_entry_t from the hashtable it is stored in
+ *
+ * this->lock must be locked when calling this function
+ */
+static void addr_entry_unregister(addr_entry_t *addr, iface_entry_t *iface,
+								  private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this)
+{
+	if (addr->refcount)
+	{
+		addr_map_entry_remove(this->vips, addr, iface);
+		this->condvar->broadcast(this->condvar);
+		return;
+	}
+	addr_map_entry_remove(this->addrs, addr, iface);
+}
+
+/**
+ * process RTM_NEWLINK/RTM_DELLINK from kernel
+ */
+static void process_link(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this,
+						 struct nlmsghdr *hdr, bool event)
+{
+	struct ifinfomsg* msg = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	struct rtattr *rta = IFLA_RTA(msg);
+	size_t rtasize = IFLA_PAYLOAD (hdr);
+	enumerator_t *enumerator;
+	iface_entry_t *current, *entry = NULL;
+	char *name = NULL;
+	bool update = FALSE, update_routes = FALSE;
+
+	while (RTA_OK(rta, rtasize))
+	{
+		switch (rta->rta_type)
+		{
+			case IFLA_IFNAME:
+				name = RTA_DATA(rta);
+				break;
+		}
+		rta = RTA_NEXT(rta, rtasize);
+	}
+	if (!name)
+	{
+		name = "(unknown)";
+	}
+
+	this->lock->write_lock(this->lock);
+	switch (hdr->nlmsg_type)
+	{
+		case RTM_NEWLINK:
+		{
+			if (this->ifaces->find_first(this->ifaces,
+									(void*)iface_entry_by_index, (void**)&entry,
+									&msg->ifi_index) != SUCCESS)
+			{
+				INIT(entry,
+					.ifindex = msg->ifi_index,
+					.addrs = linked_list_create(),
+					.usable = charon->kernel->is_interface_usable(
+														charon->kernel, name),
+				);
+				this->ifaces->insert_last(this->ifaces, entry);
+			}
+			strncpy(entry->ifname, name, IFNAMSIZ);
+			entry->ifname[IFNAMSIZ-1] = '\0';
+			if (event && entry->usable)
+			{
+				if (!(entry->flags & IFF_UP) && (msg->ifi_flags & IFF_UP))
+				{
+					update = update_routes = TRUE;
+					DBG1(DBG_KNL, "interface %s activated", name);
+				}
+				if ((entry->flags & IFF_UP) && !(msg->ifi_flags & IFF_UP))
+				{
+					update = TRUE;
+					DBG1(DBG_KNL, "interface %s deactivated", name);
+				}
+			}
+			entry->flags = msg->ifi_flags;
+			break;
+		}
+		case RTM_DELLINK:
+		{
+			enumerator = this->ifaces->create_enumerator(this->ifaces);
+			while (enumerator->enumerate(enumerator, &current))
+			{
+				if (current->ifindex == msg->ifi_index)
+				{
+					if (event && current->usable)
+					{
+						update = TRUE;
+						DBG1(DBG_KNL, "interface %s deleted", current->ifname);
+					}
+					/* TODO: move virtual IPs installed on this interface to
+					 * another interface? */
+					this->ifaces->remove_at(this->ifaces, enumerator);
+					current->addrs->invoke_function(current->addrs,
+								(void*)addr_entry_unregister, current, this);
+					iface_entry_destroy(current);
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			enumerator->destroy(enumerator);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+
+	if (update_routes && event)
+	{
+		queue_route_reinstall(this, strdup(name));
+	}
+
+	if (update && event)
+	{
+		fire_roam_event(this, TRUE);
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * process RTM_NEWADDR/RTM_DELADDR from kernel
+ */
+static void process_addr(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this,
+						 struct nlmsghdr *hdr, bool event)
+{
+	struct ifaddrmsg* msg = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	struct rtattr *rta = IFA_RTA(msg);
+	size_t rtasize = IFA_PAYLOAD (hdr);
+	host_t *host = NULL;
+	iface_entry_t *iface;
+	chunk_t local = chunk_empty, address = chunk_empty;
+	char *route_ifname = NULL;
+	bool update = FALSE, found = FALSE, changed = FALSE;
+
+	while (RTA_OK(rta, rtasize))
+	{
+		switch (rta->rta_type)
+		{
+			case IFA_LOCAL:
+				local.ptr = RTA_DATA(rta);
+				local.len = RTA_PAYLOAD(rta);
+				break;
+			case IFA_ADDRESS:
+				address.ptr = RTA_DATA(rta);
+				address.len = RTA_PAYLOAD(rta);
+				break;
+		}
+		rta = RTA_NEXT(rta, rtasize);
+	}
+
+	/* For PPP interfaces, we need the IFA_LOCAL address,
+	 * IFA_ADDRESS is the peers address. But IFA_LOCAL is
+	 * not included in all cases (IPv6?), so fallback to IFA_ADDRESS. */
+	if (local.ptr)
+	{
+		host = host_create_from_chunk(msg->ifa_family, local, 0);
+	}
+	else if (address.ptr)
+	{
+		host = host_create_from_chunk(msg->ifa_family, address, 0);
+	}
+
+	if (host == NULL)
+	{	/* bad family? */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	this->lock->write_lock(this->lock);
+	if (this->ifaces->find_first(this->ifaces, (void*)iface_entry_by_index,
+								 (void**)&iface, &msg->ifa_index) == SUCCESS)
+	{
+		addr_map_entry_t *entry, lookup = {
+			.ip = host,
+			.iface = iface,
+		};
+		addr_entry_t *addr;
+
+		entry = this->vips->get(this->vips, &lookup);
+		if (entry)
+		{
+			if (hdr->nlmsg_type == RTM_NEWADDR)
+			{	/* mark as installed and signal waiting threads */
+				entry->addr->installed = TRUE;
+			}
+			else
+			{	/* the address was already marked as uninstalled */
+				addr = entry->addr;
+				iface->addrs->remove(iface->addrs, addr, NULL);
+				addr_map_entry_remove(this->vips, addr, iface);
+				addr_entry_destroy(addr);
+			}
+			/* no roam events etc. for virtual IPs */
+			this->condvar->broadcast(this->condvar);
+			this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+			host->destroy(host);
+			return;
+		}
+		entry = this->addrs->get(this->addrs, &lookup);
+		if (entry)
+		{
+			if (hdr->nlmsg_type == RTM_DELADDR)
+			{
+				found = TRUE;
+				addr = entry->addr;
+				iface->addrs->remove(iface->addrs, addr, NULL);
+				if (iface->usable)
+				{
+					changed = TRUE;
+					DBG1(DBG_KNL, "%H disappeared from %s", host,
+						 iface->ifname);
+				}
+				addr_map_entry_remove(this->addrs, addr, iface);
+				addr_entry_destroy(addr);
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (hdr->nlmsg_type == RTM_NEWADDR)
+			{
+				found = TRUE;
+				changed = TRUE;
+				route_ifname = strdup(iface->ifname);
+				INIT(addr,
+					.ip = host->clone(host),
+					.flags = msg->ifa_flags,
+					.scope = msg->ifa_scope,
+				);
+				iface->addrs->insert_last(iface->addrs, addr);
+				addr_map_entry_add(this->addrs, addr, iface);
+				if (event && iface->usable)
+				{
+					DBG1(DBG_KNL, "%H appeared on %s", host, iface->ifname);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if (found && (iface->flags & IFF_UP))
+		{
+			update = TRUE;
+		}
+		if (!iface->usable)
+		{	/* ignore events for interfaces excluded by config */
+			update = changed = FALSE;
+		}
+	}
+	this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+
+	if (update && event && route_ifname)
+	{
+		queue_route_reinstall(this, route_ifname);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		free(route_ifname);
+	}
+	host->destroy(host);
+
+	/* send an update to all IKE_SAs */
+	if (update && event && changed)
+	{
+		fire_roam_event(this, TRUE);
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * process RTM_NEWROUTE and RTM_DELROUTE from kernel
+ */
+static void process_route(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this, struct nlmsghdr *hdr)
+{
+	struct rtmsg* msg = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	struct rtattr *rta = RTM_RTA(msg);
+	size_t rtasize = RTM_PAYLOAD(hdr);
+	u_int32_t rta_oif = 0;
+	host_t *host = NULL;
+
+	/* ignore routes added by us or in the local routing table (local addrs) */
+	if (msg->rtm_table && (msg->rtm_table == this->routing_table ||
+						   msg->rtm_table == RT_TABLE_LOCAL))
+	{
+		return;
+	}
+	else if (msg->rtm_flags & RTM_F_CLONED)
+	{	/* ignore cached routes, seem to be created a lot for IPv6 */
+		return;
+	}
+
+	while (RTA_OK(rta, rtasize))
+	{
+		switch (rta->rta_type)
+		{
+			case RTA_PREFSRC:
+				DESTROY_IF(host);
+				host = host_create_from_chunk(msg->rtm_family,
+							chunk_create(RTA_DATA(rta), RTA_PAYLOAD(rta)), 0);
+				break;
+			case RTA_OIF:
+				if (RTA_PAYLOAD(rta) == sizeof(rta_oif))
+				{
+					rta_oif = *(u_int32_t*)RTA_DATA(rta);
+				}
+				break;
+		}
+		rta = RTA_NEXT(rta, rtasize);
+	}
+	this->lock->read_lock(this->lock);
+	if (rta_oif && !is_interface_up_and_usable(this, rta_oif))
+	{	/* ignore route changes for interfaces that are ignored or down */
+		this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+		DESTROY_IF(host);
+		return;
+	}
+	if (!host && rta_oif)
+	{
+		host = get_interface_address(this, rta_oif, msg->rtm_family,
+									 NULL, NULL);
+	}
+	if (!host || is_known_vip(this, host))
+	{	/* ignore routes added for virtual IPs */
+		this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+		DESTROY_IF(host);
+		return;
+	}
+	this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+	fire_roam_event(this, FALSE);
+	host->destroy(host);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Receives events from kernel
+ */
+static bool receive_events(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this, int fd,
+						   watcher_event_t event)
+{
+	char response[1536];
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr = (struct nlmsghdr*)response;
+	struct sockaddr_nl addr;
+	socklen_t addr_len = sizeof(addr);
+	int len;
+
+	len = recvfrom(this->socket_events, response, sizeof(response),
+				   MSG_DONTWAIT, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, &addr_len);
+	if (len < 0)
+	{
+		switch (errno)
+		{
+			case EINTR:
+				/* interrupted, try again */
+				return TRUE;
+			case EAGAIN:
+				/* no data ready, select again */
+				return TRUE;
+			default:
+				DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to receive from rt event socket");
+				sleep(1);
+				return TRUE;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (addr.nl_pid != 0)
+	{	/* not from kernel. not interested, try another one */
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	while (NLMSG_OK(hdr, len))
+	{
+		/* looks good so far, dispatch netlink message */
+		switch (hdr->nlmsg_type)
+		{
+			case RTM_NEWADDR:
+			case RTM_DELADDR:
+				process_addr(this, hdr, TRUE);
+				break;
+			case RTM_NEWLINK:
+			case RTM_DELLINK:
+				process_link(this, hdr, TRUE);
+				break;
+			case RTM_NEWROUTE:
+			case RTM_DELROUTE:
+				if (this->process_route)
+				{
+					process_route(this, hdr);
+				}
+				break;
+			default:
+				break;
+		}
+		hdr = NLMSG_NEXT(hdr, len);
+	}
+	return TRUE;
+}
+
+/** enumerator over addresses */
+typedef struct {
+	private_kernel_netlink_net_t* this;
+	/** which addresses to enumerate */
+	kernel_address_type_t which;
+} address_enumerator_t;
+
+/**
+ * cleanup function for address enumerator
+ */
+static void address_enumerator_destroy(address_enumerator_t *data)
+{
+	data->this->lock->unlock(data->this->lock);
+	free(data);
+}
+
+/**
+ * filter for addresses
+ */
+static bool filter_addresses(address_enumerator_t *data,
+							 addr_entry_t** in, host_t** out)
+{
+	if (!(data->which & ADDR_TYPE_VIRTUAL) && (*in)->refcount)
+	{	/* skip virtual interfaces added by us */
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+	if (!(data->which & ADDR_TYPE_REGULAR) && !(*in)->refcount)
+	{	/* address is regular, but not requested */
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+	if ((*in)->scope >= RT_SCOPE_LINK)
+	{	/* skip addresses with a unusable scope */
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+	*out = (*in)->ip;
+	return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * enumerator constructor for interfaces
+ */
+static enumerator_t *create_iface_enumerator(iface_entry_t *iface,
+											 address_enumerator_t *data)
+{
+	return enumerator_create_filter(
+				iface->addrs->create_enumerator(iface->addrs),
+				(void*)filter_addresses, data, NULL);
+}
+
+/**
+ * filter for interfaces
+ */
+static bool filter_interfaces(address_enumerator_t *data, iface_entry_t** in,
+							  iface_entry_t** out)
+{
+	if (!(data->which & ADDR_TYPE_IGNORED) && !(*in)->usable)
+	{	/* skip interfaces excluded by config */
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+	if (!(data->which & ADDR_TYPE_LOOPBACK) && ((*in)->flags & IFF_LOOPBACK))
+	{	/* ignore loopback devices */
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+	if (!(data->which & ADDR_TYPE_DOWN) && !((*in)->flags & IFF_UP))
+	{	/* skip interfaces not up */
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+	*out = *in;
+	return TRUE;
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_net_t, create_address_enumerator, enumerator_t*,
+	private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this, kernel_address_type_t which)
+{
+	address_enumerator_t *data;
+
+	INIT(data,
+		.this = this,
+		.which = which,
+	);
+
+	this->lock->read_lock(this->lock);
+	return enumerator_create_nested(
+				enumerator_create_filter(
+					this->ifaces->create_enumerator(this->ifaces),
+					(void*)filter_interfaces, data, NULL),
+				(void*)create_iface_enumerator, data,
+				(void*)address_enumerator_destroy);
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_net_t, get_interface_name, bool,
+	private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this, host_t* ip, char **name)
+{
+	addr_map_entry_t *entry, lookup = {
+		.ip = ip,
+	};
+
+	if (ip->is_anyaddr(ip))
+	{
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+	this->lock->read_lock(this->lock);
+	/* first try to find it on an up and usable interface */
+	entry = this->addrs->get_match(this->addrs, &lookup,
+								  (void*)addr_map_entry_match_up_and_usable);
+	if (entry)
+	{
+		if (name)
+		{
+			*name = strdup(entry->iface->ifname);
+			DBG2(DBG_KNL, "%H is on interface %s", ip, *name);
+		}
+		this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+	/* in a second step, consider virtual IPs installed by us */
+	entry = this->vips->get_match(this->vips, &lookup,
+								  (void*)addr_map_entry_match_up_and_usable);
+	if (entry)
+	{
+		if (name)
+		{
+			*name = strdup(entry->iface->ifname);
+			DBG2(DBG_KNL, "virtual IP %H is on interface %s", ip, *name);
+		}
+		this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+	/* maybe it is installed on an ignored interface */
+	entry = this->addrs->get_match(this->addrs, &lookup,
+								  (void*)addr_map_entry_match_up);
+	if (!entry)
+	{
+		DBG2(DBG_KNL, "%H is not a local address or the interface is down", ip);
+	}
+	this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+	return FALSE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * get the index of an interface by name
+ */
+static int get_interface_index(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this, char* name)
+{
+	iface_entry_t *iface;
+	int ifindex = 0;
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "getting iface index for %s", name);
+
+	this->lock->read_lock(this->lock);
+	if (this->ifaces->find_first(this->ifaces, (void*)iface_entry_by_name,
+								(void**)&iface, name) == SUCCESS)
+	{
+		ifindex = iface->ifindex;
+	}
+	this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+
+	if (ifindex == 0)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to get interface index for %s", name);
+	}
+	return ifindex;
+}
+
+/**
+ * check if an address or net (addr with prefix net bits) is in
+ * subnet (net with net_len net bits)
+ */
+static bool addr_in_subnet(chunk_t addr, int prefix, chunk_t net, int net_len)
+{
+	static const u_char mask[] = { 0x00, 0x80, 0xc0, 0xe0, 0xf0, 0xf8, 0xfc, 0xfe };
+	int byte = 0;
+
+	if (net_len == 0)
+	{	/* any address matches a /0 network */
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+	if (addr.len != net.len || net_len > 8 * net.len || prefix < net_len)
+	{
+		return FALSE;
+	}
+	/* scan through all bytes in network order */
+	while (net_len > 0)
+	{
+		if (net_len < 8)
+		{
+			return (mask[net_len] & addr.ptr[byte]) == (mask[net_len] & net.ptr[byte]);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			if (addr.ptr[byte] != net.ptr[byte])
+			{
+				return FALSE;
+			}
+			byte++;
+			net_len -= 8;
+		}
+	}
+	return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Store information about a route retrieved via RTNETLINK
+ */
+typedef struct {
+	chunk_t gtw;
+	chunk_t src;
+	chunk_t dst;
+	host_t *src_host;
+	u_int8_t dst_len;
+	u_int32_t table;
+	u_int32_t oif;
+	u_int32_t priority;
+} rt_entry_t;
+
+/**
+ * Free a route entry
+ */
+static void rt_entry_destroy(rt_entry_t *this)
+{
+	DESTROY_IF(this->src_host);
+	free(this);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if the route received with RTM_NEWROUTE is usable based on its type.
+ */
+static bool route_usable(struct nlmsghdr *hdr)
+{
+	struct rtmsg *msg;
+
+	msg = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	switch (msg->rtm_type)
+	{
+		case RTN_BLACKHOLE:
+		case RTN_UNREACHABLE:
+		case RTN_PROHIBIT:
+		case RTN_THROW:
+			return FALSE;
+		default:
+			return TRUE;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse route received with RTM_NEWROUTE. The given rt_entry_t object will be
+ * reused if not NULL.
+ *
+ * Returned chunks point to internal data of the Netlink message.
+ */
+static rt_entry_t *parse_route(struct nlmsghdr *hdr, rt_entry_t *route)
+{
+	struct rtattr *rta;
+	struct rtmsg *msg;
+	size_t rtasize;
+
+	msg = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	rta = RTM_RTA(msg);
+	rtasize = RTM_PAYLOAD(hdr);
+
+	if (route)
+	{
+		route->gtw = chunk_empty;
+		route->src = chunk_empty;
+		route->dst = chunk_empty;
+		route->dst_len = msg->rtm_dst_len;
+		route->table = msg->rtm_table;
+		route->oif = 0;
+		route->priority = 0;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		INIT(route,
+			.dst_len = msg->rtm_dst_len,
+			.table = msg->rtm_table,
+		);
+	}
+
+	while (RTA_OK(rta, rtasize))
+	{
+		switch (rta->rta_type)
+		{
+			case RTA_PREFSRC:
+				route->src = chunk_create(RTA_DATA(rta), RTA_PAYLOAD(rta));
+				break;
+			case RTA_GATEWAY:
+				route->gtw = chunk_create(RTA_DATA(rta), RTA_PAYLOAD(rta));
+				break;
+			case RTA_DST:
+				route->dst = chunk_create(RTA_DATA(rta), RTA_PAYLOAD(rta));
+				break;
+			case RTA_OIF:
+				if (RTA_PAYLOAD(rta) == sizeof(route->oif))
+				{
+					route->oif = *(u_int32_t*)RTA_DATA(rta);
+				}
+				break;
+			case RTA_PRIORITY:
+				if (RTA_PAYLOAD(rta) == sizeof(route->priority))
+				{
+					route->priority = *(u_int32_t*)RTA_DATA(rta);
+				}
+				break;
+#ifdef HAVE_RTA_TABLE
+			case RTA_TABLE:
+				if (RTA_PAYLOAD(rta) == sizeof(route->table))
+				{
+					route->table = *(u_int32_t*)RTA_DATA(rta);
+				}
+				break;
+#endif /* HAVE_RTA_TABLE*/
+		}
+		rta = RTA_NEXT(rta, rtasize);
+	}
+	return route;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Get a route: If "nexthop", the nexthop is returned. source addr otherwise.
+ */
+static host_t *get_route(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this, host_t *dest,
+						 int prefix, bool nexthop, host_t *candidate,
+						 u_int recursion)
+{
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr, *out, *current;
+	struct rtmsg *msg;
+	chunk_t chunk;
+	size_t len;
+	linked_list_t *routes;
+	rt_entry_t *route = NULL, *best = NULL;
+	enumerator_t *enumerator;
+	host_t *addr = NULL;
+	bool match_net;
+	int family;
+
+	if (recursion > MAX_ROUTE_RECURSION)
+	{
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	chunk = dest->get_address(dest);
+	len = chunk.len * 8;
+	prefix = prefix < 0 ? len : min(prefix, len);
+	match_net = prefix != len;
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+
+	family = dest->get_family(dest);
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = RTM_GETROUTE;
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtmsg));
+
+	msg = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	msg->rtm_family = family;
+	if (!match_net && this->rta_mark && this->routing_mark.value)
+	{
+		/* if our routing rule excludes packets with a certain mark we can
+		 * get the preferred route without having to dump all routes */
+		chunk = chunk_from_thing(this->routing_mark.value);
+		netlink_add_attribute(hdr, RTA_MARK, chunk, sizeof(request));
+	}
+	else if (family == AF_INET || this->rta_prefsrc_for_ipv6 ||
+			 this->routing_table || match_net)
+	{	/* kernels prior to 3.0 do not support RTA_PREFSRC for IPv6 routes.
+		 * as we want to ignore routes with virtual IPs we cannot use DUMP
+		 * if these routes are not installed in a separate table */
+		hdr->nlmsg_flags |= NLM_F_DUMP;
+	}
+	if (candidate)
+	{
+		chunk = candidate->get_address(candidate);
+		netlink_add_attribute(hdr, RTA_PREFSRC, chunk, sizeof(request));
+	}
+	/* we use this below to match against the routes */
+	chunk = dest->get_address(dest);
+	if (!match_net)
+	{
+		netlink_add_attribute(hdr, RTA_DST, chunk, sizeof(request));
+	}
+
+	if (this->socket->send(this->socket, hdr, &out, &len) != SUCCESS)
+	{
+		DBG2(DBG_KNL, "getting %s to reach %H/%d failed",
+			 nexthop ? "nexthop" : "address", dest, prefix);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	routes = linked_list_create();
+	this->lock->read_lock(this->lock);
+
+	for (current = out; NLMSG_OK(current, len);
+		 current = NLMSG_NEXT(current, len))
+	{
+		switch (current->nlmsg_type)
+		{
+			case NLMSG_DONE:
+				break;
+			case RTM_NEWROUTE:
+			{
+				rt_entry_t *other;
+				uintptr_t table;
+
+				if (!route_usable(current))
+				{
+					continue;
+				}
+				route = parse_route(current, route);
+
+				table = (uintptr_t)route->table;
+				if (this->rt_exclude->find_first(this->rt_exclude, NULL,
+												 (void**)&table) == SUCCESS)
+				{	/* route is from an excluded routing table */
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (this->routing_table != 0 &&
+					route->table == this->routing_table)
+				{	/* route is from our own ipsec routing table */
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (route->oif && !is_interface_up_and_usable(this, route->oif))
+				{	/* interface is down */
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (!addr_in_subnet(chunk, prefix, route->dst, route->dst_len))
+				{	/* route destination does not contain dest */
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (route->src.ptr)
+				{	/* verify source address, if any */
+					host_t *src = host_create_from_chunk(msg->rtm_family,
+														 route->src, 0);
+					if (src && is_known_vip(this, src))
+					{	/* ignore routes installed by us */
+						src->destroy(src);
+						continue;
+					}
+					route->src_host = src;
+				}
+				/* insert route, sorted by priority and network prefix */
+				enumerator = routes->create_enumerator(routes);
+				while (enumerator->enumerate(enumerator, &other))
+				{
+					if (route->priority < other->priority)
+					{
+						break;
+					}
+					if (route->priority == other->priority &&
+						route->dst_len > other->dst_len)
+					{
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+				routes->insert_before(routes, enumerator, route);
+				enumerator->destroy(enumerator);
+				route = NULL;
+				continue;
+			}
+			default:
+				continue;
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+	if (route)
+	{
+		rt_entry_destroy(route);
+	}
+
+	/* now we have a list of routes matching dest, sorted by net prefix.
+	 * we will look for source addresses for these routes and select the one
+	 * with the preferred source address, if possible */
+	enumerator = routes->create_enumerator(routes);
+	while (enumerator->enumerate(enumerator, &route))
+	{
+		if (route->src_host)
+		{	/* got a source address with the route, if no preferred source
+			 * is given or it matches we are done, as this is the best route */
+			if (!candidate || candidate->ip_equals(candidate, route->src_host))
+			{
+				best = route;
+				break;
+			}
+			else if (route->oif)
+			{	/* no match yet, maybe it is assigned to the same interface */
+				host_t *src = get_interface_address(this, route->oif,
+											msg->rtm_family, dest, candidate);
+				if (src && src->ip_equals(src, candidate))
+				{
+					route->src_host->destroy(route->src_host);
+					route->src_host = src;
+					best = route;
+					break;
+				}
+				DESTROY_IF(src);
+			}
+			/* no luck yet with the source address. if this is the best (first)
+			 * route we store it as fallback in case we don't find a route with
+			 * the preferred source */
+			best = best ?: route;
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (route->oif)
+		{	/* no src, but an interface - get address from it */
+			route->src_host = get_interface_address(this, route->oif,
+											msg->rtm_family, dest, candidate);
+			if (route->src_host)
+			{	/* we handle this address the same as the one above */
+				if (!candidate ||
+					 candidate->ip_equals(candidate, route->src_host))
+				{
+					best = route;
+					break;
+				}
+				best = best ?: route;
+				continue;
+			}
+		}
+		if (route->gtw.ptr)
+		{	/* no src, no iface, but a gateway - lookup src to reach gtw */
+			host_t *gtw;
+
+			gtw = host_create_from_chunk(msg->rtm_family, route->gtw, 0);
+			if (gtw && !gtw->ip_equals(gtw, dest))
+			{
+				route->src_host = get_route(this, gtw, -1, FALSE, candidate,
+											recursion + 1);
+			}
+			DESTROY_IF(gtw);
+			if (route->src_host)
+			{	/* more of the same */
+				if (!candidate ||
+					 candidate->ip_equals(candidate, route->src_host))
+				{
+					best = route;
+					break;
+				}
+				best = best ?: route;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	enumerator->destroy(enumerator);
+
+	if (nexthop)
+	{	/* nexthop lookup, return gateway if any */
+		if (best || routes->get_first(routes, (void**)&best) == SUCCESS)
+		{
+			addr = host_create_from_chunk(msg->rtm_family, best->gtw, 0);
+		}
+		if (!addr && !match_net)
+		{	/* fallback to destination address */
+			addr = dest->clone(dest);
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		if (best)
+		{
+			addr = best->src_host->clone(best->src_host);
+		}
+	}
+	this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+	routes->destroy_function(routes, (void*)rt_entry_destroy);
+	free(out);
+
+	if (addr)
+	{
+		DBG2(DBG_KNL, "using %H as %s to reach %H/%d", addr,
+			 nexthop ? "nexthop" : "address", dest, prefix);
+	}
+	else if (!recursion)
+	{
+		DBG2(DBG_KNL, "no %s found to reach %H/%d",
+			 nexthop ? "nexthop" : "address", dest, prefix);
+	}
+	return addr;
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_net_t, get_source_addr, host_t*,
+	private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this, host_t *dest, host_t *src)
+{
+	return get_route(this, dest, -1, FALSE, src, 0);
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_net_t, get_nexthop, host_t*,
+	private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this, host_t *dest, int prefix, host_t *src)
+{
+	return get_route(this, dest, prefix, TRUE, src, 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Manages the creation and deletion of ip addresses on an interface.
+ * By setting the appropriate nlmsg_type, the ip will be set or unset.
+ */
+static status_t manage_ipaddr(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this, int nlmsg_type,
+							  int flags, int if_index, host_t *ip, int prefix)
+{
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr;
+	struct ifaddrmsg *msg;
+	chunk_t chunk;
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+
+	chunk = ip->get_address(ip);
+
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK | flags;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = nlmsg_type;
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct ifaddrmsg));
+
+	msg = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	msg->ifa_family = ip->get_family(ip);
+	msg->ifa_flags = 0;
+	msg->ifa_prefixlen = prefix < 0 ? chunk.len * 8 : prefix;
+	msg->ifa_scope = RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE;
+	msg->ifa_index = if_index;
+
+	netlink_add_attribute(hdr, IFA_LOCAL, chunk, sizeof(request));
+
+	if (ip->get_family(ip) == AF_INET6 && this->rta_prefsrc_for_ipv6)
+	{	/* if source routes are possible we let the virtual IP get deprecated
+		 * immediately (but mark it as valid forever) so it gets only used if
+		 * forced by our route, and not by the default IPv6 address selection */
+		struct ifa_cacheinfo cache = {
+			.ifa_valid = 0xFFFFFFFF,
+			.ifa_prefered = 0,
+		};
+		netlink_add_attribute(hdr, IFA_CACHEINFO, chunk_from_thing(cache),
+							  sizeof(request));
+	}
+	return this->socket->send_ack(this->socket, hdr);
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_net_t, add_ip, status_t,
+	private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this, host_t *virtual_ip, int prefix,
+	char *iface_name)
+{
+	addr_map_entry_t *entry, lookup = {
+		.ip = virtual_ip,
+	};
+	iface_entry_t *iface = NULL;
+
+	if (!this->install_virtual_ip)
+	{	/* disabled by config */
+		return SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	this->lock->write_lock(this->lock);
+	/* the virtual IP might actually be installed as regular IP, in which case
+	 * we don't track it as virtual IP */
+	entry = this->addrs->get_match(this->addrs, &lookup,
+								  (void*)addr_map_entry_match);
+	if (!entry)
+	{	/* otherwise it might already be installed as virtual IP */
+		entry = this->vips->get_match(this->vips, &lookup,
+									 (void*)addr_map_entry_match);
+		if (entry)
+		{	/* the vip we found can be in one of three states: 1) installed and
+			 * ready, 2) just added by another thread, but not yet confirmed to
+			 * be installed by the kernel, 3) just deleted, but not yet gone.
+			 * Then while we wait below, several things could happen (as we
+			 * release the lock).  For instance, the interface could disappear,
+			 * or the IP is finally deleted, and it reappears on a different
+			 * interface. All these cases are handled by the call below. */
+			while (!is_vip_installed_or_gone(this, virtual_ip, &entry))
+			{
+				this->condvar->wait(this->condvar, this->lock);
+			}
+			if (entry)
+			{
+				entry->addr->refcount++;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if (entry)
+	{
+		DBG2(DBG_KNL, "virtual IP %H is already installed on %s", virtual_ip,
+			 entry->iface->ifname);
+		this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+		return SUCCESS;
+	}
+	/* try to find the target interface, either by config or via src ip */
+	if (!this->install_virtual_ip_on ||
+		 this->ifaces->find_first(this->ifaces, (void*)iface_entry_by_name,
+						(void**)&iface, this->install_virtual_ip_on) != SUCCESS)
+	{
+		if (this->ifaces->find_first(this->ifaces, (void*)iface_entry_by_name,
+									 (void**)&iface, iface_name) != SUCCESS)
+		{	/* if we don't find the requested interface we just use the first */
+			this->ifaces->get_first(this->ifaces, (void**)&iface);
+		}
+	}
+	if (iface)
+	{
+		addr_entry_t *addr;
+		char *ifname;
+		int ifi;
+
+		INIT(addr,
+			.ip = virtual_ip->clone(virtual_ip),
+			.refcount = 1,
+			.scope = RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE,
+		);
+		iface->addrs->insert_last(iface->addrs, addr);
+		addr_map_entry_add(this->vips, addr, iface);
+		ifi = iface->ifindex;
+		this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+		if (manage_ipaddr(this, RTM_NEWADDR, NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_EXCL,
+						  ifi, virtual_ip, prefix) == SUCCESS)
+		{
+			this->lock->write_lock(this->lock);
+			while (!is_vip_installed_or_gone(this, virtual_ip, &entry))
+			{	/* wait until address appears */
+				this->condvar->wait(this->condvar, this->lock);
+			}
+			if (entry)
+			{	/* we fail if the interface got deleted in the meantime */
+				ifname = strdup(entry->iface->ifname);
+				this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+				DBG2(DBG_KNL, "virtual IP %H installed on %s",
+					 virtual_ip, ifname);
+				/* during IKEv1 reauthentication, children get moved from
+				 * old the new SA before the virtual IP is available. This
+				 * kills the route for our virtual IP, reinstall. */
+				queue_route_reinstall(this, ifname);
+				return SUCCESS;
+			}
+			this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+		}
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "adding virtual IP %H failed", virtual_ip);
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+	this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+	DBG1(DBG_KNL, "no interface available, unable to install virtual IP %H",
+		 virtual_ip);
+	return FAILED;
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_net_t, del_ip, status_t,
+	private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this, host_t *virtual_ip, int prefix,
+	bool wait)
+{
+	addr_map_entry_t *entry, lookup = {
+		.ip = virtual_ip,
+	};
+
+	if (!this->install_virtual_ip)
+	{	/* disabled by config */
+		return SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "deleting virtual IP %H", virtual_ip);
+
+	this->lock->write_lock(this->lock);
+	entry = this->vips->get_match(this->vips, &lookup,
+								 (void*)addr_map_entry_match);
+	if (!entry)
+	{	/* we didn't install this IP as virtual IP */
+		entry = this->addrs->get_match(this->addrs, &lookup,
+									  (void*)addr_map_entry_match);
+		if (entry)
+		{
+			DBG2(DBG_KNL, "not deleting existing IP %H on %s", virtual_ip,
+				 entry->iface->ifname);
+			this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+			return SUCCESS;
+		}
+		DBG2(DBG_KNL, "virtual IP %H not cached, unable to delete", virtual_ip);
+		this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+	if (entry->addr->refcount == 1)
+	{
+		status_t status;
+		int ifi;
+
+		/* we set this flag so that threads calling add_ip will block and wait
+		 * until the entry is gone, also so we can wait below */
+		entry->addr->installed = FALSE;
+		ifi = entry->iface->ifindex;
+		this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+		status = manage_ipaddr(this, RTM_DELADDR, 0, ifi, virtual_ip, prefix);
+		if (status == SUCCESS && wait)
+		{	/* wait until the address is really gone */
+			this->lock->write_lock(this->lock);
+			while (is_known_vip(this, virtual_ip))
+			{
+				this->condvar->wait(this->condvar, this->lock);
+			}
+			this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+		}
+		return status;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		entry->addr->refcount--;
+	}
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "virtual IP %H used by other SAs, not deleting",
+		 virtual_ip);
+	this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Manages source routes in the routing table.
+ * By setting the appropriate nlmsg_type, the route gets added or removed.
+ */
+static status_t manage_srcroute(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this,
+								int nlmsg_type, int flags, chunk_t dst_net,
+								u_int8_t prefixlen, host_t *gateway,
+								host_t *src_ip, char *if_name)
+{
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr;
+	struct rtmsg *msg;
+	struct rtattr *rta;
+	int ifindex;
+	chunk_t chunk;
+
+	/* if route is 0.0.0.0/0, we can't install it, as it would
+	 * overwrite the default route. Instead, we add two routes:
+	 * 0.0.0.0/1 and 128.0.0.0/1 */
+	if (this->routing_table == 0 && prefixlen == 0)
+	{
+		chunk_t half_net;
+		u_int8_t half_prefixlen;
+		status_t status;
+
+		half_net = chunk_alloca(dst_net.len);
+		memset(half_net.ptr, 0, half_net.len);
+		half_prefixlen = 1;
+
+		status = manage_srcroute(this, nlmsg_type, flags, half_net, half_prefixlen,
+					gateway, src_ip, if_name);
+		half_net.ptr[0] |= 0x80;
+		status = manage_srcroute(this, nlmsg_type, flags, half_net, half_prefixlen,
+					gateway, src_ip, if_name);
+		return status;
+	}
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK | flags;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = nlmsg_type;
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtmsg));
+
+	msg = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	msg->rtm_family = src_ip->get_family(src_ip);
+	msg->rtm_dst_len = prefixlen;
+	msg->rtm_table = this->routing_table;
+	msg->rtm_protocol = RTPROT_STATIC;
+	msg->rtm_type = RTN_UNICAST;
+	msg->rtm_scope = RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE;
+
+	netlink_add_attribute(hdr, RTA_DST, dst_net, sizeof(request));
+	chunk = src_ip->get_address(src_ip);
+	netlink_add_attribute(hdr, RTA_PREFSRC, chunk, sizeof(request));
+	if (gateway && gateway->get_family(gateway) == src_ip->get_family(src_ip))
+	{
+		chunk = gateway->get_address(gateway);
+		netlink_add_attribute(hdr, RTA_GATEWAY, chunk, sizeof(request));
+	}
+	ifindex = get_interface_index(this, if_name);
+	chunk.ptr = (char*)&ifindex;
+	chunk.len = sizeof(ifindex);
+	netlink_add_attribute(hdr, RTA_OIF, chunk, sizeof(request));
+
+	if (this->mtu || this->mss)
+	{
+		chunk = chunk_alloca(RTA_LENGTH((sizeof(struct rtattr) +
+										 sizeof(u_int32_t)) * 2));
+		chunk.len = 0;
+		rta = (struct rtattr*)chunk.ptr;
+		if (this->mtu)
+		{
+			rta->rta_type = RTAX_MTU;
+			rta->rta_len = RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(u_int32_t));
+			memcpy(RTA_DATA(rta), &this->mtu, sizeof(u_int32_t));
+			chunk.len = rta->rta_len;
+		}
+		if (this->mss)
+		{
+			rta = (struct rtattr*)(chunk.ptr + RTA_ALIGN(chunk.len));
+			rta->rta_type = RTAX_ADVMSS;
+			rta->rta_len = RTA_LENGTH(sizeof(u_int32_t));
+			memcpy(RTA_DATA(rta), &this->mss, sizeof(u_int32_t));
+			chunk.len = RTA_ALIGN(chunk.len) + rta->rta_len;
+		}
+		netlink_add_attribute(hdr, RTA_METRICS, chunk, sizeof(request));
+	}
+
+	return this->socket->send_ack(this->socket, hdr);
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_net_t, add_route, status_t,
+	private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this, chunk_t dst_net, u_int8_t prefixlen,
+	host_t *gateway, host_t *src_ip, char *if_name)
+{
+	status_t status;
+	route_entry_t *found, route = {
+		.dst_net = dst_net,
+		.prefixlen = prefixlen,
+		.gateway = gateway,
+		.src_ip = src_ip,
+		.if_name = if_name,
+	};
+
+	this->routes_lock->lock(this->routes_lock);
+	found = this->routes->get(this->routes, &route);
+	if (found)
+	{
+		this->routes_lock->unlock(this->routes_lock);
+		return ALREADY_DONE;
+	}
+	status = manage_srcroute(this, RTM_NEWROUTE, NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_EXCL,
+							 dst_net, prefixlen, gateway, src_ip, if_name);
+	if (status == SUCCESS)
+	{
+		found = route_entry_clone(&route);
+		this->routes->put(this->routes, found, found);
+	}
+	this->routes_lock->unlock(this->routes_lock);
+	return status;
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_net_t, del_route, status_t,
+	private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this, chunk_t dst_net, u_int8_t prefixlen,
+	host_t *gateway, host_t *src_ip, char *if_name)
+{
+	status_t status;
+	route_entry_t *found, route = {
+		.dst_net = dst_net,
+		.prefixlen = prefixlen,
+		.gateway = gateway,
+		.src_ip = src_ip,
+		.if_name = if_name,
+	};
+
+	this->routes_lock->lock(this->routes_lock);
+	found = this->routes->get(this->routes, &route);
+	if (!found)
+	{
+		this->routes_lock->unlock(this->routes_lock);
+		return NOT_FOUND;
+	}
+	this->routes->remove(this->routes, found);
+	route_entry_destroy(found);
+	status = manage_srcroute(this, RTM_DELROUTE, 0, dst_net, prefixlen,
+							 gateway, src_ip, if_name);
+	this->routes_lock->unlock(this->routes_lock);
+	return status;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Initialize a list of local addresses.
+ */
+static status_t init_address_list(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this)
+{
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	struct nlmsghdr *out, *current, *in;
+	struct rtgenmsg *msg;
+	size_t len;
+	enumerator_t *ifaces, *addrs;
+	iface_entry_t *iface;
+	addr_entry_t *addr;
+
+	DBG2(DBG_KNL, "known interfaces and IP addresses:");
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+
+	in = &request.hdr;
+	in->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtgenmsg));
+	in->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_MATCH | NLM_F_ROOT;
+	msg = NLMSG_DATA(in);
+	msg->rtgen_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+
+	/* get all links */
+	in->nlmsg_type = RTM_GETLINK;
+	if (this->socket->send(this->socket, in, &out, &len) != SUCCESS)
+	{
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+	current = out;
+	while (NLMSG_OK(current, len))
+	{
+		switch (current->nlmsg_type)
+		{
+			case NLMSG_DONE:
+				break;
+			case RTM_NEWLINK:
+				process_link(this, current, FALSE);
+				/* fall through */
+			default:
+				current = NLMSG_NEXT(current, len);
+				continue;
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+	free(out);
+
+	/* get all interface addresses */
+	in->nlmsg_type = RTM_GETADDR;
+	if (this->socket->send(this->socket, in, &out, &len) != SUCCESS)
+	{
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+	current = out;
+	while (NLMSG_OK(current, len))
+	{
+		switch (current->nlmsg_type)
+		{
+			case NLMSG_DONE:
+				break;
+			case RTM_NEWADDR:
+				process_addr(this, current, FALSE);
+				/* fall through */
+			default:
+				current = NLMSG_NEXT(current, len);
+				continue;
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+	free(out);
+
+	this->lock->read_lock(this->lock);
+	ifaces = this->ifaces->create_enumerator(this->ifaces);
+	while (ifaces->enumerate(ifaces, &iface))
+	{
+		if (iface_entry_up_and_usable(iface))
+		{
+			DBG2(DBG_KNL, "  %s", iface->ifname);
+			addrs = iface->addrs->create_enumerator(iface->addrs);
+			while (addrs->enumerate(addrs, (void**)&addr))
+			{
+				DBG2(DBG_KNL, "    %H", addr->ip);
+			}
+			addrs->destroy(addrs);
+		}
+	}
+	ifaces->destroy(ifaces);
+	this->lock->unlock(this->lock);
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+ * create or delete a rule to use our routing table
+ */
+static status_t manage_rule(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this, int nlmsg_type,
+							int family, u_int32_t table, u_int32_t prio)
+{
+	netlink_buf_t request;
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr;
+	struct rtmsg *msg;
+	chunk_t chunk;
+	char *fwmark;
+
+	memset(&request, 0, sizeof(request));
+	hdr = &request.hdr;
+	hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK;
+	hdr->nlmsg_type = nlmsg_type;
+	if (nlmsg_type == RTM_NEWRULE)
+	{
+		hdr->nlmsg_flags |= NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_EXCL;
+	}
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtmsg));
+
+	msg = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+	msg->rtm_table = table;
+	msg->rtm_family = family;
+	msg->rtm_protocol = RTPROT_BOOT;
+	msg->rtm_scope = RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE;
+	msg->rtm_type = RTN_UNICAST;
+
+	chunk = chunk_from_thing(prio);
+	netlink_add_attribute(hdr, RTA_PRIORITY, chunk, sizeof(request));
+
+	fwmark = lib->settings->get_str(lib->settings,
+							"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.fwmark", NULL, lib->ns);
+	if (fwmark)
+	{
+#ifdef HAVE_LINUX_FIB_RULES_H
+		mark_t mark;
+
+		if (fwmark[0] == '!')
+		{
+			msg->rtm_flags |= FIB_RULE_INVERT;
+			fwmark++;
+		}
+		if (mark_from_string(fwmark, &mark))
+		{
+			chunk = chunk_from_thing(mark.value);
+			netlink_add_attribute(hdr, FRA_FWMARK, chunk, sizeof(request));
+			chunk = chunk_from_thing(mark.mask);
+			netlink_add_attribute(hdr, FRA_FWMASK, chunk, sizeof(request));
+			if (msg->rtm_flags & FIB_RULE_INVERT)
+			{
+				this->routing_mark = mark;
+			}
+		}
+#else
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "setting firewall mark on routing rule is not supported");
+#endif
+	}
+	return this->socket->send_ack(this->socket, hdr);
+}
+
+/**
+ * check for kernel features (currently only via version number)
+ */
+static void check_kernel_features(private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this)
+{
+	struct utsname utsname;
+	int a, b, c;
+
+	if (uname(&utsname) == 0)
+	{
+		switch(sscanf(utsname.release, "%d.%d.%d", &a, &b, &c))
+		{
+			case 3:
+				if (a == 2)
+				{
+					if (b == 6 && c >= 36)
+					{
+						this->rta_mark = TRUE;
+					}
+					DBG2(DBG_KNL, "detected Linux %d.%d.%d, no support for "
+						 "RTA_PREFSRC for IPv6 routes", a, b, c);
+					break;
+				}
+				/* fall-through */
+			case 2:
+				/* only 3.x+ uses two part version numbers */
+				this->rta_prefsrc_for_ipv6 = TRUE;
+				this->rta_mark = TRUE;
+				break;
+			default:
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Destroy an address to iface map
+ */
+static void addr_map_destroy(hashtable_t *map)
+{
+	enumerator_t *enumerator;
+	addr_map_entry_t *addr;
+
+	enumerator = map->create_enumerator(map);
+	while (enumerator->enumerate(enumerator, NULL, (void**)&addr))
+	{
+		free(addr);
+	}
+	enumerator->destroy(enumerator);
+	map->destroy(map);
+}
+
+METHOD(kernel_net_t, destroy, void,
+	private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this)
+{
+	enumerator_t *enumerator;
+	route_entry_t *route;
+
+	if (this->routing_table)
+	{
+		manage_rule(this, RTM_DELRULE, AF_INET, this->routing_table,
+					this->routing_table_prio);
+		manage_rule(this, RTM_DELRULE, AF_INET6, this->routing_table,
+					this->routing_table_prio);
+	}
+	if (this->socket_events > 0)
+	{
+		lib->watcher->remove(lib->watcher, this->socket_events);
+		close(this->socket_events);
+	}
+	enumerator = this->routes->create_enumerator(this->routes);
+	while (enumerator->enumerate(enumerator, NULL, (void**)&route))
+	{
+		manage_srcroute(this, RTM_DELROUTE, 0, route->dst_net, route->prefixlen,
+						route->gateway, route->src_ip, route->if_name);
+		route_entry_destroy(route);
+	}
+	enumerator->destroy(enumerator);
+	this->routes->destroy(this->routes);
+	this->routes_lock->destroy(this->routes_lock);
+	DESTROY_IF(this->socket);
+
+	net_changes_clear(this);
+	this->net_changes->destroy(this->net_changes);
+	this->net_changes_lock->destroy(this->net_changes_lock);
+
+	addr_map_destroy(this->addrs);
+	addr_map_destroy(this->vips);
+
+	this->ifaces->destroy_function(this->ifaces, (void*)iface_entry_destroy);
+	this->rt_exclude->destroy(this->rt_exclude);
+	this->roam_lock->destroy(this->roam_lock);
+	this->condvar->destroy(this->condvar);
+	this->lock->destroy(this->lock);
+	free(this);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Described in header.
+ */
+kernel_netlink_net_t *kernel_netlink_net_create()
+{
+	private_kernel_netlink_net_t *this;
+	enumerator_t *enumerator;
+	bool register_for_events = TRUE;
+	char *exclude;
+
+	INIT(this,
+		.public = {
+			.interface = {
+				.get_interface = _get_interface_name,
+				.create_address_enumerator = _create_address_enumerator,
+				.get_source_addr = _get_source_addr,
+				.get_nexthop = _get_nexthop,
+				.add_ip = _add_ip,
+				.del_ip = _del_ip,
+				.add_route = _add_route,
+				.del_route = _del_route,
+				.destroy = _destroy,
+			},
+		},
+		.socket = netlink_socket_create(NETLINK_ROUTE, rt_msg_names,
+			lib->settings->get_bool(lib->settings,
+				"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.parallel_route", FALSE, lib->ns)),
+		.rt_exclude = linked_list_create(),
+		.routes = hashtable_create((hashtable_hash_t)route_entry_hash,
+								   (hashtable_equals_t)route_entry_equals, 16),
+		.net_changes = hashtable_create(
+								   (hashtable_hash_t)net_change_hash,
+								   (hashtable_equals_t)net_change_equals, 16),
+		.addrs = hashtable_create(
+								(hashtable_hash_t)addr_map_entry_hash,
+								(hashtable_equals_t)addr_map_entry_equals, 16),
+		.vips = hashtable_create((hashtable_hash_t)addr_map_entry_hash,
+								 (hashtable_equals_t)addr_map_entry_equals, 16),
+		.routes_lock = mutex_create(MUTEX_TYPE_DEFAULT),
+		.net_changes_lock = mutex_create(MUTEX_TYPE_DEFAULT),
+		.ifaces = linked_list_create(),
+		.lock = rwlock_create(RWLOCK_TYPE_DEFAULT),
+		.condvar = rwlock_condvar_create(),
+		.roam_lock = spinlock_create(),
+		.routing_table = lib->settings->get_int(lib->settings,
+						"%s.routing_table", ROUTING_TABLE, lib->ns),
+		.routing_table_prio = lib->settings->get_int(lib->settings,
+						"%s.routing_table_prio", ROUTING_TABLE_PRIO, lib->ns),
+		.process_route = lib->settings->get_bool(lib->settings,
+						"%s.process_route", TRUE, lib->ns),
+		.install_virtual_ip = lib->settings->get_bool(lib->settings,
+						"%s.install_virtual_ip", TRUE, lib->ns),
+		.install_virtual_ip_on = lib->settings->get_str(lib->settings,
+						"%s.install_virtual_ip_on", NULL, lib->ns),
+		.prefer_temporary_addrs = lib->settings->get_bool(lib->settings,
+						"%s.prefer_temporary_addrs", FALSE, lib->ns),
+		.roam_events = lib->settings->get_bool(lib->settings,
+						"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.roam_events", TRUE, lib->ns),
+		.mtu = lib->settings->get_int(lib->settings,
+						"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.mtu", 0, lib->ns),
+		.mss = lib->settings->get_int(lib->settings,
+						"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.mss", 0, lib->ns),
+	);
+	timerclear(&this->last_route_reinstall);
+	timerclear(&this->next_roam);
+
+	check_kernel_features(this);
+
+	if (streq(lib->ns, "starter"))
+	{	/* starter has no threads, so we do not register for kernel events */
+		register_for_events = FALSE;
+	}
+
+	exclude = lib->settings->get_str(lib->settings,
+									 "%s.ignore_routing_tables", NULL, lib->ns);
+	if (exclude)
+	{
+		char *token;
+		uintptr_t table;
+
+		enumerator = enumerator_create_token(exclude, " ", " ");
+		while (enumerator->enumerate(enumerator, &token))
+		{
+			errno = 0;
+			table = strtoul(token, NULL, 10);
+
+			if (errno == 0)
+			{
+				this->rt_exclude->insert_last(this->rt_exclude, (void*)table);
+			}
+		}
+		enumerator->destroy(enumerator);
+	}
+
+	if (register_for_events)
+	{
+		struct sockaddr_nl addr;
+
+		memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr));
+		addr.nl_family = AF_NETLINK;
+
+		/* create and bind RT socket for events (address/interface/route changes) */
+		this->socket_events = socket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, NETLINK_ROUTE);
+		if (this->socket_events < 0)
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to create RT event socket");
+			destroy(this);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+		addr.nl_groups = RTMGRP_IPV4_IFADDR | RTMGRP_IPV6_IFADDR |
+						 RTMGRP_IPV4_ROUTE | RTMGRP_IPV6_ROUTE | RTMGRP_LINK;
+		if (bind(this->socket_events, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr)))
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to bind RT event socket");
+			destroy(this);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+
+		lib->watcher->add(lib->watcher, this->socket_events, WATCHER_READ,
+						  (watcher_cb_t)receive_events, this);
+	}
+
+	if (init_address_list(this) != SUCCESS)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to get interface list");
+		destroy(this);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (this->routing_table)
+	{
+		if (manage_rule(this, RTM_NEWRULE, AF_INET, this->routing_table,
+						this->routing_table_prio) != SUCCESS)
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to create IPv4 routing table rule");
+		}
+		if (manage_rule(this, RTM_NEWRULE, AF_INET6, this->routing_table,
+						this->routing_table_prio) != SUCCESS)
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to create IPv6 routing table rule");
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &this->public;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_net.h b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_net.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ff9831d3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_net.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 Tobias Brunner
+ * Hochschule fuer Technik Rapperswil
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
+ * Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
+ * option) any later version.  See <http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.txt>.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+ * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * for more details.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup kernel_netlink_net_i kernel_netlink_net
+ * @{ @ingroup kernel_netlink
+ */
+
+#ifndef KERNEL_NETLINK_NET_H_
+#define KERNEL_NETLINK_NET_H_
+
+#include <kernel/kernel_net.h>
+
+typedef struct kernel_netlink_net_t kernel_netlink_net_t;
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of the kernel network interface using Netlink.
+ */
+struct kernel_netlink_net_t {
+
+	/**
+	 * Implements kernel_net_t interface
+	 */
+	kernel_net_t interface;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Create a netlink kernel network interface instance.
+ *
+ * @return			kernel_netlink_net_t instance
+ */
+kernel_netlink_net_t *kernel_netlink_net_create();
+
+#endif /** KERNEL_NETLINK_NET_H_ @}*/
diff --git a/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_plugin.c b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_plugin.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8bafc3c55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_plugin.c
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 Tobias Brunner
+ * Hochschule fuer Technik Rapperswil
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
+ * Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
+ * option) any later version.  See <http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.txt>.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+ * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * for more details.
+ */
+
+
+#include "kernel_netlink_plugin.h"
+
+#include "kernel_netlink_ipsec.h"
+#include "kernel_netlink_net.h"
+
+typedef struct private_kernel_netlink_plugin_t private_kernel_netlink_plugin_t;
+
+/**
+ * private data of kernel netlink plugin
+ */
+struct private_kernel_netlink_plugin_t {
+	/**
+	 * implements plugin interface
+	 */
+	kernel_netlink_plugin_t public;
+};
+
+METHOD(plugin_t, get_name, char*,
+	private_kernel_netlink_plugin_t *this)
+{
+	return "kernel-netlink";
+}
+
+METHOD(plugin_t, get_features, int,
+	private_kernel_netlink_plugin_t *this, plugin_feature_t *features[])
+{
+	static plugin_feature_t f[] = {
+		PLUGIN_CALLBACK(kernel_ipsec_register, kernel_netlink_ipsec_create),
+			PLUGIN_PROVIDE(CUSTOM, "kernel-ipsec"),
+		PLUGIN_CALLBACK(kernel_net_register, kernel_netlink_net_create),
+			PLUGIN_PROVIDE(CUSTOM, "kernel-net"),
+	};
+	*features = f;
+	return countof(f);
+}
+
+METHOD(plugin_t, destroy, void,
+	private_kernel_netlink_plugin_t *this)
+{
+	free(this);
+}
+
+/*
+ * see header file
+ */
+plugin_t *kernel_netlink_plugin_create()
+{
+	private_kernel_netlink_plugin_t *this;
+
+	if (!lib->caps->keep(lib->caps, CAP_NET_ADMIN))
+	{	/* required to bind/use XFRM sockets / create/modify routing tables, but
+		 * not if only the read-only parts of kernel-netlink-net are used, so
+		 * we don't fail here */
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "kernel-netlink plugin might require CAP_NET_ADMIN "
+			 "capability");
+	}
+
+	INIT(this,
+		.public = {
+			.plugin = {
+				.get_name = _get_name,
+				.get_features = _get_features,
+				.destroy = _destroy,
+			},
+		},
+	);
+
+	return &this->public.plugin;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_plugin.h b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_plugin.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..74c9ae24f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_plugin.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 Tobias Brunner
+ * Hochschule fuer Technik Rapperswil
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
+ * Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
+ * option) any later version.  See <http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.txt>.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+ * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * for more details.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @defgroup kernel_netlink kernel_netlink
+ * @ingroup cplugins
+ *
+ * @defgroup kernel_netlink_plugin kernel_netlink_plugin
+ * @{ @ingroup kernel_netlink
+ */
+
+#ifndef KERNEL_NETLINK_PLUGIN_H_
+#define KERNEL_NETLINK_PLUGIN_H_
+
+#include <plugins/plugin.h>
+
+typedef struct kernel_netlink_plugin_t kernel_netlink_plugin_t;
+
+/**
+ * netlink kernel interface plugin
+ */
+struct kernel_netlink_plugin_t {
+
+	/**
+	 * implements plugin interface
+	 */
+	plugin_t plugin;
+};
+
+#endif /** KERNEL_NETLINK_PLUGIN_H_ @}*/
diff --git a/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_shared.c b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_shared.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7ce992a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_shared.c
@@ -0,0 +1,655 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 Martin Willi
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 revosec AG
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 Tobias Brunner
+ * Hochschule fuer Technik Rapperswil
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
+ * Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
+ * option) any later version.  See <http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.txt>.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+ * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * for more details.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <linux/netlink.h>
+#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
+#include <linux/xfrm.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include "kernel_netlink_shared.h"
+
+#include <utils/debug.h>
+#include <threading/mutex.h>
+#include <threading/condvar.h>
+#include <collections/array.h>
+#include <collections/hashtable.h>
+
+typedef struct private_netlink_socket_t private_netlink_socket_t;
+
+/**
+ * Private variables and functions of netlink_socket_t class.
+ */
+struct private_netlink_socket_t {
+
+	/**
+	 * public part of the netlink_socket_t object.
+	 */
+	netlink_socket_t public;
+
+	/**
+	 * mutex to lock access entries
+	 */
+	mutex_t *mutex;
+
+	/**
+	 * Netlink request entries currently active, uintptr_t seq => entry_t
+	 */
+	hashtable_t *entries;
+
+	/**
+	 * Current sequence number for Netlink requests
+	 */
+	refcount_t seq;
+
+	/**
+	 * netlink socket
+	 */
+	int socket;
+
+	/**
+	 * Netlink protocol
+	 */
+	int protocol;
+
+	/**
+	 * Enum names for Netlink messages
+	 */
+	enum_name_t *names;
+
+	/**
+	 * Timeout for Netlink replies, in ms
+	 */
+	u_int timeout;
+
+	/**
+	 * Number of times to repeat timed out queries
+	 */
+	u_int retries;
+
+	/**
+	 * Buffer size for received Netlink messages
+	 */
+	u_int buflen;
+
+	/**
+	 * Use parallel netlink queries
+	 */
+	bool parallel;
+
+	/**
+	 * Ignore errors potentially resulting from a retransmission
+	 */
+	bool ignore_retransmit_errors;
+};
+
+/**
+ * #definable hook to simulate request message loss
+ */
+#ifdef NETLINK_MSG_LOSS_HOOK
+bool NETLINK_MSG_LOSS_HOOK(struct nlmsghdr *msg);
+#define msg_loss_hook(msg) NETLINK_MSG_LOSS_HOOK(msg)
+#else
+#define msg_loss_hook(msg) FALSE
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Request entry the answer for a waiting thread is collected in
+ */
+typedef struct {
+	/** Condition variable thread is waiting */
+	condvar_t *condvar;
+	/** Array of hdrs in a multi-message response, as struct nlmsghdr* */
+	array_t *hdrs;
+	/** All response messages received? */
+	bool complete;
+} entry_t;
+
+/**
+ * Clean up a thread waiting entry
+ */
+static void destroy_entry(entry_t *entry)
+{
+	entry->condvar->destroy(entry->condvar);
+	array_destroy_function(entry->hdrs, (void*)free, NULL);
+	free(entry);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Write a Netlink message to socket
+ */
+static bool write_msg(private_netlink_socket_t *this, struct nlmsghdr *msg)
+{
+	struct sockaddr_nl addr = {
+		.nl_family = AF_NETLINK,
+	};
+	int len;
+
+	if (msg_loss_hook(msg))
+	{
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+
+	while (TRUE)
+	{
+		len = sendto(this->socket, msg, msg->nlmsg_len, 0,
+					 (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr));
+		if (len != msg->nlmsg_len)
+		{
+			if (errno == EINTR)
+			{
+				continue;
+			}
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "netlink write error: %s", strerror(errno));
+			return FALSE;
+		}
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * Read a single Netlink message from socket, return 0 on error, -1 on timeout
+ */
+static ssize_t read_msg(private_netlink_socket_t *this,
+						char *buf, size_t buflen, bool block)
+{
+	ssize_t len;
+
+	if (block)
+	{
+		fd_set set;
+		timeval_t tv = {};
+
+		FD_ZERO(&set);
+		FD_SET(this->socket, &set);
+		timeval_add_ms(&tv, this->timeout);
+
+		if (select(this->socket + 1, &set, NULL, NULL,
+				   this->timeout ? &tv : NULL) <= 0)
+		{
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+	len = recv(this->socket, buf, buflen, MSG_TRUNC|(block ? 0 : MSG_DONTWAIT));
+	if (len > buflen)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "netlink response exceeds buffer size");
+		return 0;
+	}
+	if (len < 0)
+	{
+		if (errno != EAGAIN && errno != EWOULDBLOCK && errno != EINTR)
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "netlink read error: %s", strerror(errno));
+		}
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return len;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Queue received response message
+ */
+static bool queue(private_netlink_socket_t *this, struct nlmsghdr *buf)
+{
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr;
+	entry_t *entry;
+	uintptr_t seq;
+
+	seq = (uintptr_t)buf->nlmsg_seq;
+
+	this->mutex->lock(this->mutex);
+	entry = this->entries->get(this->entries, (void*)seq);
+	if (entry)
+	{
+		hdr = malloc(buf->nlmsg_len);
+		memcpy(hdr, buf, buf->nlmsg_len);
+		array_insert(entry->hdrs, ARRAY_TAIL, hdr);
+		if (hdr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_DONE || !(hdr->nlmsg_flags & NLM_F_MULTI))
+		{
+			entry->complete = TRUE;
+			entry->condvar->signal(entry->condvar);
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "received unknown netlink seq %u, ignored", seq);
+	}
+	this->mutex->unlock(this->mutex);
+
+	return entry != NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Read and queue response message, optionally blocking, returns TRUE on timeout
+ */
+static bool read_and_queue(private_netlink_socket_t *this, bool block)
+{
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr;
+	char buf[this->buflen];
+	ssize_t len;
+
+	len = read_msg(this, buf, sizeof(buf), block);
+	if (len == -1)
+	{
+		return TRUE;
+	}
+	if (len)
+	{
+		hdr = (struct nlmsghdr*)buf;
+		while (NLMSG_OK(hdr, len))
+		{
+			if (!queue(this, hdr))
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+			hdr = NLMSG_NEXT(hdr, len);
+		}
+	}
+	return FALSE;
+}
+
+CALLBACK(watch, bool,
+	private_netlink_socket_t *this, int fd, watcher_event_t event)
+{
+	if (event == WATCHER_READ)
+	{
+		read_and_queue(this, FALSE);
+	}
+	return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Send a netlink request, try once
+ */
+static status_t send_once(private_netlink_socket_t *this, struct nlmsghdr *in,
+						  uintptr_t seq, struct nlmsghdr **out, size_t *out_len)
+{
+	struct nlmsghdr *hdr;
+	chunk_t result = {};
+	entry_t *entry;
+
+	in->nlmsg_seq = seq;
+	in->nlmsg_pid = getpid();
+
+	if (this->names)
+	{
+		DBG3(DBG_KNL, "sending %N %u: %b", this->names, in->nlmsg_type,
+			 (u_int)seq, in, in->nlmsg_len);
+	}
+
+	this->mutex->lock(this->mutex);
+	if (!write_msg(this, in))
+	{
+		this->mutex->unlock(this->mutex);
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+
+	INIT(entry,
+		.condvar = condvar_create(CONDVAR_TYPE_DEFAULT),
+		.hdrs = array_create(0, 0),
+	);
+	this->entries->put(this->entries, (void*)seq, entry);
+
+	while (!entry->complete)
+	{
+		if (this->parallel &&
+			lib->watcher->get_state(lib->watcher) == WATCHER_RUNNING)
+		{
+			if (this->timeout)
+			{
+				if (entry->condvar->timed_wait(entry->condvar, this->mutex,
+											   this->timeout))
+				{
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				entry->condvar->wait(entry->condvar, this->mutex);
+			}
+		}
+		else
+		{	/* During (de-)initialization, no watcher thread is active.
+			 * collect responses ourselves. */
+			if (read_and_queue(this, TRUE))
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	this->entries->remove(this->entries, (void*)seq);
+
+	this->mutex->unlock(this->mutex);
+
+	if (!entry->complete)
+	{	/* timeout */
+		destroy_entry(entry);
+		return OUT_OF_RES;
+	}
+
+	while (array_remove(entry->hdrs, ARRAY_HEAD, &hdr))
+	{
+		if (this->names)
+		{
+			DBG3(DBG_KNL, "received %N %u: %b", this->names, hdr->nlmsg_type,
+				 hdr->nlmsg_seq, hdr, hdr->nlmsg_len);
+		}
+		result = chunk_cat("mm", result,
+						   chunk_create((char*)hdr, hdr->nlmsg_len));
+	}
+	destroy_entry(entry);
+
+	*out_len = result.len;
+	*out = (struct nlmsghdr*)result.ptr;
+
+	return SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Ignore errors for message types that might have completed previously
+ */
+static void ignore_retransmit_error(private_netlink_socket_t *this,
+									struct nlmsgerr *err, int type)
+{
+	switch (err->error)
+	{
+		case -EEXIST:
+			switch (this->protocol)
+			{
+				case NETLINK_XFRM:
+					switch (type)
+					{
+						case XFRM_MSG_NEWPOLICY:
+						case XFRM_MSG_NEWSA:
+							err->error = 0;
+							break;
+					}
+					break;
+				case NETLINK_ROUTE:
+					switch (type)
+					{
+						case RTM_NEWADDR:
+						case RTM_NEWLINK:
+						case RTM_NEWNEIGH:
+						case RTM_NEWROUTE:
+						case RTM_NEWRULE:
+							err->error = 0;
+							break;
+					}
+					break;
+			}
+			break;
+		case -ENOENT:
+			switch (this->protocol)
+			{
+				case NETLINK_XFRM:
+					switch (type)
+					{
+						case XFRM_MSG_DELPOLICY:
+						case XFRM_MSG_DELSA:
+							err->error = 0;
+							break;
+					}
+					break;
+				case NETLINK_ROUTE:
+					switch (type)
+					{
+						case RTM_DELADDR:
+						case RTM_DELLINK:
+						case RTM_DELNEIGH:
+						case RTM_DELROUTE:
+						case RTM_DELRULE:
+							err->error = 0;
+							break;
+					}
+					break;
+			}
+			break;
+	}
+}
+
+METHOD(netlink_socket_t, netlink_send, status_t,
+	private_netlink_socket_t *this, struct nlmsghdr *in, struct nlmsghdr **out,
+	size_t *out_len)
+{
+	uintptr_t seq;
+	u_int try;
+
+	seq = ref_get(&this->seq);
+
+	for (try = 0; try <= this->retries; ++try)
+	{
+		struct nlmsghdr *hdr;
+		status_t status;
+		size_t len;
+
+		if (try > 0)
+		{
+			DBG1(DBG_KNL, "retransmitting Netlink request (%u/%u)",
+				 try, this->retries);
+		}
+		status = send_once(this, in, seq, &hdr, &len);
+		switch (status)
+		{
+			case SUCCESS:
+				break;
+			case OUT_OF_RES:
+				continue;
+			default:
+				return status;
+		}
+		if (hdr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_ERROR)
+		{
+			struct nlmsgerr* err;
+
+			err = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+			if (err->error == -EBUSY)
+			{
+				free(hdr);
+				try--;
+				continue;
+			}
+			if (this->ignore_retransmit_errors && try > 0)
+			{
+				ignore_retransmit_error(this, err, in->nlmsg_type);
+			}
+		}
+		*out = hdr;
+		*out_len = len;
+		return SUCCESS;
+	}
+	DBG1(DBG_KNL, "Netlink request timed out after %u retransmits",
+		 this->retries);
+	return OUT_OF_RES;
+}
+
+METHOD(netlink_socket_t, netlink_send_ack, status_t,
+	private_netlink_socket_t *this, struct nlmsghdr *in)
+{
+	struct nlmsghdr *out, *hdr;
+	size_t len;
+
+	if (netlink_send(this, in, &out, &len) != SUCCESS)
+	{
+		return FAILED;
+	}
+	hdr = out;
+	while (NLMSG_OK(hdr, len))
+	{
+		switch (hdr->nlmsg_type)
+		{
+			case NLMSG_ERROR:
+			{
+				struct nlmsgerr* err = NLMSG_DATA(hdr);
+
+				if (err->error)
+				{
+					if (-err->error == EEXIST)
+					{	/* do not report existing routes */
+						free(out);
+						return ALREADY_DONE;
+					}
+					if (-err->error == ESRCH)
+					{	/* do not report missing entries */
+						free(out);
+						return NOT_FOUND;
+					}
+					DBG1(DBG_KNL, "received netlink error: %s (%d)",
+						 strerror(-err->error), -err->error);
+					free(out);
+					return FAILED;
+				}
+				free(out);
+				return SUCCESS;
+			}
+			default:
+				hdr = NLMSG_NEXT(hdr, len);
+				continue;
+			case NLMSG_DONE:
+				break;
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+	DBG1(DBG_KNL, "netlink request not acknowledged");
+	free(out);
+	return FAILED;
+}
+
+METHOD(netlink_socket_t, destroy, void,
+	private_netlink_socket_t *this)
+{
+	if (this->socket != -1)
+	{
+		if (this->parallel)
+		{
+			lib->watcher->remove(lib->watcher, this->socket);
+		}
+		close(this->socket);
+	}
+	this->entries->destroy(this->entries);
+	this->mutex->destroy(this->mutex);
+	free(this);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Described in header.
+ */
+netlink_socket_t *netlink_socket_create(int protocol, enum_name_t *names,
+										bool parallel)
+{
+	private_netlink_socket_t *this;
+	struct sockaddr_nl addr = {
+		.nl_family = AF_NETLINK,
+	};
+
+	INIT(this,
+		.public = {
+			.send = _netlink_send,
+			.send_ack = _netlink_send_ack,
+			.destroy = _destroy,
+		},
+		.seq = 200,
+		.mutex = mutex_create(MUTEX_TYPE_RECURSIVE),
+		.socket = socket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, protocol),
+		.entries = hashtable_create(hashtable_hash_ptr, hashtable_equals_ptr, 4),
+		.protocol = protocol,
+		.names = names,
+		.buflen = lib->settings->get_int(lib->settings,
+							"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.buflen", 0, lib->ns),
+		.timeout = lib->settings->get_int(lib->settings,
+							"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.timeout", 0, lib->ns),
+		.retries = lib->settings->get_int(lib->settings,
+							"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.retries", 0, lib->ns),
+		.ignore_retransmit_errors = lib->settings->get_bool(lib->settings,
+							"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.ignore_retransmit_errors",
+							FALSE, lib->ns),
+		.parallel = parallel,
+	);
+
+	if (!this->buflen)
+	{
+		long pagesize = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
+		if (pagesize == -1)
+		{
+			pagesize = 4096;
+		}
+		/* base this on NLMSG_GOODSIZE */
+		this->buflen = min(pagesize, 8192);
+	}
+	if (this->socket == -1)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to create netlink socket");
+		destroy(this);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	if (bind(this->socket, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr)))
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to bind netlink socket");
+		destroy(this);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	if (this->parallel)
+	{
+		lib->watcher->add(lib->watcher, this->socket, WATCHER_READ, watch, this);
+	}
+
+	return &this->public;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Described in header.
+ */
+void netlink_add_attribute(struct nlmsghdr *hdr, int rta_type, chunk_t data,
+						  size_t buflen)
+{
+	struct rtattr *rta;
+
+	if (NLMSG_ALIGN(hdr->nlmsg_len) + RTA_LENGTH(data.len) > buflen)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to add attribute, buffer too small");
+		return;
+	}
+
+	rta = (struct rtattr*)(((char*)hdr) + NLMSG_ALIGN(hdr->nlmsg_len));
+	rta->rta_type = rta_type;
+	rta->rta_len = RTA_LENGTH(data.len);
+	memcpy(RTA_DATA(rta), data.ptr, data.len);
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_ALIGN(hdr->nlmsg_len) + rta->rta_len;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Described in header.
+ */
+void* netlink_reserve(struct nlmsghdr *hdr, int buflen, int type, int len)
+{
+	struct rtattr *rta;
+
+	if (NLMSG_ALIGN(hdr->nlmsg_len) + RTA_LENGTH(len) > buflen)
+	{
+		DBG1(DBG_KNL, "unable to add attribute, buffer too small");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	rta = ((void*)hdr) + NLMSG_ALIGN(hdr->nlmsg_len);
+	rta->rta_type = type;
+	rta->rta_len = RTA_LENGTH(len);
+	hdr->nlmsg_len = NLMSG_ALIGN(hdr->nlmsg_len) + rta->rta_len;
+
+	return RTA_DATA(rta);
+}
diff --git a/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_shared.h b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_shared.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b034326d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/kernel_netlink_shared.h
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2008 Tobias Brunner
+ * Hochschule fuer Technik Rapperswil
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
+ * Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
+ * option) any later version.  See <http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.txt>.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+ * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * for more details.
+ */
+
+#ifndef KERNEL_NETLINK_SHARED_H_
+#define KERNEL_NETLINK_SHARED_H_
+
+#include <library.h>
+
+#include <linux/rtnetlink.h>
+
+/**
+ * Default buffer size.
+ *
+ * 1024 byte is currently sufficient for all operations.
+ */
+#ifndef KERNEL_NETLINK_BUFSIZE
+#define KERNEL_NETLINK_BUFSIZE 1024
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * General purpose netlink buffer.
+ *
+ * Some platforms require an enforced aligment to four bytes (e.g. ARM).
+ */
+typedef union {
+	struct nlmsghdr hdr;
+	u_char bytes[KERNEL_NETLINK_BUFSIZE];
+} netlink_buf_t __attribute__((aligned(RTA_ALIGNTO)));
+
+typedef struct netlink_socket_t netlink_socket_t;
+
+/**
+ * Wrapper around a netlink socket.
+ */
+struct netlink_socket_t {
+
+	/**
+	 * Send a netlink message and wait for a reply.
+	 *
+	 * @param	in		netlink message to send
+	 * @param	out 	received netlink message
+	 * @param	out_len	length of the received message
+	 */
+	status_t (*send)(netlink_socket_t *this, struct nlmsghdr *in,
+					 struct nlmsghdr **out, size_t *out_len);
+
+	/**
+	 * Send a netlink message and wait for its acknowledge.
+	 *
+	 * @param	in		netlink message to send
+	 */
+	status_t (*send_ack)(netlink_socket_t *this, struct nlmsghdr *in);
+
+	/**
+	 * Destroy the socket.
+	 */
+	void (*destroy)(netlink_socket_t *this);
+};
+
+/**
+ * Create a netlink_socket_t object.
+ *
+ * @param protocol	protocol type (e.g. NETLINK_XFRM or NETLINK_ROUTE)
+ * @param names		optional enum names for Netlink messages
+ * @param parallel	support parallel queries on this Netlink socket
+ */
+netlink_socket_t *netlink_socket_create(int protocol, enum_name_t *names,
+										bool parallel);
+
+/**
+ * Creates an rtattr and adds it to the given netlink message.
+ *
+ * @param hdr			netlink message
+ * @param rta_type		type of the rtattr
+ * @param data			data to add to the rtattr
+ * @param buflen		length of the netlink message buffer
+ */
+void netlink_add_attribute(struct nlmsghdr *hdr, int rta_type, chunk_t data,
+						   size_t buflen);
+
+/**
+ * Reserve space in a netlink message for given size and type, returning buffer.
+ *
+ * @param hdr			netlink message
+ * @param buflen		size of full netlink buffer
+ * @param type			RTA type
+ * @param len			length of RTA data
+ * @return				buffer to len bytes of attribute data, NULL on error
+ */
+void* netlink_reserve(struct nlmsghdr *hdr, int buflen, int type, int len);
+
+#endif /* KERNEL_NETLINK_SHARED_H_ */
diff --git a/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/suites/test_socket.c b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/suites/test_socket.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e8facd0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/suites/test_socket.c
@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 Martin Willi
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 revosec AG
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
+ * Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
+ * option) any later version.  See <http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.txt>.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+ * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * for more details.
+ */
+
+#include <test_suite.h>
+
+#include <threading/thread.h>
+
+#include "../kernel_netlink_shared.h"
+
+/**
+ * Netlink message drop configuration
+ */
+static int drop_interval = 0;
+
+/**
+ * Netlink message drop hook
+ */
+bool netlink_msg_loss(struct nlmsghdr *hdr)
+{
+	static refcount_t i;
+
+	if (drop_interval)
+	{
+		return ref_get(&i) % drop_interval == drop_interval - 1;
+	}
+	return FALSE;
+}
+
+START_TEST(test_echo)
+{
+	netlink_socket_t *s;
+	struct nlmsghdr *out;
+	struct rtmsg *msg;
+	char dst[] = {
+		127,0,0,1
+	};
+	size_t len;
+	netlink_buf_t request = {
+		.hdr = {
+			.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtmsg)),
+			.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST,
+			.nlmsg_type = RTM_GETROUTE,
+		},
+	};
+
+	msg = NLMSG_DATA(&request.hdr);
+	msg->rtm_family = AF_INET;
+	netlink_add_attribute(&request.hdr, RTA_DST,
+						  chunk_from_thing(dst), sizeof(request));
+
+	s = netlink_socket_create(NETLINK_ROUTE, NULL, _i != 0);
+
+	ck_assert(s->send(s, &request.hdr, &out, &len) == SUCCESS);
+	ck_assert_int_eq(out->nlmsg_type, RTM_NEWROUTE);
+	free(out);
+	s->destroy(s);
+}
+END_TEST
+
+START_TEST(test_echo_dump)
+{
+	netlink_socket_t *s;
+	struct nlmsghdr *out, *current;
+	struct rtgenmsg *msg;
+	size_t len;
+	netlink_buf_t request = {
+		.hdr = {
+			.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtgenmsg)),
+			.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_MATCH | NLM_F_ROOT,
+			.nlmsg_type = RTM_GETLINK,
+		},
+	};
+
+	s = netlink_socket_create(NETLINK_ROUTE, NULL, _i != 0);
+	msg = NLMSG_DATA(&request.hdr);
+	msg->rtgen_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+
+	ck_assert(s->send(s, &request.hdr, &out, &len) == SUCCESS);
+	current = out;
+	while (TRUE)
+	{
+		ck_assert(NLMSG_OK(current, len));
+		if (current->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_DONE)
+		{
+			break;
+		}
+		ck_assert_int_eq(current->nlmsg_type, RTM_NEWLINK);
+		current = NLMSG_NEXT(current, len);
+	}
+	free(out);
+	s->destroy(s);
+}
+END_TEST
+
+CALLBACK(stress, void*,
+	netlink_socket_t *s)
+{
+	struct nlmsghdr *out;
+	struct rtmsg *msg;
+	char dst[] = {
+		127,0,0,1
+	};
+	size_t len;
+	int i;
+	netlink_buf_t request = {
+		.hdr = {
+			.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtmsg)),
+			.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST,
+			.nlmsg_type = RTM_GETROUTE,
+		},
+	};
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+	{
+		msg = NLMSG_DATA(&request.hdr);
+		msg->rtm_family = AF_INET;
+		netlink_add_attribute(&request.hdr, RTA_DST,
+							  chunk_from_thing(dst), sizeof(request));
+
+		ck_assert(s->send(s, &request.hdr, &out, &len) == SUCCESS);
+		ck_assert_int_eq(out->nlmsg_type, RTM_NEWROUTE);
+		free(out);
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+CALLBACK(stress_dump, void*,
+	netlink_socket_t *s)
+{
+	struct nlmsghdr *out, *current;
+	struct rtgenmsg *msg;
+	size_t len;
+	int i;
+	netlink_buf_t request = {
+		.hdr = {
+			.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtgenmsg)),
+			.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_MATCH | NLM_F_ROOT,
+			.nlmsg_type = RTM_GETLINK,
+		},
+	};
+
+	msg = NLMSG_DATA(&request.hdr);
+	msg->rtgen_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+	{
+		ck_assert(s->send(s, &request.hdr, &out, &len) == SUCCESS);
+		current = out;
+		while (TRUE)
+		{
+			ck_assert(NLMSG_OK(current, len));
+			if (current->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_DONE)
+			{
+				break;
+			}
+			ck_assert_int_eq(current->nlmsg_type, RTM_NEWLINK);
+			current = NLMSG_NEXT(current, len);
+		}
+		free(out);
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+START_TEST(test_stress)
+{
+	thread_t *threads[10];
+	netlink_socket_t *s;
+	int i;
+
+	s = netlink_socket_create(NETLINK_ROUTE, NULL, _i != 0);
+	for (i = 0; i < countof(threads); i++)
+	{
+		threads[i] = thread_create(stress, s);
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < countof(threads); i++)
+	{
+		threads[i]->join(threads[i]);
+	}
+	s->destroy(s);
+}
+END_TEST
+
+START_TEST(test_stress_dump)
+{
+	thread_t *threads[10];
+	netlink_socket_t *s;
+	int i;
+
+	s = netlink_socket_create(NETLINK_ROUTE, NULL, _i != 0);
+	for (i = 0; i < countof(threads); i++)
+	{
+		threads[i] = thread_create(stress_dump, s);
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < countof(threads); i++)
+	{
+		threads[i]->join(threads[i]);
+	}
+	s->destroy(s);
+}
+END_TEST
+
+START_TEST(test_retransmit_success)
+{
+	netlink_socket_t *s;
+	struct nlmsghdr *out;
+	struct rtgenmsg *msg;
+	size_t len;
+	netlink_buf_t request = {
+		.hdr = {
+			.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtgenmsg)),
+			.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_MATCH | NLM_F_ROOT,
+			.nlmsg_type = RTM_GETLINK,
+		},
+	};
+
+	drop_interval = 2;
+
+	lib->settings->set_int(lib->settings,
+							"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.timeout", 100, lib->ns);
+	lib->settings->set_int(lib->settings,
+							"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.retries", 1, lib->ns);
+
+	s = netlink_socket_create(NETLINK_ROUTE, NULL, _i != 0);
+	msg = NLMSG_DATA(&request.hdr);
+	msg->rtgen_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+
+	ck_assert(s->send(s, &request.hdr, &out, &len) == SUCCESS);
+	free(out);
+	s->destroy(s);
+
+	drop_interval = 0;
+}
+END_TEST
+
+START_TEST(test_retransmit_fail)
+{
+	netlink_socket_t *s;
+	struct nlmsghdr *out;
+	struct rtgenmsg *msg;
+	size_t len;
+	netlink_buf_t request = {
+		.hdr = {
+			.nlmsg_len = NLMSG_LENGTH(sizeof(struct rtgenmsg)),
+			.nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_MATCH | NLM_F_ROOT,
+			.nlmsg_type = RTM_GETLINK,
+		},
+	};
+
+	drop_interval = 1;
+
+	lib->settings->set_int(lib->settings,
+							"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.timeout", 50, lib->ns);
+	lib->settings->set_int(lib->settings,
+							"%s.plugins.kernel-netlink.retries", 3, lib->ns);
+
+	s = netlink_socket_create(NETLINK_ROUTE, NULL, _i != 0);
+	msg = NLMSG_DATA(&request.hdr);
+	msg->rtgen_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+
+	ck_assert(s->send(s, &request.hdr, &out, &len) == OUT_OF_RES);
+	s->destroy(s);
+
+	drop_interval = 0;
+}
+END_TEST
+
+Suite *socket_suite_create()
+{
+	Suite *s;
+	TCase *tc;
+
+	s = suite_create("netlink socket");
+
+	tc = tcase_create("echo");
+	tcase_add_loop_test(tc, test_echo, 0, 2);
+	tcase_add_loop_test(tc, test_echo_dump, 0, 2);
+	suite_add_tcase(s, tc);
+
+	tc = tcase_create("stress");
+	tcase_add_loop_test(tc, test_stress, 0, 2);
+	tcase_add_loop_test(tc, test_stress_dump, 0, 2);
+	suite_add_tcase(s, tc);
+
+	tc = tcase_create("retransmit");
+	tcase_add_loop_test(tc, test_retransmit_success, 0, 2);
+	tcase_add_loop_test(tc, test_retransmit_fail, 0, 2);
+	suite_add_tcase(s, tc);
+
+	return s;
+}
diff --git a/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/tests.c b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/tests.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a1799ea70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/tests.c
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 Martin Willi
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 revosec AG
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
+ * Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
+ * option) any later version.  See <http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.txt>.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+ * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * for more details.
+ */
+
+#include <test_runner.h>
+
+/* declare test suite constructors */
+#define TEST_SUITE(x) test_suite_t* x();
+#include "tests.h"
+#undef TEST_SUITE
+
+static test_configuration_t tests[] = {
+#define TEST_SUITE(x) \
+	{ .suite = x, },
+#include "tests.h"
+	{ .suite = NULL, }
+};
+
+static bool test_runner_init(bool init)
+{
+	if (init)
+	{
+		lib->processor->set_threads(lib->processor, 8);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		lib->processor->set_threads(lib->processor, 0);
+		lib->processor->cancel(lib->processor);
+	}
+	return TRUE;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	return test_runner_run("kernel-netlink", tests, test_runner_init);
+}
diff --git a/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/tests.h b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/tests.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b6715a78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/libcharon/plugins/kernel_netlink/tests.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 Martin Willi
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 revosec AG
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+ * under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
+ * Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
+ * option) any later version.  See <http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.txt>.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+ * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
+ * for more details.
+ */
+
+TEST_SUITE(socket_suite_create)