path: root/README

                 ----------------------------
                  strongSwan - Configuration
                 ----------------------------


Contents
--------

   1. Overview
   2. Quickstart
	2.1 Site-to-Site case
	2.2 Host-to-Host case
	2.3 Four Tunnel case
	2.4 Four Tunnel case the elegant way with source routing
	2.5 Roadwarrior case
	2.6 Roadwarrior case with virtual IP
   3. Generating X.509 certificates and CRLs with OpenSSL
	3.1 Generating a CA certificate
	3.2 Generating a host or user certificate
	3.3 Generating a CRL
	3.4 Revoking a certificate
   4. Configuring the connections - ipsec.conf
	4.1 Configuring my side
	4.2 Multiple certificates
	4.3 Configuring the peer side using CA certificates
	4.4 Handling Virtual IPs and wildcard subnets
	4.5 Protocol and port selectors
	4.6 IPsec policies based on wildcards
	4.7 IPsec policies based on CA certificates
	4.8 Sending certificate requests
	4.9 IPsec policies based on group attributes
   5. Configuring certificates and CRLs
	5.1 Installing CA certificates
	5.2 Installing optional Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs)
	5.3 Dynamic update of certificates and CRLs
	5.4 Local caching of CRLs
	5.5 Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP)
	5.6 CRL policy
	5.7 Configuring the peer side using locally stored certificates
   6. Configuring the private keys - ipsec.secrets
	6.1 Loading private key files in PKCS#1 format
	6.2 Entering passphrases interactively
	6.3 Multiple private keys
   7. Configuring CA properties - ipsec.conf
   8. Smartcard support
	8.1 Configuring a smartcard-based connection
	8.2 Entering the PIN code
	8.3 PIN-pad equipped smartcard readers
	8.4 Configuring a smartcard using pkcs15-init
        8.5 PKCS#1 proxy functions
   9. Configuring the clients
	9.1 strongSwan
	9.2 PGPnet
	9.3 Safenet/Soft-Remote
	9.4 SSH Sentinel
	9.5 Windows 2000/XP
  10. Monitoring functions
  11. Firewall support functions
       11.1 Environment variables in the updown script
       11.2 Automatic insertion and deletion of iptables firewall rules
       11.3 Sample Linux 2.6 _updown_espmark script for iptables < 1.3.5
  12. Authentication with raw RSA public keys
  13. Authentication with OpenPGP certificates
       13.1 OpenPGP certificates
       13.2 OpenPGP private keys
       13.3 Monitoring functions
       13.4 Suppression of certificate request messages
  14. Additional features
       14.1 Authentication and encryption algorithms
       14.2 NAT traversal
       14.3 Dead peer detection
       14.4 IKE Mode Config Pull Mode
       14.5 IKE Mode Config Push Mode
       14.6 XAUTH - Extended Authentication  (NEW)
  15. Copyright statement and acknowledgements


1. Overview
   --------

strongSwan is an OpenSource IPsec solution for the Linux operating system
and currently supports the following features:

  * runs on Linux 2.6 (native IPsec) kernels.

  * strong 3DES, AES, Serpent, Twofish, or Blowfish encryption.

  * Authentication based on X.509 certificates or preshared secrets.

  * IPsec policies based on wildcards or intermediate CAs.

  * Powerful and flexible IPsec policies based on group attributes.

  * Retrieval of Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) via HTTP or LDAP.

  * Local caching of fetched CRLs

  * Full support of the Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP, RFC 2560).

  * CA management functions including OCSP and CRL URIs and default LDAP server.

  * Optional storage of RSA private keys on smartcards or USB crypto tokens

  * Standardized PKCS#11 interface with optional proxy functions serving 
    external applications (disc encryption, etc.).
 
  * NAT-Traversal (RFC 3947)

  * Support of Virtual IPs via static configuration and IKE Mode Config

  * XAUTH client and server functionality in conjunction with either PSK
    or RSA IKE Main Mode authentication.

  * Support of Delete SA and informational Notification messages.

  * Dead Peer Detection (DPD, RFC 3706)

Compatibility has successfully been tested with peers running the following
IPsec clients:

  FreeS/WAN, Openswan, SafeNet/SoftRemote, NCP Secure Entry Client,
  SonicWALL Global VPN Client, The GreenBow, Microsoft Windows 2000/XP, etc.

Furthermore, interoperability with the following VPN gateways
has been demonstrated during the IPsec 2001 Conference in Paris:

  Cisco IOS Routers, Cisco PIX firewall, Cisco VPN3000,
  Nortel Contivity VPN Switch, NetScreen (FreeS/WAN as responder only),
  OpenBSD with isakmpd, Netasq, Netcelo, and 6WIND.

Potentially any IPsec implementation with X.509 certificate support can
be made to cooperate with strongSwan. The latest addition has been the successful
interoperability with the Check Point VPN-1 NG gateway.


2. Quickstart
   ----------
   
In the following examples we assume for reasons of clarity that left designates
the local host and that right is the remote host. Certificates for users, hosts
and gateways are issued by a fictitious strongSwan CA. How to generate private keys
and certificates using OpenSSL will be explained in section 3. The CA certificate
"strongswanCert.pem" must be present on all VPN end points in order to be able to
authenticate the peers.


2.1 Site-to-site case
    -----------------

In this scenario two security gateways moon and sun will connect the
two subnets moon-net and sun-net with each other through a VPN tunnel
set up between the two gateways:

    10.1.0.0/16 -- | 192.168.0.1 | === | 192.168.0.2 | -- 10.2.0.0/16
      moon-net          moon                 sun           sun-net

Configuration on gateway moon:

   /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/strongswanCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.d/certs/moonCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.secrets:

     : RSA moonKey.pem "<optional passphrase>"

   /etc/ipsec.conf:

     conn net-net
	  left=%defaultroute
	  leftsubnet=10.1.0.0/16
	  leftcert=moonCert.pem
	  right=192.168.0.2
	  rightsubnet=10.2.0.0/16
	  rightid="C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=sun.strongswan.org"
	  auto=start

Configuration on gateway sun:

   /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/strongswanCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.d/certs/sunCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.secrets:

     : RSA sunKey.pem "<optional passphrase>"

   /etc/ipsec.conf:

     conn net-net
	  left=%defaultroute
	  leftsubnet=10.2.0.0/16
	  leftcert=sunCert.pem
	  right=192.168.0.1
	  rightsubnet=10.1.0.0/16
	  rightid="C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=moon.strongswan.org"
	  auto=start


2.2 Host-to-host case
    -----------------

This is a setup between two single hosts which don't have a subnet behind
them. Although IPsec transport mode would be sufficient for host-to-host
connections we will use the default IPsec tunnel mode.

    | 192.168.0.1 | === | 192.168.0.2 |
         moon                sun

Configuration on host moon:

   /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/strongswanCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.d/certs/moonCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.secrets:

     : RSA moonKey.pem "<optional passphrase>"

   /etc/ipsec.conf:

     conn host-host
	  left=%defaultroute
	  leftcert=moonCert.pem
	  right=192.168.0.2
	  rightid="C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=sun.strongswan.org"
	  auto=start

Configuration on host sun:

   /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/strongswanCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.d/certs/sunCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.secrets:

     : RSA sunKey.pem "<optional passphrase>"

   /etc/ipsec.conf:

     conn host-host
	  left=%defaultroute
	  leftcert=sunCert.pem
	  right=192.168.0.1
	  rightid="C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=moon.strongswan.org"
	  auto=start


2.3 Four Tunnel case
    ----------------

In a site-to-site setup a system administrator logged into the local gateway
often would like to access the peer gateway or a server in the subnet behind
the peer gateway over a secure IPsec tunnel.Since IP packets leaving a gateway
via the outer network interface carry the IP address of this NIC, four IPsec
Security Associations (SAs) must be set up to achieve full connectivity. The
example below shows how this can be done without much additional typing work ,
using the "also" macro which includes connection definitions defined farther
down in the ipsec.conf file.

   10.1.0.0/16 -- | 192.168.0.1 | === | 192.168.0.2 | -- 10.2.0.0/16
    moon-net           moon                 sun           sun-net

Configuration on gateway moon:

   /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/strongswanCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.d/certs/moonCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.secrets:

     : RSA moonKey.pem "<optional passphrase>"

   /etc/ipsec.conf:

     conn net-net
	  leftsubnet=10.1.0.0/16
	  rightsubnet=10.2.0.0/16
	  also host-host

     conn net-host
	  leftsubnet=10.1.0.0/16
	  also host-host

     conn host-net
	  rightsubnet=10.2.0.0/16
	  also host-host

     conn host-host
	  left=%defaultroute
	  leftcert=moonCert.pem
	  right=192.168.0.2
	  rightid="C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=sun.strongswan.org"
	  auto=start

Configuration on gateway sun:

   /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/strongswanCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.d/certs/sunCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.secrets:

     : RSA sunKey.pem "<optional passphrase>"

   /etc/ipsec.conf:

     conn net-net
	  leftsubnet=10.2.0.0/16
	  rightsubnet=10.1.0.0/16
	  also=host-host

     conn net-host
	  leftsubnet=10.2.0.0/16
	  also=host-host

     conn host-net
	  rightsubnet=10.1.0.0/16
	  also=host-host

     conn host-host
	  left=%defaultroute
	  leftcert=sunCert.pem
	  right=192.168.0.1
	  rightid="C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=moon.strongswan.org"
	  auto=start


2.4 The four tunnel case the elegant way with source routing
    --------------------------------------------------------

As you certainly agree, the full four tunnel case described in the previous
section becomes quite complex. If we could force the source address of the
IP packets leaving the gateway through the outer interface to take on the
IP address of the inner interface then we could use the single subnet-to-subnet
tunnel from section 2.1. Such a setup becomes possible if we use the
source routing capabilites of the ip route command that is already used
by strongSwan's updown scripts.

    10.1.0.0/16 -- | 192.168.0.1 | === | 192.168.0.2 | -- 10.2.0.0/16
      moon-net          moon                sun            sun-net

If we assume that the inner IP address of gateway moon is 10.1.0.1
and the inner IP address of gateway sun is 10.2.0.1 then the
insertion of the parameter

    leftsourceip=10.1.0.1
   
in the connection definition of moon and

      leftsourceip=10.2.0.1
  
on sun, respectively, will install source routing on both gateways.
As a result the command

      ping 10.2.0.1
  
executed on moon will leave the gateway with a source address of
10.1.0.1 and will therefore take the net-net IPsec tunnel.

Configuration on gateway moon:

   /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/strongswanCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.d/certs/moonCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.secrets:

     : RSA moonKey.pem "<optional passphrase>"

   /etc/ipsec.conf:

     conn net-net
	  left=%defaultroute
	  leftsourceip=10.1.0.1
	  leftsubnet=10.1.0.0/16
	  leftcert=moonCert.pem
	  right=192.168.0.2
	  rightsubnet=10.2.0.0/16
	  rightid="C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=sun.strongswan.org"
	  auto=start

Configuration on gateway sun:

   /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/strongswanCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.d/certs/sunCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.secrets:

     : RSA sunKey.pem "<optional passphrase>"

   /etc/ipsec.conf:

     conn net-net
	  left=%defaultroute
	  leftsubnet=10.2.0.0/16
	  leftsourceip=10.2.0.1
	  leftcert=sunCert.pem
	  right=192.168.0.1
	  rightsubnet=10.1.0.0/16
	  rightid="C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=moon.strongswan.org"
	  auto=start


2.5 Roadwarrior case
    ----------------

This is a very common case where a strongSwan gateway serves an arbitrary number
of remote VPN clients usually having dynamic IP addresses.

    10.1.0.0/16 -- | 192.168.0.1 | === | x.x.x.x |
      moon-net          moon              carol

Configuration on gateway moon:

   /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/strongswanCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.d/certs/moonCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.secrets:

     : RSA moonKey.pem "<optional passphrase>"

   /etc/ipsec.conf:

     conn rw
	  left=%defaultroute
	  leftsubnet=10.1.0.0/16
	  leftcert=moonCert.pem
          right=%any
	  auto=add

Configuration on roadwarrior carol:

   /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/strongswanCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.d/certs/carolCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.secrets:

     : RSA carolKey.pem "<optional passphrase>"

   /etc/ipsec.conf:

     conn home
	  left=%defaultroute
	  leftcert=carolCert.pem
	  right=192.168.0.1
	  rightsubnet=10.1.0.0/16
	  rightid="C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=moon.strongswan.org"
	  auto=start


2.6 Roadwarrior case with virtual IP
    --------------------------------

Roadwarriors usually have dynamic IP addresses assigned by the ISP they are
currently attached to. In order to simplify the routing from moon-net back
to the remote access client carol it would be desirable if the roadwarrior had
an inner IP address chosen from a pre-assigned pool.
 
    10.1.0.0/16 -- | 192.168.0.1 | === | x.x.x.x | -- 10.3.0.1
      moon-net          moon              carol       virtual IP

This virtual IP address can be assigned to a strongSwan roadwarrior by adding 
the parameter

    leftsourceip=10.3.0.1
    
to the roadwarrior's ipsec.conf. Of course the virtual IP of each roadwarrior
must be distinct. In our example it is chosen from the address pool

    rightsubnetwithin=10.3.0.0/16
    
which can be added to the gateway's ipsec.conf so that a single connection
definition can handle multiple roadwarriors.

Configuration on gateway moon:

   /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/strongswanCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.d/certs/moonCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.secrets:

     : RSA moonKey.pem "<optional passphrase>"

   /etc/ipsec.conf:

     conn rw
	  left=%defaultroute
	  leftsubnet=10.1.0.0/16
	  leftcert=moonCert.pem
	  right=%any
	  rightsubnetwithin=10.3.0.0/16
	  auto=add

Configuration on roadwarrior carol:

   /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/strongswanCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.d/certs/carolCert.pem

   /etc/ipsec.secrets:

     : RSA carolKey.pem "<optional passphrase>"

   /etc/ipsec.conf:

     conn home
	  left=%defaultroute
	  leftsourceip=10.3.0.1
	  leftcert=carolCert.pem
	  right=192.168.0.1
	  rightsubnet=10.1.0.0/16
	  rightid="C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=moon.strongswan.org"
	  auto=start


3. Generating certificates and CRLs with OpenSSL
   ---------------------------------------------

This section is not a full-blown tutorial on how to use OpenSSL. It just lists
a few points that are relevant if you want to generate your own certificates
and CRLs for use with strongSwan.


3.1 Generating a CA certificate
    ---------------------------

The OpenSSL statement

     openssl req -x509 -days 1460 -newkey rsa:2048 \
                 -keyout strongswanKey.pem -out strongswanCert.pem

creates a 2048 bit RSA private key strongswanKey.pem and a self-signed CA
certificate strongswanCert.pem with a validity of 4 years (1460 days).

     openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -text

lists the properties of  a X.509 certificate cert.pem. It allows you to verify
whether the configuration defaults in openssl.cnf have been inserted correctly.

If you prefer the CA certificate to be in binary DER format then the following
command achieves this transformation:

     openssl x509 -in strongswanCert.pem -outform DER -out strongswanCert.der

The directory /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts contains all required CA certificates either
in binary DER or in base64 PEM format. Irrespective of the file suffix, Pluto
"automagically" determines the correct format.


3.2 Generating a host or user certificate
    -------------------------------------

The OpenSSL statement

     openssl req -newkey rsa:1024 -keyout hostKey.pem \
                 -out hostReq.pem

generates a 1024 bit RSA private key hostKey.pem and a certificate request
hostReq.pem which has to be signed by the CA.

If you want to add a subjectAltName field to the host certificate you must edit
the OpenSSL configuration file openssl.cnf and add the following line in the
[ usr_cert ] section:

     subjectAltName=DNS:moon.strongswan.org

if you want to identify the host by its Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN ), or

     subjectAltName=IP:192.168.0.1

if you want the ID to be of type IPV4_ADDR. Of course you could include both
ID types with

     subjectAltName=DNS:moon.strongswan.org,IP:192.168.0.1

but the use of an IP address for the identification of a host should be
discouraged anyway.

For user certificates the appropriate ID type is USER_FQDN which can be
specified as

     subjectAltName=email:carol@strongswan.org

or if the user's e-mail address is part of the subject's distinguished name

     subjectAltName=email:copy

Now the certificate request can be signed by the CA with the command

     openssl ca -in hostReq.pem -days 730 -out hostCert.pem -notext

If you omit the -days option then the default_days value (365 days) specified
in openssl.cnf is used. The -notext option avoids that a human readable
listing of the certificate is prepended to the base64 encoded certificate
body.

If you want to use the dynamic CRL fetching feature described in section 4.7
then you may include one or several crlDistributionPoints in your end
certificates. This can be done in the [ usr_cert ] section of the openssl.cnf
configuration file:

    crlDistributionPoints= @crl_dp

    [ crl_dp ]

    URI.1="http://crl.strongswan.org/strongswan.crl"
    URI.2="ldap://ldap.strongswan.org/cn=strongSwan Root CA, o=Linux strongSwan
      , c=CH?certificateRevocationList"

If you have only a single http distribution point then the short form

    crlDistributionPoints="URI:http://crl.strongswan.org/strongswan.crl"

also works. Due to a known bug in OpenSSL this notation fails with ldap URIs.

Usually a Windows-based VPN client needs its private key, its host or
user certificate, and the CA certificate. The most convenient way to load
this information is to put everything into a  PKCS#12 file:

     openssl pkcs12 -export -inkey carolKey.pem \
                    -in carolCert.pem -name "carol" \
                    -certfile strongswanCert.pem -caname "strongSwan Root CA" \
                    -out carolCert.p12


3.3 Generating a CRL
    ----------------

An empty CRL that is signed by the CA can be generated with the command

     openssl ca -gencrl -crldays 15 -out crl.pem

If you omit the -crldays option then the default_crl_days value (30 days)
specified in openssl.cnf is used.

If you prefer the CRL to be in binary DER format then this conversion
can be achieved with

     openssl crl -in crl.pem -outform DER -out cert.crl

The directory /etc/ipsec.d/crls contains all CRLs either in binary DER
or in base64 PEM format. Irrespective of the file suffix, Pluto
"automagically" determines the correct format.


3.4 Revoking a certificate
    ----------------------

A specific host certificate stored in the file host.pem is revoked with the
command

     openssl ca -revoke host.pem

Next the CRL file must be updated

     openssl ca -gencrl -crldays 60 -out crl.pem

The content of the CRL file can be listed with the command

     openssl crl -in crl.pem -noout -text

in the case of a base64 CRL, or alternatively for a CRL in DER format

     openssl crl -inform DER -in cert.crl -noout -text



4. Configuring the connections - ipsec.conf
   ----------------------------------------

4.1 Configuring my side
    -------------------

Usually the local side is the same for all connections. Therefore it makes
sense to put the definitions characterizing the strongSwan security gateway into
the conn %default section of the configuration file /etc/ipsec.conf. If we
assume throughout this document that the strongSwan security gateway is left and
the peer is right then we can write

conn %default
     # my side is left - the freeswan security gateway
     left=%defaultroute
     leftcert=moonCert.pem
     # load connection definitions automatically
     auto=add

The X.509 certificate by which the strongSwan security gateway will authenticate
itself by sending it in binary form to its peers as part of the Internet Key
Exchange (IKE) is specified in the line

     leftcert=moonCert.pem

The certificate can either be stored in base64 PEM-format or in the binary
DER-format. Irrespective of the file suffix, Pluto "automagically" determines
the correct format. Therefore

     leftcert=moonCert.der

or

     leftcert=moonCert.cer

would also be valid alternatives.

When using relative pathnames as in the examples above, the certificate files
must be stored in in the directory /etc/ipsec.d/certs. In order to distinguish
strongSwan's own certificates from locally stored trusted peer certificates
(see section 5.5 for details), they could also be stored in a subdirectory
below /etc/ipsec.d/certs as e.g. in

    leftcert=mycerts/moonCert.pem

Absolute pathnames are also possible as in

    leftcert=/usr/ssl/certs/moonCert.pem

As an ID for the VPN gateway we recommend the use of a Fully Qualified Domain
Name (FQDN) of the form

conn rw
     right=%any
     leftid=@moon.strongswan.org

Important: When an FQDN identifier is used it must be explicitly included as a
so called subjectAltName of type dnsName (DNS:) in the certificate indicated
by leftcert. For details on how to generate certificates with subjectAltNames,
please refer to section 7.2.

If you don't want to mess with subjectAltNames, you can use the certificate's
Distinguished Name (DN) instead, which is an identifier of type DER_ASN1_DN
and which can be written e.g. in the LDAP-type format

conn rw
     right=%any
     leftid="C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=moon.strongswan.org"

Since the subject's DN is part of the certificate, the leftid does not have to
be declared explicitly. Thus the entry

conn rw
     right=%any

automatically assumes the subject DN of leftcert to be the host ID.


4.2 Multiple certificates
    ---------------------

strongSwan supports multiple local host certificates and corresponding
RSA private keys:

conn rw1
     right=%any
     rightid=@peer1.domain1
     leftcert=myCert1.pem
     # leftid is DN of myCert1

conn rw2
     right=%any
     rightid=@peer2.domain2
     leftcert=myCert2.pem
     # leftid is DN of myCert2

When peer1 initiates a connection then strongSwan will send myCert1 and will
sign with myKey1 defined in /etc/ipsec.secrets (see section 6.2) whereas
myCert2 and myKey2 will be used in a connection setup started from peer2.


4.3 Configuring the peer side using CA certificates
    -----------------------------------------------

Now we can proceed to define our connections. In many applications we might
have dozens of mostly Windows-based road warriors connecting to a central
strongSwan security gateway. The following most simple statement:

conn rw
     right=%any

defines the general roadwarrior case. The line right=%any literally means that
any IPSec peer is accepted, regardless of its current IP source address and its
ID, as long as the peer presents a valid X.509 certificate signed by a CA the
strongSwan security gateway puts explicit trust in. Additionally the signature
during IKE main mode gives proof that the peer is in possession of the private
RSA key matching the public key contained in the transmitted certificate.

The ID by which a peer is identifying itself during IKE main mode can by any of
the ID types IPV4_ADDR, FQDN, USER_FQDN or DER_ASN1_DN. If one of the first
three ID types is used, then the accompanying X.509 certificate of the peer
must contain a matching subjectAltName field of the type ipAddress (IP:),
dnsName (DNS:) or rfc822Name (email:), respectively. With the fourth type
DER_ASN1_DN the identifier must completely match the subject field of the
peer's certificate. One of the two possible representations of a
Distinguished Name (DN) is the LDAP-type format

     rightid="C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=sun.strongswan.org"

Additional whitespace can be added everywhere as desired since it will be
automatically eliminated by the X.509 parser. An exception is the single
whitespace between individual words , like e.g. in Linux strongSwan, which is
preserved by the parser.

The Relative Distinguished Names (RDNs) can alternatively be separated by a
slash '/' instead of a comma ','

     rightid="/C=CH/O=Linux strongSwan/CN=sun.strongswan.org"

This is the representation extracted from the certificate by the OpenSSL
command line option

     openssl x509 -in sunCert.pem -noout -subject

The following RDNs are supported by strongSwan

+---------------------------------------------------+
| DC               Domain Component                 |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| C                Country                          |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| ST               State or province                |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| L                Locality or town                 |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| O                Organisation                     |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| OU               Organisational Unit              |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| CN               Common Name                      |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| ND               NameDistinguisher, used with CN  |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| N                Name                             |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| G                Given name                       |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| S                Surname                          |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| I                Initials                         |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| T                Personal title                   |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| E                E-mail                           |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| Email            E-mail                           |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| emailAddress     E-mail                           |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| SN               Serial number                    |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| serialNumber     Serial number                    |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| D                Description                      |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| ID               X.500 Unique Identifier          |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| UID              User ID                          |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| TCGID            [Siemens] Trust Center Global ID |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| unstructuredName Unstructured Name                |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| UN               Unstructured Name                |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| employeeNumber   Employee Number                  |
|---------------------------------------------------|
| EN               Employee Number                  |
+---------------------------------------------------+

With the roadwarrior connection definition listed above, an IPsec SA for
the strongSwan security gateway moon.strongswan.org itself can be established.
If any roadwarrior should be able to reach e.g. the two subnets 10.1.0.0/24
and 10.1.3.0/24 behind the security gateway then the following connection
definitions will make this possible

conn rw1
     right=%any
     leftsubnet=10.1.0.0/24

conn rw3
     right=%any
     leftsubnet=10.1.3.0/24

If not all peers in possession of a X.509 certificate signed by a specific
certificate authority shall be given access to the Linux security gateway,
then either a subset of them can be barred by listing the serial numbers of
their certificates in a certificate revocation list (CRL) as specified in
section 5.2 or as an alternative, access can be controlled by explicitly
putting a roadwarrior entry for each eligible peer into ipsec.conf:

conn sun
     right=%any
     rightid=@sun.strongswan.org

conn carol
     right=%any
     rightid=carol@strongswan.org

conn dave
     right=%any
     rightid="C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=dave@strongswan.org"

When the IP address of a peer is known to be stable, it can be specified as
well. This entry is mandatory when the strongSwan host wants to act as the
initiator of an IPSec connection.

conn sun
     right=192.168.0.2
     rightid=@sun.strongswan.org

conn carol
     right=192.168.0.100
     rightid=carol@strongswan.org

conn dave
     right=192.168.0.200
     rightid="C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=dave@strongswan.org"

conn venus
     right=192.168.0.50

In the last example the ID types FQDN, USER_FQDN, DER_ASN1_DN and IPV4_ADDR,
respectively, were used. Of course all connection definitions presented so far
have included the lines in the conn %defaults section, comprising among other
a left and leftcert entry.


4.4 Handling Virtual IPs and wildcard subnets
    -----------------------------------------

Often roadwarriors are behind NAT-boxes with IPsec passthrough, which causes
the inner IP source address of an IPsec tunnel to be different from the
outer IP source address usually assigned dynamically by the ISP.
Whereas the varying outer IP address can be handled by the right=%any
construct, the inner IP address or subnet must always be declared in a
connection definition. Therefore for the three roadwarriors rw1 to rw3
connecting to a strongSwan security gateway the following entries are
required in /etc/ipsec.conf:

conn rw1
     right=%any
     righsubnet=10.4.0.5/32

conn rw2
     right=%any
     rightsubnet=10.4.0.47/32

conn rw3
     right=%any
     rightsubnet=10.4.0.128/28

With the wildcard parameter rightsubnetwithin these three entries can be
reduced to the single connection definition

conn rw
     right=%any
     rightsubnetwithin=10.4.0.0/24

Any host will be accepted (of course after successful authentication based on
the peer's X.509 certificate only) if it declares a client subnet lying totally
within the brackets defined by the wildcard subnet definition (in our example
10.4.0.0/24). For each roadwarrior a connection instance tailored to the
subnet of the particular client will be created,based on the generic
rightsubnetwithin template.

This strongSwan feature can also be helpful with VPN clients getting a
dynamically assigned inner IP from a DHCP server located on the NAT router box.


4.5 Protocol and Port Selectors
    ---------------------------

strongSwan offer the possibility to restrict the protocol and optionally the
ports in an IPsec SA using the rightprotoport and leftprotoport parameters.

Some examples:

conn icmp
     right=%any
     rightprotoport=icmp
     left=%defaultroute
     leftid=@moon.strongswan.org
     leftprotoport=icmp

conn http
     right=%any
     rightprotoport=6
     left=%defaultroute
     leftid=@moon.strongswan.org
     leftprotoport=6/80

conn l2tp       # with port wildcard for Mac OS X Panther interoperability
     right=%any
     rightprotoport=17/%any
     left=%defaultroute
     leftid=@moon.strongswan.org
     leftprotoport=17/1701

conn dhcp
     right=%any
     rightprotoport=udp/bootpc
     left=%defaultroute
     leftid=@moon.strongswan.org
     leftsubnet=0.0.0.0/0  #allows DHCP discovery broadcast
     leftprotoport=udp/bootps
     rekey=no
     keylife=20s
     rekeymargin=10s
     auto=add

Protocols and ports can be designated either by their numerical values
or by their acronyms defined in /etc/services.

    ipsec status

shows the following connection definitions:

"icmp": 192.168.0.1[@moon.strongswan.org]:1/0...%any:1/0
"http": 192.168.0.1[@moon.strongswan.org]:6/80...%any:6/0
"l2tp": 192.168.0.1[@moon.strongswan.org]:17/1701...%any:17/%any
"dhcp": 0.0.0.0/0===192.168.0.1[@moon.strongswan.org]:17/67...%any:17/68

Based on the protocol and port selectors appropriate eroutes will be set
up, so that only the specified payload types will pass through the IPsec
tunnel.


4.6 IPsec policies based on wildcards
    ---------------------------------

In large VPN-based remote access networks there is often a requirement that
access to the various parts of an internal network must be granted selectively,
e.g. depending on the group membership of the remote access user. strongSwan
makes this possible by applying wildcard filtering on the VPN user's 
distinguished name (ID_DER_ASN1_DN).

Let's make a practical example:
 
An organization has a sales department (OU=Sales) and a research group
(OU=Research). In the company intranet there are separate subnets for Sales
(10.0.0.0/24) and Research (10.0.1.0/24) but both groups share a common web
server (10.0.2.100). The VPN clients use Virtual IP addresses that are either
assigned statically or via DHCP-over-IPsec. The sales and research departments
use IP addresses from separate DHCP address pools (10.1.0.0/24) and (10.1.1.0/24),
respectively. An X.509 certificate is issued to each employee, containing in its
subject distinguished name the country (C=CH), the company (O=ACME),
the group membership(OU=Sales or OU=Research) and the common name (e.g.
CN=Bart Simpson).

The IPsec policy defined above can now be enforced with the following three
IPsec security associations:

conn sales
     right=%any
     rightid="C=CH, O=ACME, OU=Sales, CN=*"
     rightsubnetwithin=10.1.0.0/24  # Sales DHCP range
     leftsubnet=10.0.0.0/24         # Sales subnet

conn research
     right=%any
     rightid="C=CH, O=ACME, OU=Research, CN=*"
     rightsubnetwithin=10.1.1.0/24   # Research DHCP range
     leftsubnet=10.0.1.0/24          # Research subnet

conn web
     right=%any
     rightid="C=CH, O=ACME, OU=*, CN=*"
     rightsubnetwithin=10.1.0.0/23   # Remote access DHCP range
     leftsubnet=10.0.2.100/32        # Web server
     rightprotoport=tcp              # TCP protocol only
     leftprotoport=tcp/http          # TCP port 80 only

Of course group specific tunneling could be implemented on the
basis of the Virtual IP range specified by the rightsubnetwithin
parameter alone, but the wildcard matching mechanism guarantees that
only authorized user can access the corresponding subnets.

The '*' character is used as a wildcard in relative distinguished names (RDNs).
In order to match a wildcard template, the ID_DER_ASN1_DN of a peer must contain
the same number of RDNs (selected from the list in section 4.3) appearing in the
exact order defined by the template.

    "C=CH, O=ACME, OU=Research, OU=Special Effects, CN=Bart Simpson"

matches the templates

    "C=CH, O=ACME, OU=Research, OU=*, CN=*"

    "C=CH, O=ACME, OU=*, OU=Special Effects, CN=*"

    "C=CH, O=ACME, OU=*, OU=*, CN=*"

but not the template

    "C=CH, O=ACME, OU=*, CN=*"

which doesn't have the same number of RDNs.


4.7 IPsec policies based on CA certificates
    ---------------------------------------

As an alternative to the wildcard based IPsec policies described in section 4.6,
access to specific client host and subnets can abe controlled on the basis of
the CA that issued the peer certificate


conn sales
     right=%any
     rightca="C=CH, O=ACME, OU=Sales, CN=Sales CA"
     rightsubnetwithin=10.1.0.0/24  # Sales DHCP range
     leftsubnet=10.0.0.0/24         # Sales subnet

conn research
     right=%any
     rightca="C=CH, O=ACME, OU=Research, CN=Research CA"
     rightsubnetwithin=10.1.1.0/24   # Research DHCP range
     leftsubnet=10.0.1.0/24          # Research subnet

conn web
     right=%any
     rightca="C=CH, O=ACME, CN=ACME Root CA"
     rightsubnetwithin=10.1.0.0/23   # Remote access DHCP range
     leftsubnet=10.0.2.100/32        # Web server
     rightprotoport=tcp              # TCP protocol only
     leftprotoport=tcp/http          # TCP port 80 only

In the example above, the connection "sales" can be used by peers
presenting certificates issued by the Sales CA, only. In the same way,
the use of the connection "research" is restricted to owners of certificates
issued by the Research CA. The connection "web" is open to both "Sales" and
"Research" peers because the required "ACME Root CA" is the issuer of the
Research and Sales intermediate CAs. If no rightca parameter is present
then any valid certificate issued by one of the trusted CAs in
/etc/ipsec.d/cacerts can be used by the peer.

The leftca parameter usually doesn't have to be set explicitly because
by default it is set to the issuer field of the certificate loaded via
leftcert. The statement

     rightca=%same

sets the CA requested from the peer to the CA used by the left side itself
as e.g. in

conn sales
     right=%any
     rightca=%same
     leftcert=mySalesCert.pem


4.8 Sending certificate requests
    ----------------------------

The presence of a rightca parameter also causes the CA to be sent as
part of the certificate request message when strongSwan is the initiator.
A special case occurs when strongSwan responds to a roadwarrior. If several
roadwarrior connections based on different CAs are defined then all eligible
CAs will be listed in Pluto�s certificate request message.


4.9 IPsec policies based on group attributes
    ----------------------------------------

X.509 attribute certificates are the most powerful mechanism for implementing
IPsec security policies. The rightgroups parameter in a connection definition
restricts the access to members of the listed groups only. An IPsec peer must
have a valid attribute certificate issued by a trusted Authorization Authority
and listing one of the requirede group attributes in order to get admitted.

conn sales
     right=%any
     rightgroups="Sales"
     rightsubnetwithin=10.1.0.0/24  # Sales DHCP range
     leftsubnet=10.0.0.0/24         # Sales subnet

conn research
     right=%any
     rightgroups="Research"
     rightsubnetwithin=10.1.1.0/24   # Research DHCP range
     leftsubnet=10.0.1.0/24          # Research subnet

conn web
     right=%any
     rightgroups="Sales, Research"
     rightsubnetwithin=10.1.0.0/23   # Remote access DHCP range
     leftsubnet=10.0.2.100/32        # Web server
     rightprotoport=tcp              # TCP protocol only
     leftprotoport=tcp/http          # TCP port 80 only

In the examples above membership of the group "Sales" is required for
connection sales and membership of "Research" for connection research
whereas connection web is accessible for both groups.

Currently the attribute certificates of the peers must be loaded statically
via the /etc/ipsec.d/acerts/ directory. In future releases of strongSwan it
will be possible to fetch them from an LDAP directory server.


5. Configuring certificates and CRLs
   ---------------------------------


5.1 Installing the CA certificates
    ------------------------------

X.509 certificates received by strongSwan during the IKE protocol are
automatically authenticated by going up the trust chain until a self-signed
root CA certificate is reached. Usually host certificates are directly signed
by a root CA, but strongSwan also supports multi-level hierarchies with
intermediate CAs in between. All CA certificates belonging to a trust chain
must be copied in either binary DER or base64 PEM format into the directory

     /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/


5.2 Installing optional certificate revocation lists (CRLs)
    -------------------------------------------------------

By copying a CA certificate into /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/, automatically all user
or host certificates issued by this CA are declared valid. Unfortunately
private keys might get compromised inadvertently or intentionally, personal
certificates of users leaving a company have to be blocked immediately, etc.
To this purpose certificate revocation lists (CRLs) have been created. CRLs
contain the serial numbers of all user or host certificates that have been
revoked due to various reasons.

After successful verification of the X.509 trust chain, Pluto searches its
list of CRLs either obtained by loading them from the /etc/ipsec.d/crls/
directory or fetching them dynamically from a HTTP or LDAP server for the
presence of a CRL issued by the CA that has signed the certificate.

If the serial number of the certificate is found in the CRL then the public key
contained in the certificate is declared invalid and the IPSec SA will not be
established. If no CRL is found or if the deadline defined in the nextUpdate
field of the CRL has been reached, a warning is issued but the public key will
nevertheless be accepted. CRLs must be stored either in binary DER or base64 PEM
format in the crls directory. Section 7.3 will explain in detail how CRLs can
be created using OpenSSL.


5.3 Dynamic update of certificates and CRLs
    ---------------------------------------

Pluto reads certificates and CRLs from their respective files during system
startup and keeps them in memory in the form of chained lists. X.509
certificates have a finite life span defined by their validity field. Therefore
it must be possible to replace CA or OCSP certificates kept in system memory
without disturbing established ISAKMP SAs. Certificate revocation lists should
also be updated in the regular intervals indicated by the nextUpdate field in
the CRL body. The following interactive commands allow the manual replacement
of the various files:

+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ipsec rereadsecrets       reload file /etc/ipsec.secrets                  |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ipsec rereadcacerts       reload all files in /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/       |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ipsec rereadaacerts       reload all files in /etc/ipsec.d/aacerts/       |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ipsec rereadocspcerts     reload all files in /etc/ipsec.d/ocspcerts/     |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ipsec rereadacerts        reload all files in /etc/ipsec.d/acerts/        |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ipsec rereadcrls          reload all files in /etc/ipsec.d/crls/          |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ipsec rereadall           ipsec rereadsecrets                             |
|                                 rereadcacerts                             |
|                                 rereadaacerts                             |
|                                 rereadocspcerts                           |
|                                 rereadacerts                              |
|                                 rereadcrls                                |
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| ipsec purgeocsp           purge the OCSP cache and fetching requests      |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+

CRLs can also be automatically fetched from an HTTP or LDAP server by using
the CRL distribution points contained in X.509 certificates. The command

    ipsec listcrls
    
shows any pending fetch requests:

  Oct 31 00:29:53 2002, trials: 2
         issuer:  'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=strongSwan Root CA'
         distPts: 'http://crl.strongswan.org/strongswan.crl'
	          'ldap://ldap.strongswan.org/o=Linux strongSwan, c=CH
		     ?certificateRevocationList?base
		     ?(objectClass=certificationAuthority)'

In the example above, an http and an ldap URL were extracted from a received
end certificate. An independent thread then tries to fetch a CRL from the
designated distribution points. The same thread also periodically checks
if any loaded CRLs are about to expire. The check interval can be defined in
the "config setup" section of the ipsec.conf file:

   config setup
       crlcheckinterval=600

In our example the thread wakes up every 600 seconds or 10 minutes in order
to check the validity of the CRLs or to retry any pending fetch requests:

  List of X.509 CRLs:
  
  Dec 19 09:35:31 2002, revoked certs: 40
         issuer:  'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=strongSwan Root CA'
         distPts: 'http://crl.strongswan.org/strongswan.crl'
         updates:  this Dec 19 09:35:00 2002
                   next Dec 19 10:35:00 2002 warning (expires in 19 minutes)

  List of fetch requests:

  Dec 19 10:15:31 2002, trials: 1
        issuer:  'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=strongSwan Root CA'
        distPts: 'http://crl.strongwan.org/strongswan.crl'

The first trial to update a CRL is started 2*crlcheckinterval before the
nextUpdate time, i.e. when less than 20 minutes are left in our practical
example. When crlcheckinterval is set to 0 (this is also the default value
when the parameter is not set in ipsec.conf) then the CRL checking and updating 
thread is not started and dynamic CRL fetching is disabled.


5.4 Local caching of CRLs
    ---------------------

The the ipsec.conf option

   config setup
        cachecrls=yes

activates the local caching of CRLs that were dynamically fetched from an
HTTP or LDAP server. Cached copies are stored in /etc/ipsec.d/crls under a
unique filename formed from the issuer's SubjectKeyIdentifier and the suffix .crl.

With the cached copy the CRL is immediately available after pluto's startup.
When the local copy is about to expire it is automatically replaced with an
updated CRL fetched from one of the defined CRL distribution points.


5.5 Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP)
    -----------------------------------------

The Online Certificate Status Protocol is defined by RFC 2560. It can be
used to query an OCSP server about the current status of an X.509 certificate
and is often used as a more dynamic alternative to a static Certificate
Revocation List (CRL). Both the OCSP request sent by the client and the OCSP
response messages returned by the server are transported via a standard
TCP/HTTP connection. Therefore cURL support must be enabled in pluto/Makefile:

  # Uncomment this line to enable OCSP fetching using HTTP
  LIBCURL=1

In the simplest OCSP setup, a default URI under which the OCSP server for a
given CA can be accessed is defined in ipsec.conf:

   config setup
        crlcheckinterval=600
	
   ca strongswan
        cacert=strongswanCert.pem
        ocspuri=http://ocsp.strongswan.org:8880
        auto=add

The HTTP port can be freely chosen. In our example we have assumed TCP port 8880.
The crlcheckinterval must be set to a value different from zero. Otherwise the
OCSP fetching thread will not be started.

The well-known openssl-0.9.7 package from http://www.openssl.org implements
an OCSP server that can be used in conjunction with an openssl-based Public
Key Infrastructure. The OCSP client integrated into Pluto does not contain
any OpenSSL code though, but is based on the existing ASN.1 functionality of
strongSwan.

The OpenSSL-based OCSP server is started with the following command:

    openssl ocsp -index index.txt -CA strongswanCert.pem -port 8880 \
                 -rkey ocspKey.pem -rsigner ocspCert.pem \
                 -resp_no_certs -nmin 60 -text

The command consists of the parameters

 -index  index.txt is a copy of the OpenSSL index file containing the list of
         all issued certificates. The certificate status in indext.txt
         is designated either by V for valid or R for revoked. If
         a new certificate is added or if a certificate is revoked
         using the openssl ca command, the OCSP server must be restarted
         in order for the changes in index.txt to take effect.

 -CA     the CA certificate

 -port   the HTTP port the OCSP server is listening on.
 
-rkey    the private key used to sign the OCSP response. The use of the
         sensitive CA private key is not recommended since this could
         jeopardize the security of your production PKI if the OCSP
         server is hacked. It is much better to generate a special
         RSA private key just for OCSP signing use instead.

-rsigner the certificate of the OCSP server containing a public key which
         matches the private key defined by -rkey and which can be used by
         the client to check the trustworthiness of the signed OCSP response.

-resp_no_certs  With this option the OCSP signer certificate defined by
                -rsigner is not included in the OCSP response.

-nmin    the validity interval of an OCSP response given in minutes.
         2*crlcheckinterval before the expiration of the OCSP responses,
         a new query will by pro-actively started by the Pluto fetching thread.

         If nmin is missing or set to zero then the default validity interval
         compiled into Pluto will be 2 minutes, leading to a quasi one-time
         use of the OCSP status response which will not be periodically 
         refreshed by the fetching thread. In conjunction with the parameter
        setting "strictcrlpolicy=yes" a real-time certificate status query
        can be implemented in this way.

-text   This option activates a verbose logging output, showing the contents
        of both the received OCSP request and sent OCSP response.

How does Pluto get hold of the OCSP signer certificate? There are two
possibilities:
 
Either you put the OCSP certificate into the default directory

    /etc/ipsec.d/ocspcerts
    
or alternatively Pluto can receive it as part of the OCSP response from the
remote OCSP server. In the latter case, how can Pluto make sure that
the server has indeed been authorized by the CA to deal out certificate status
information? In order to ascertain the OCSP signer capability, an extended
key usage attribute can be included in the OCSP server certificate. Just
insert the parameter

    extendedKeyUsage=OCSPSigner

in the [ usr_cert ] section of your openssl.cnf configuration file before
the CA signs the OCSP server certificate.

For a given CA the corresponding ca section in ipsec.conf (see section 7) allows
to define the URI of a single OCSP server. As an alternative an OCSP URI can be
embedded into each host and user certificate by putting the line

    authorityInfoAccess = OCSP;URI:http://ocsp.strongswan.org:8880

into the [ usr_cert ] section of your openssl.cnf configuration file.
If an OCSP authorityInfoAccess extension is present in a certificate then this
record overrides the default URI defined by the ca section.


5.6 CRL Policy
    ----------

By default Pluto is quite tolerant concerning the handling of CRLs. It is not
mandatory for a CRL to be present in /etc/ipsec.d/crls and if the expiration
date defined by the nextUpdate field of a CRL has been reached just a warning
is issued but a peer certificate will always be accepted if it has not been
revoked.

If you want to enforce a stricter CRL policy then you can do this by setting
the "strictcrlpolicy" option. This is done in the "config setup" section
of the ipsec.conf file:

    config setup
         strictcrlpolicy=yes
          ...

A certificate received from a peer will not be accepted if no corresponding
CRL or OCSP response is available. And if an ISAKMP SA re-negotiation takes
place after the nextUpdate deadline has been reached, the peer certificate
will be declared invalid and the cached RSA public key will be deleted, causing
the connection in question to fail. Therefore if you are going to use the
"strictcrlpolicy=yes" option, make sure that the CRLs will always be updated
in time. Otherwise a total standstill would ensue.

As mentioned earlier the default setting is "strictcrlpolicy=no"


5.7 Configuring the peer side using locally stored certificates
    -----------------------------------------------------------

If you don't want to use trust chains based on CA certificates as proposed in
section 4.3 you can alternatively import trusted peer certificates directly
into Pluto. Thus you do not have to rely on the certificate to be transmitted
by the peer as part of the IKE protocol.

With the conn %default section defined in section 4.1 and the use of the
rightcert keyword for the peer side, the connection definitions in section 4.3
can alternatively be written as

    conn sun
          right=%any
          rightid=@sun.strongswan.org
          rightcert=sunCert.cer

     conn carol
          right=192.168.0.100
          rightcert=carolCert.der

If the peer certificates are loaded locally then there is no sense in sending
any certificates to the other end via the IKE Main Mode protocol. Especially
if self-signed certificates are used which wouldn't be accepted any way by
the other side. In these cases it is recommended to add

    leftsendcert=never

to the connection definition[s] in order to avoid the sending of the host's
own certificate. The default value is

    leftsendcert=ifasked

If a peer does not send a certificate request then use the setting

    leftsendcert=always

If a peer certificate contains a subjectAltName extension, then an alternative
rightid type can be used, as the example "conn sun" shows. If no rightid
entry is present then the subject distinguished name contained in the
certificate is taken as the ID.

Using the same rules concerning pathnames that apply to strongSwan's own
certificates, the following two definitions are also valid for trusted peer
certificates:

    rightcert=peercerts/carolCert.der

or

    rightcert=/usr/ssl/certs/carolCert.der


6. Installing the private key - ipsec.secrets
   ------------------------------------------

6.1 Loading private key files in PKCS#1 format
    ------------------------------------------

Besides strongSwan's raw private key format strongSwan has been enabled to
load RSA private keys in the PKCS#1 file format. The key files can be
optionally secured with a passphrase.

RSA private key files are declared in /etc/ipsec.secrets using the syntax

    : RSA <my keyfile> "<optional passphrase>"

The key file can be either in base64 PEM-format or binary DER-format. The
actual coding is detected "automagically" by Pluto. The example

    : RSA moonKey.pem

uses a relative pathname. In this case Pluto will look for the key file
in the directory

    /etc/ipsec.d/private

As an alternative an absolute pathname can be given as in

    : RSA /usr/ssl/private/moonKey.pem

In both cases make sure that the key files are root readable only.

Often a private key must be transported from the Certification Authority
where it was generated to the target security gateway where it is going
to be used. In order to protect the key it can be encrypted with 3DES
using a symmetric transport key derived from a cryptographically strong
passphrase.

    openssl genrsa -des3 -out moonKey.pem 1024

Because of the weak security, key files protected by single DES will not
be accepted by Pluto!!!

Once on the security gateway the private key can either be permanently
unlocked so that it can be used by Pluto without having to know a
passphrase

    openssl rsa -in moonKey.pem -out moonKey.pem

or as an option the key file can remain secured. In this case the passphrase
unlocking the private key must be added after the pathname in
/etc/ipsec.secrets

    : RSA moonKey.pem "This is my passphrase"

Some CAs distribute private keys embedded in a PKCS#12 file. Since Pluto
is not able yet to read this format directly, the private key part must
first be extracted using the command

     openssl pkcs12 -nocerts -in moonCert.p12 -out moonKey.pem

if the key file moonKey.pem is to be secured again by a passphrase, or

     openssl pkcs12 -nocerts  -nodes -in moonCert.p12 -out moonKey.pem

if the private key is to be stored unlocked.


6.2 Entering passphrases interactively
    ----------------------------------
    
On a VPN gateway you would want to put the passphrase protecting the private
key file right into /etc/ipsec.secrets as described in the previous paragraph,
so that the gateway can be booted in unattended mode. The risk of keeping
unencrypted secrets on a server can be minimized by putting the box into a
locked room. As long as no one can get root access on the machine the private
keys are safe.
    
On a mobile laptop computer the situation is quite different. The computer can
be stolen or the user is leaving it unattended so that unauthorized persons
can get access to it. In theses cases it would be preferable not to keep any
passphrases openly in /etc/ipsec.secrets but to prompt for them interactively
instead. This is easily done by defining

    : RSA moonKey.pem %prompt
    
Since strongSwan is usually started during the boot process, usually no
interactive console windows is available which can be used by Pluto to
prompt for the passphrase. This must be initiated by the user by typing

    ipsec secrets
    
which actually is an alias for the existing command

    ipsec rereadsecrets

and which causes the prompt

    need passphrase for '/etc/ipsec.d/private/moonKey.pem'
    Enter:

to appear. If the passphrase was correct and the private key file could be
successfully decrypted then

    valid passphrase
    
results. Otherwise the prompt

   invalid passphrase, please try again
   Enter:

will give you another try. Entering a carriage return will abort the
the passphrase prompting.


6.3 Multiple private keys
    ---------------------

strongSwan supports multiple private keys. Since the connections defined
in ipsec.conf can find the correct private key based on the public key
contained in the certificate assigned by leftcert, default private key
definitions without specific IDs can be used

    : RSA myKey1.pem "<optional passphrase1>"

    : RSA myKey2.pem "<optional passphrase2>"


7. Configuring CA properties - ipsec.conf
   --------------------------------------

Besides the definition of IPsec connections the ipsec.conf file can also
be used to configure a few properties of the certification authorities
needed to establish the X.509 trust chains. The following example shows
the parameters that are currently available:

    ca strongswan
       cacert=strongswanCert.pem
       ocspuri=http://ocsp.strongswan.org:8880
       crluri=http://crl.strongswan.org/strongswan.crl'
       crluri2="ldap:///O=Linux strongSwan, C=CH?certificateRevocationList"
       ldaphost=ldap.strongswan.org
       auto=add

In a similar way as conn sections are used for connection definitions, an
arbitrary number of optional ca sections define the basic properties of CAs.

Each ca section is named with a unique label
 
       ca strongswan

The only mandatory parameter is

       cacert=strongswanCert.pem

which points to the CA certificate which usually resides in the default
directory /etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/ but could also be retrieved via an absolute
path name. If the CA certificate is stored on a smartcard then the
notation

       cacert=%smartcard#<n>

or alternatively

       cacert=%smartcard<optional slot nr>:<key id>

can be used. The selection of smartcard slots is described in more detail
in section 8.1.

From the certificate the CA's distinguished name and the serial number
is extracted. If an optional subjectKeyAuthentifier is present then it can
be used to uniquely identify consecutive generations of CA certificates
carrying the same distinguished name.

The OCSP URI

       ocspuri=http://ocsp.strongswan.org:8880

allows to define an individual OCSP server per CA. Also up to two additional
CRL distribution points (CDPs) can be defined

       crluri=http://crl.strongswan.org/strongswan.crl'
       crluri2="ldap:///O=Linux strongSwan, C=CH?certificateRevocationList"

which are added to any CDPs already present in the received certificates
themselves. The last parameter

       ldaphost=ldap.strongswan.org

can be used to fill in the actual server name in LDAP CDPs where the host is missing
as e.g. in the crluri2 above. In future releases this ldaphost parameter might be used
to retrieve user, host and attribute certificates.


With the auto=add statement the ca definition is automatically loaded into Pluto during
system startup. Setting auto=ignore will ignore the ca section. Additional ca definitions
can be loaded from ipsec.conf during runtime with the command

      ipsec auto --type ca --add strongswan-sales

and

      ipsec auto --type ca --delete strongswan-sales

deletes the labeled ca entry. And finally the command

    ipsec auto --type ca --replace strongswan

first deletes the old definition in Pluto's memory and then loads the updated version
from ipsec.conf. Any parameters which appear in several ca definitions can be put in
a common ca %default section

    ca %default
       ldaphost=ldap.strongswan.org


8. Smartcard support
   -----------------

8.1 Configuring a smartcard-based connection
    ----------------------------------------

Defining a smartcard-based connection in ipsec.conf is easy:

    conn sun
         right=192.168.0.2
	 rightid=@sun.strongswan.org
	 left=%defaultroute
	 leftcert=%smartcard
	 auto=add

In most cases there is a single smartcard reader or cryptotoken and only one
RSA private key safely stored on the crypto device. Thus usually the entry

    leftcert=%smartcard

which stands for the full notation

    leftcert=%smartcard#1

is sufficient where the first certificate/private key object enumerated by
the PKCS#11 module is used. If several certificate/private key objects are
present then the nth object can be selected using

    leftcert=%smartcard#<n>

The command

    ipsec listcards

gives an overview over all certificate objects made available by the PKCS#11
module.CA certificates are automatically available as trust anchors.

As an alternative the certificate ID and/or the slot number defined by
the PKCS#11 standard can be specified using the notation

   leftcert=%smartcard<optional slot nr>:<key id in hex format>

Thus

    leftcert=%smartcard:50

will look in all available slots for ID 0x50 starting with the first slot
(usually slot 0) whereas

    leftcert=%smartcard4:50

will directly check slot 4 (which is usually the first slot on the second
reader/token when using the OpenSC library) for a key with ID 0x50.


8.2 Entering the PIN code
    ---------------------

Since the smartcard signing operation needed to sign the hash with the
RSA private key during IKE Main Mode is protected by a PIN code,
the secret PIN must be made available to Pluto.

For gateways that must be able to start IPsec tunnels automatically in
unattended mode after a reboot, the secret PIN  can be stored statically
in ipsec.secrets

   : PIN %smartcard "12345678"
  
or with the general notation

   : PIN %smartcard#<n> "<PIN code>"

or alternatively

   : PIN %smartcard<optional slot nr>:<key id> "<PIN code>"
  
On personal notebooks that could get stolen, you wouldn't want to store
your PIN in ipsec.secrets. Thus the alternative form

   : PIN %smartcard %prompt
  
will prompt you for the PIN when you start up the first IPsec connection
using the command

   ipsec up sun
  
The auto command calls the whack function which in turn communicates with
Pluto over a socket. Since the whack function call is executed from a command
window, Pluto can prompt you for the PIN over this socket connection.
Unfortunately roadwarrior connections which just wait passively for peers
cannot be initiated via the command window:

   conn rw
         right=%any
	 left=%defaultroute
	 leftcert=%smartcard4:50
	 auto=add

But if there is a corresponding entry

   : PIN %smartcard4:50 %prompt
  
in ipsec.secrets, then the standard command

   ipsec rereadsecrets
  
or the alias

   ipsec secrets
   
can be used to enter the PIN code for this connection interactively.

The command

   ipsec listcards

can be executed at any time to check the current status of the PIN code[s].


8.3 PIN-pad equipped smartcard readers
    ----------------------------------

Smartcard readers with an integrated PIN-pad offer an increased security
level because the PIN entry cannot be sniffed on the host computer e.g.
by a surrepticiously installed key logger. In order to tell pluto not to
prompt for the PIN on the host itself, the entry

   : PIN %smartcard:50 %pinpad

can be used in ipsec.secrets. Because the key pad does not cache the PIN in
the smartcard reader, it must be entered for every PKCS #11 session login.
By default pluto does a session logout after every RSA signature. In order
to avoid the repeated entry of the PIN code during the periodic IKE main
mode rekeyings, the following parameter can be set in the config setup
section of ipsec.conf:

   config setup
        pkcs11keepstate=yes

The default setting is pkcs11keepstate=no. 


8.4 Configuring a smartcard with pkcsc15-init
    -----------------------------------------

strongSwan's smartcard solution is based on the PKCS#15 "Cryptographic Token
Information Format Standard" fully supported by OpenSC library functions.
Using the command

    pkcs15-init --erase-card --create-pkcs15

a fresh PKCS#15 file structure is created on a smartcard or cryptotoken.
With the next command

    pkcs15-init --auth-id 1 --store-pin --pin "12345678" --puk "87654321"
                --label "my PIN"

a secret PIN code with auth-id 1 is stored in an unretrievable location on
the smart card. The PIN will protect the RSA signing operation. If the PIN
is entered incorrectly more than three times the smartcard will be locked
and the PUK code can be used to unlock the card again.

Next the RSA private key is transferred to the smartcard

    pkcs15-init --auth-id 1 --store-private-key myKey.pem [--id 45]

By default the PKCS#15 smartcard record will be assigned the id 45.
Using the --id option multiple key records can be stored on a smartcard.

At last we load the matching X.509 certificate onto the smartcard

    pkcs15-init --auth-id 1 --store-certificate myCert.pem [--id 45]

The pkcs15-tool can now be used to verify the contents of the smartcard.

   pkcs15-tool --list-pins --list-keys --list-certificates

If everything is ok then you are ready to use the generated PKCS#15
structure with strongSwan.

8.5 PKCS#11 proxy functions
    -----------------------

   With the setting pkcs11keepstate=yes some PKCS#11 implementations
   (e.g. OpenSC) will lock the access to the smartcard as soon as pluto has
   opened a session and will thus prevent other application from sharing the
   smartcard resource. In order to solve this locking problem, strongSwan
   offers a PKCS#11 proxy service making use of the whack socket communication
   channel. The setting

   config setup
      pkcs11proxy=yes

will enable the proxy mode that is disabled by default. 

Currently two smartcard operations are supported: RSA encryption and
RSA decryption. The notation is as follows:

   ipsec scdecrypt <encrypted data>
                   [--inbase  16|hex|64|base64|256|text|ascii]
                   [--outbase 16|hex|64|base64|256|text|ascii]
                   [--keyid <id>]

The default settings for inbase and outbase is hexadecimal.
Thus the simplest call has the form

   ipsec scdecrypt bb952b71920094ce0696ef9b8b26...12e6

and the returned result might be a decrypted 128 bit AES key

   000 8836362e030e6707c32ffaa0bdad5540

The leading three characters represent the return code of the whack channel
with 000 signifying that no error has occurred. Here is another example showing
the use of the inbase and outbase attributes

   ipsec scdecrypt m/ewDnTs0k...woE= --inbase base64 --outbase text

where the result has the form

   000 This is a secret

By default the first RSA private key found by the PKCS#11 enumeration is
used. If a different key should be selected then the notation introduced
in sections 8.1 and 8.2 can be used:

  --keyid %smartcard:50
  --keyid %smartcard4:50
  --keyid %smartcard#3

with --keyid %smartcard#1 being the default. If supported by the smartcard
and PKCS#11 library RSA encryption can be used with the notation

   ipsec scencrypt <plaintext data>
                   [--inbase  16|hex|64|base64|256|text|ascii]
                   [--outbase 16|hex|64|base64|256|text|ascii]
                   [--keyid <id>]

with the example

   ipsec scencrypt "This is a secret" --inbase ascii --outbase 64

returning the expected output

   000 m/ewDnTs0k...woE=


9. Configuring the clients
   -----------------------

9.1 strongSwan
    ----------

A strongSwan to strongSwan connection is symmetrical. Any of the four defined
ID types can be used, even different types on either end of the connection,
although this wouldn't make much sense.

+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Connection Definition        ID type          subjectAltName |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| rightid  (strongSwan)        DER_ASN1_DN      -              |
|                              FQDN             DNS:           |
|                              USER_FQDN        email:         |
|                              IPV4_ADDR        IP:            |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| leftid   (strongSwan)        DER_ASN1_DN      -              |
|                              FQDN             DNS:           |
|                              USER_FQDN        email:         |
|                              IPV4_ADDR        IP:            |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+


9.2 PGPnet
    ------

Use the file peerCert.p12 to import PGPnet's X.509 certificate, the CA
certificate, plus the encrypted private key in binary PKCS#12 format into the
PGPkey tool. You will be prompted for the passphrase securing the private key.

Use the file myCert.pem to import the X.509 certificate of the strongSwan
security gateway into the PGPkey tool. The PGPkeyTool does not accept X.509
certificates in binary DER format, so it must be imported in base64 format:

     -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
     M...

     ...
     -----END CERTIFICATE-----

Make sure that there is no human-readable listing of the X.509 certificate in
front of the line

     -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----

otherwise PGPnet will refuse to load the *.PEM file. Any surplus lines can
either be deleted by loading the certificate into a text editor or you can
apply the command

     openssl x509 -in myCert.pem -out myCert.pem

to achieve the same effect.

With authentication based on X.509 certificates, PGPnet always sends the ID
type DER_ASN1_DN, therefore rightid in the connection definition of the
strongSwan security gateway must be an ASN.1 distinguished name.

In the receiving direction PGPnet accepts all four ID types from strongSwan.

+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Connection Definition        ID type          subjectAltName |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| rightid  (PGPnet)            DER_ASN1_DN      -              |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| leftid   (strongSwan)        DER_ASN1_DN      -              |
|                              FQDN             DNS:           |
|                              USER_FQDN        email:         |
|                              IPV4_ADDR        IP:            |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+


9.3 SafeNet/Soft-PK/Soft-Remote
    ---------------------------

SafeNet/Soft-PK and SafeNet/Soft-Remote can be configured to send their
identity either as DER_ASN1_DN, IPV4_ADDR, FQDN, or USER_FQDN.
In the receiving direction SafeNet/Soft-PK and SafeNet/Soft-Remote
accept all four ID types coming from strongSwan.

+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Connection Definition        ID type          subjectAltName |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| rightid  (SafeNet/Soft-PK)   DER_ASN1_DN      -              |
|                              FQDN             DNS:           |
|                              USER_FQDN        email:         |
|                              IPV4_ADDR        IP:            |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| leftid  (strongSwan)         DER_ASN1_DN      -              |
|                              FQDN             DNS:           |
|                              USER_FQDN        email:         |
|                              IPV4_ADDR        IP:            |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+


9.4 SSH Sentinel
    ------------

SSH Sentinel sends its identity as DER_ASN1_DN if the subjectAltName field of
its certificate is empty. If a subjectAltName field is present, then the
corresponding type IPV4_ADDR, FQDN, or USER_FQDN is automatically chosen.
With several subjectAltName entries, the precedence of the different ID types
is not quite clear. In the receiving direction SSH Sentinel accepts all four
ID types from strongSwan.

+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Connection Definition        ID type          subjectAltName |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| rightid  (SSH Sentinel)      DER_ASN1_DN      -              |
|                              FQDN             DNS:           |
|                              USER_FQDN        email:         |
|                              IPV4_ADDR        IP:            |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| leftid  (strongSwan)         DER_ASN1_DN      -              |
|                              FQDN             DNS:           |
|                              USER_FQDN        email:         |
|                              IPV4_ADDR        IP:            |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+


9.5 Windows 2000/XP
    ---------------

Windows 2000 and Windows XP always send the ID type DER_ASN1_DN,
therefore rightid in the connection definition of the strongSwan
security gateway must be an ASN.1 distinguished name.In the
receiving direction Windows 2000/XP accepts all four ID types
from strongSwan.

+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Connection Definition        ID type          subjectAltName |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| rightid  (Windows 2000/XP)   DER_ASN1_DN      -              |
|--------------------------------------------------------------|
| leftid   (strongSwan)        DER_ASN1_D       -              |
|                              FQDN             DNS:           |
|                              USER_FQDN        email:         |
|                              IPV4_ADDR        IP:            |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+


10. Monitoring functions
    --------------------

strongSwan offers the following monitoring functions:


    ipsec listalgs

lists all IKE and ESP cryptographic algorithms that are currently
registered with strongSwan.

The a listing has the following form:

  List of registered IKE Encryption Algorithms:

  #3     OAKLEY_BLOWFISH_CBC, blocksize: 64, keylen: 128-128-256
  #5     OAKLEY_3DES_CBC, blocksize: 64, keylen: 192-192-192
  #7     OAKLEY_AES_CBC, blocksize: 128, keylen: 128-128-256
  #65004 OAKLEY_SERPENT_CBC, blocksize: 128, keylen: 128-128-256
  #65005 OAKLEY_TWOFISH_CBC, blocksize: 128, keylen: 128-128-256
  #65289 OAKLEY_TWOFISH_CBC_SSH, blocksize: 128, keylen: 128-128-256

  List of registered IKE Hash Algorithms:

  #1     OAKLEY_MD5, hashsize: 128
  #2     OAKLEY_SHA, hashsize: 160
  #4     OAKLEY_SHA2_256, hashsize: 256
  #6     OAKLEY_SHA2_512, hashsize: 512

  List of registered IKE DH Groups:

  #2     OAKLEY_GROUP_MODP1024, groupsize: 1024
  #5     OAKLEY_GROUP_MODP1536, groupsize: 1536
  #14    OAKLEY_GROUP_MODP2048, groupsize: 2048
  #15    OAKLEY_GROUP_MODP3072, groupsize: 3072
  #16    OAKLEY_GROUP_MODP4096, groupsize: 4096
  #17    OAKLEY_GROUP_MODP6144, groupsize: 6144
  #18    OAKLEY_GROUP_MODP8192, groupsize: 8192

  List of registered ESP Encryption Algorithms:

  #3     ESP_3DES, blocksize: 64, keylen: 168-168
  #7     ESP_BLOWFISH, blocksize: 64, keylen: 96-128
  #12    ESP_AES, blocksize: 128, keylen: 128-256
  #252   ESP_SERPENT, blocksize: 128, keylen: 128-256
  #253   ESP_TWOFISH, blocksize: 128, keylen: 128-256

  List of registered ESP Authentication Algorithms:

  #1     AUTH_ALGORITHM_HMAC_MD5, keylen: 128-128
  #2     AUTH_ALGORITHM_HMAC_SHA1, keylen: 160-160
  #5     AUTH_ALGORITHM_HMAC_SHA2_256, keylen: 256-256
  #7     AUTH_ALGORITHM_HMAC_SHA2_512, keylen: 512-512


The command

    ipsec listpubkeys [--utc]

lists all public keys currently installed in the chained list of public
keys. These keys were statically loaded from ipsec.conf or acquired either
from received certificates or retrieved from secure DNS servers using
opportunistic mode.

The public key listing has the following form:

  Feb 11 14:40:18 2005, 2048 RSA Key AwEAAa+uL,
         until Sep 09 13:17:25 2009 ok
         ID_FQDN '@moon.strongswan.org'
         issuer: 'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=strongSwan Root CA'
         serial: '03'
  Feb 11 14:40:18 2005, 2048 RSA Key AwEAAa+uL,
         until Sep 09 13:17:25 2009 ok
         ID_DER_ASN1_DN 'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=moon.strongswan.org'
         issuer: 'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=strongSwan Root CA'
         serial: '03'
  Feb 11 13:36:53 2005, 2048 RSA Key AwEAAbgbh,
         until Dec 31 22:43:18 2009 ok
         ID_USER_FQDN 'carol@strongswan.org'
         issuer: 'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=strongSwan Root CA'
         serial: '0a'

It consists of

 - the date the public key was installed either in local time or UTC (--utc)
 - the modulus size of the RSA key in bits
 - a keyID consisting of 9 base64 symbols representing the public exponent
   and the most significant bits of the modulus
 - the expiration date of the public key (extracted from the certificate)
 - the type and value of the ID associated with the public key.
 - the issuer of the certificate the public key was extracted from.
 - the serial number of the certificate the public key was extracted from.

A public key can be associated with several IDs, e.g. using subjectAltNames
in certificates and an ID can possess several public keys, e.g. retrieved
from a secure DNS server.


The command

    ipsec listcerts [--utc]

lists all local certificates, both strongSwan's own and those of
trusted peer loaded via leftcert and rightcert, respectively.

The output has the form

  Feb 11 13:36:47 2005, count: 4
         subject:  'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=moon.strongswan.org'
         issuer:   'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=strongSwan Root CA'
         serial:    03
         pubkey:    2048 RSA Key AwEAAa+uL, has private key
         validity:  not before Sep 10 13:17:25 2004 ok
                    not after  Sep 09 13:17:25 2009 ok
         subjkey:   e5:e4:10:87:6c:2a:c4:be:ad:85:49:42:a6:de:76:58:30:3a:9f:c1
         authkey:   5d:a7:dd:70:06:51:32:7e:e7:b6:6d:b3:b5:e5:e0:60:ea:2e:4d:ef
         aserial:   00

and shows

 - the date the certificate was installed either in local time or UTC (--utc)
 - the count shows how many connections refer to this certificate
 - the subject of the certificate
 - the issuer of the certificate
 - the serial number of the certificate
 - the size and keyid of the RSA public key contained in the certificate.
   the label "has private key" indicates that a matching RSA private key
   has been found, defined or loaded in ipsec.secrets.
 - the label "on smartcard" indicates that the certificate was loaded from
   a smartcard or cryptotoken and that most probably a matching RSA private
   key also resides on-card.
 - the validity of the CA certificate expressed either in local time or
   UTC (--utc). The validity is checked automatically resulting either
   in an "ok" message or a "fatal" error message.
 - the optional subjectKeyIdentifier extension which is a 20 byte SHA-1 hash
   over the certificate's public key.
 - the optional authorityKeyIdentifier extension which is a 20 byte SHA-1 hash
   over the public key of the issuer who signed the certificate.
 - the serial number of the issuer's certificate.


The command

    ipsec listcacerts [--utc]

lists all CA certificates that have been either been loaded from the directory
/etc/ipsec.d/cacerts/ or received via the IKE protocol. The output has the form

  Feb 11 13:36:52 2005, count: 1
         subject:  'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=strongSwan Root CA'
         issuer:   'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=strongSwan Root CA'
         serial:    00
         pubkey:    2048 RSA Key AwEAAb/yX
         validity:  not before Sep 10 13:01:45 2004 ok
                    not after  Sep 08 13:01:45 2014 ok
         subjkey:   5d:a7:dd:70:06:51:32:7e:e7:b6:6d:b3:b5:e5:e0:60:ea:2e:4d:ef
         authkey:   5d:a7:dd:70:06:51:32:7e:e7:b6:6d:b3:b5:e5:e0:60:ea:2e:4d:ef
         aserial:   00

and shows

 - the date the CA certificate was installed either in local time or UTC (--utc)
 - the count is always set to 1
 - the subject of the CA certificate
 - the issuer of the CA certificate
 - the serial number of the CA certificate
 - the size and keyid of the RSA public key contained in the certificate.
 - the validity of the CA certificate expressed either in local time or
   UTC (--utc). The validity is checked automatically resulting either
   in an "ok" message or a "fatal" error message.
 - the optional subjectKeyIdentifier extension which is a 20 byte SHA-1 hash
   over the CA certificate's public key.
 - the optional authorityKeyIdentifier extension which is a 20 byte SHA-1 hash 
   over the public key of the issuer who signed the CA certificate.
   For Root CA certificates the authorityKeyIdentifier and subjectKeyIdentifier
   fields must be equal.
 - the serial number of the issuer's certificate.


The command

    ipsec listaacerts [--utc]

lists all Authorization Authority certificates that have been loaded from
the directory /etc/ipsec.d/aacerts/.
The output has the form

  Dec 20 13:29:55 2004, count: 1
         subject:  'C=CH, O=strongSec GmbH, CN=strongSec Authorization Authority'
         issuer:   'C=CH, O=strongSec GmbH, CN=strongSec Root CA'
         serial:    0f
         pubkey:    2048 RSA Key AwEAAfazH
         validity:  not before Aug 24 13:41:56 2003 ok
                    not after  Aug 23 13:41:56 2005 ok
         subjkey:   56:89:b9:28:c9:1b:a0:00:7f:50:9d:ec:28:75:23:c1:1e:d1:dd:90
         authkey:   af:80:d5:c6:02:1c:96:78:b3:85:a5:65:a2:23:fd:ad:cf:e2:55:b2
         aserial:   00

and shows

 - the date the AA certificate was installed either in local time or UTC (--utc)
 - the count is always set to 1
 - the subject of the AA certificate
 - the issuer of the AA certificate
 - the serial number of the AA certificate
 - the size and keyid of the RSA public key contained in the certificate.
 - the validity of the AA certificate expressed either in local time or
   UTC (--utc). The validity is checked automatically resulting either
   in an "ok" message or a "fatal" error message.
 - the optional subjectKeyIdentifier extension which is a 20 byte SHA-1 hash
   over the AA certificate's public key.
 - the optional authorityKeyIdentifier extension which is a 20 byte SHA-1 hash
   over the public key of the issuer who signed the AA certificate.
 - the serial number of the issuer's certificate.


The command

    ipsec listocspcerts [--utc]

lists all OCSO signer certificates that have been either loaded from
/etc/ipsec.d/ocspcerts/ or have been received included in the OCSP server
response. The output has the form

  Feb 09 22:56:17 2005, count: 1
         subject:  'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, OU=OCSP, CN=ocsp.strongswan.org'
         issuer:   'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=strongSwan Root CA'
         serial:    09
         pubkey:    2048 RSA Key AwEAAaonT
         validity:  not before Nov 19 17:29:28 2004 ok
                    not after  Nov 18 17:29:28 2009 ok
         subjkey:   88:07:0a:b8:ae:c7:c1:07:5c:be:68:6a:c4:a5:7f:81:1f:37:b5:56
         authkey:   5d:a7:dd:70:06:51:32:7e:e7:b6:6d:b3:b5:e5:e0:60:ea:2e:4d:ef
         aserial:   00

and shows

 - the date the OCSP signer certificate was installed either in local time
   or UTC (--utc)
 - the count is always set to 1
 - the subject of the OCSP signer certificate
 - the issuer of the OCSP signer certificate
 - the serial number of the OCSP signer certificate
 - the size and keyid of the RSA public key contained in the certificate.
 - the validity of the OCSP signer certificate expressed either in local time
   or UTC (--utc). The validity is checked automatically resulting either
   in an "ok" message or a "fatal" error message.
 - the optional subjectKeyIdentifier extension which is a 20 byte SHA-1 hash
   over the OCSP signer certificate's public key.
 - the optional authorityKeyIdentifier extension which is a 20 byte SHA-1 hash
   over the public key of the issuer who signed the OCSP certificate.
 - the serial number of the issuer's certificate.


The command

    ipsec listacerts [--utc]

lists all X.509 attribute certificates that have been loaded from the directory
/etc/ipsec.d/acerts/.
The output has the form

  Dec 20 13:29:56 2004
         holder:   'C=CH, O=strongSec GmbH, CN=Andreas Steffen'
         hissuer:  'C=CH, O=strongSec GmbH, CN=strongSec Root CA'
         hserial:   1e
         groups:    Research, Sales
         issuer:   'C=CH, O=strongSec GmbH, CN=strongSec Authorization Authority'
         serial:    2c
         validity:  not before Dec 19 14:51:38 2004 ok
                    not after  Dec 20 14:51:38 2004 fatal (expired)
         authkey:   56:89:b9:28:c9:1b:a0:00:7f:50:9d:ec:28:75:23:c1:1e:d1:dd:90
         aserial:   0f

and shows

 - the date the attribute certificate was installed either in local time
   or UTC (--utc)
 - the holder of the attribute certificate
 - the issuer of holder's certificate
 - the serial number of the holder's certificate
 - the group attributes
 - the issuing Authorization Authority of the attribute certificate
 - the serial number of the attribute certificate
 - the validity of the attribute certificate expressed either in local time or
   UTC (--utc). The validity is checked automatically resulting either
   in an "ok" message or a "fatal" error message.
 - an authorityKeyIdentifier extension which is a 20 byte SHA-1 hash
   over the public key of the issuing Authorization Authority
 - the serial number of the AA certificate.


The command

    ipsec listgroups [--utc]

lists all group attributes either defined in right|leftgroups statements
in ipsec.conf or contained in loaded X.509 attribute certificates.
The output has the form

  Dec 20 13:29:55 2004, count: 4
         Research
  Dec 20 13:30:04 2004, count: 1
         Research New York
  Dec 20 13:29:55 2004, count: 3
         Sales

and shows

 - the date the group attribute was first installed either in local time
   or UTC (--utc)
 - the count shows how many times the attribute is used
 - the group name


The command

    ipsec listcainfos [--utc]

lists the properties defined by the ca definition sections in ipsec.conf.
The output has the form

  Jun 08 22:31:37 2004, "strongswan"
         authname: 'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=strongSwan Root CA'
         ldaphost: 'ldap.strongswan.org'
         ocspuri:  'http://ocsp.strongswan.org:8880'
         distPts:  'http://crl.strongswan.org/strongswan.crl'
                   'ldap:///O=Linux strongSwan, C=CH?certificateRevocationList'
         authkey:   5d:a7:dd:70:06:51:32:7e:e7:b6:6d:b3:b5:e5:e0:60:ea:2e:4d:ef
         aserial:   00

and shows

 - the date the CA definition was loaded either in local time or UTC (--utc)
 - the name of the ca section
 - the distinguished name of the CA
 - an optional default ldap host for the CA
 - an optional OCSP URI
 - a maximum of two optional CRL distribution points
 - the optional authorityKeyIdentifier extension which is a 20 byte SHA-1 hash
   over the public key of the CA.
 - the serial number of the CA.


The command

    ipsec listcrls [--utc]

lists all CRLs that have been loaded from /etc/ipsec.d/crls/.
The output has the form

  Feb 11 13:37:00 2005, revoked certs: 1
         issuer:   'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=strongSwan Root CA'
         distPts:  'http://crl.strongswan.org/strongswan.crl'
         updates:   this Feb 08 07:46:29 2005
                    next Mar 10 07:46:29 2005 ok
         authkey:   5d:a7:dd:70:06:51:32:7e:e7:b6:6d:b3:b5:e5:e0:60:ea:2e:4d:ef 
         aserial:   00

and shows

 - the date the CRL was installed either in local time or UTC (--utc)
 - the number revoked certificates
 - the issuer of the CRL
 - the URLs of the distribution points where the CRL can be fetched from.
 - the dates when the CRL was issued and when the next update
   is expected, respectively, expressed either in local time or
   UTC (--utc). It is automatically checked if the next update
   deadline has passed, resulting either in an "ok" message, a
   a "warning" message when strictcrlpolicy=no or a "fatal" message when
   strictcrlpolicy=yes.
 - the optional authorityKeyIdentifier extension which is a 20 byte SHA-1 hash
   over the public key of the issuer who signed the CRL. This extension is 
   present in version 2 CRLs, only.
 - the serial number of the issuer's certificate.


The command


    ipsec listocsp [--utc]

lists the contents of the OCSP response cache. The output has the form

         issuer:  'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=strongSwan Root CA'
         uri:     'http://ocsp.strongswan.org:8880'
         authname: 13:9d:a0:9e:f4:32:ab:8f:e2:89:56:67:fa:d0:d4:e3:35:86:71:b9
         authkey:  5d:a7:dd:70:06:51:32:7e:e7:b6:6d:b3:b5:e5:e0:60:ea:2e:4d:ef
         aserial:  00
  Feb 09 22:56:17 2005, until Feb 09 23:01:17 2005 warning (expires in 4 minutes)
         serial:   0a, good

and shows

 - the distinguished name of the CA handled by the OCSP server
 - the http URI of the OCSP server.
 - the 20 byte SHA-1 hash of the CA's distinguished name
 - the 20 byte SHA-1 hash of the CA's public key
 - the serial number of the CA's certificate
 - a certificate status list showing
    - the time the OCSP status was received
    - an optional nextUpdate deadline (if missing the OCSP status will be
      onetime with a lifetime of 2 minutes only).
    - the serial number of the certificate
    - the status of the certificate (good, revoked, unknown)


The command

    ipsec listcards [--utc]

lists all smartcard records that are currently in use by Pluto.
The output has the form

  Aug 17 16:47:59 2005, #1, count: 6
         slot:     0, session closed, logged out, has valid pin
         id:       45
         label:   'strongSwan'
         subject: 'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=carol@strongswan.org'

with pkcs11keepstate=no and

  Aug 17 16:47:59 2005, #1, count: 6
         slot:     0, session opened, logged in, has pin pad
         id:       45
         label:   'strongSwan'
         subject: 'C=CH, O=Linux strongSwan, CN=carol@strongswan.org'

with pkcs11keepstate=yes and shows

- the date the certificate was read from the smartcard record
- the certificate objects are numbered starting from #1
- the count shows how many connections and secret pin entries point
  to the smartcard record
- the PKCS #11 slot number
- the PKCS #11 session state: closed | opened
- the PKCS #11 session login state: logged out | logged in
- the status of the PIN: no pin | valid pin | invalid pin | pin pad
- the ID of the certificate object
- the label of the certificate object
- the subject distinguished name of the certificate


The command

    ipsec auto --listall [--utc]

is equivalent to

    ipsec listalgs
    ipsec listpubkeys [--utc]
    ipsec listcerts [--utc]
    ipsec listcacerts [--utc]
    ipsec listaacerts [--utc]
    ipsec listocspcerts [--utc]
    ipsec listacerts [--utc]
    ipsec listgroups [--utc]
    ipsec listcainfos [--utc]
    ipsec listcrls [--utc]
    ipsec listocsp [--utc]
    ipsec listcards [--utc]


11. Firewall support functions
    --------------------------


11.1 Environment variables in the updown script
     ------------------------------------------

strongSwan makes the following environment variables available
in the updown script indicated by the leftupdown option:

+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Variable               Example                    Comment        |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| $PLUTO_PEER_ID         carol@strongswan.org       USER_FQDN  (1) |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| $PLUTO_PEER_PROTOCOL   17                         udp        (2) |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| $PLUTO_PEER_PORT       68                         bootpc     (3) |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| $PLUTO_PEER_CA         C=CH, O=ACME, CN=Sales CA             (4) |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| $PLUTO_MY_ID           @moon.strongswan.org       FQDN       (1) |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| $PLUTO_MY_PROTOCOL     17                         udp        (2) |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| $PLUTO_MY_PORT         67                         bootps     (3) |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+

(1) $PLUTO_PEER_ID/$PLUTO_MY_ID contain the IDs of the two ends
    of an established connection. In our examples these
    correspond to the strings defined by rightid and leftid,
    respectively.

(2) $PLUTO_PEER_PROTOCOL/$PLUTO_MY_PROTOCOL contain the protocol
    defined by the rightprotoport and leftprotoport options,
    respectively. Both variables contain the same protocol value.
    The variables take on the value '0' if no protocol has been defined.

(3) $PLUTO_PEER_PORT/$PLUTO_MY_PORT contain the ports defined by
    the rightprotoport and leftprotoport options, respectively.
    The variables take on the value '0' if no port has been defined.

(4) $PLUTO_PEER_CA contains the distinguished name of the CA that
    issued the peer's certificate.


11.2 Automatic insertion and deletion of iptables firewall rules
     -----------------------------------------------------------

Starting with strongswan-2.7.0, the default _updown script automatically inserts
and deletes dynamic iptables firewall rules upon the establishment or teardown,
respectively, of an IPsec security association. This new feature is activated
with the line

   leftfirewall=yes

and can be used when the following prerequisites are fulfilled:

  - Linux 2.6.16 kernel or newer, native NETKEY IPsec stack, and
    iptables-1.3.5 or newer. Filtering of tunneled traffic is based on
    IPsec policy matching rules.

If you define a local client subnet with a netmask larger than /32 behind
the gateway then the automatically inserted FORWARD iptables rules will
not allow to access the internal IP address of the host although it is
part of the client subnet definition. If you want additional INPUT and
OUTPUT iptables rules to be inserted, so that the host itself can be accessed
then add the following line:

   lefthostaccess=yes

The _updown script also features a logging facility which will register the
creation (+) and the expiration (-) of each successfully established VPN
connection in a special syslog file in the following concise and easily
readable format:

Jul 19 18:58:38 moon vpn:
    + @carol.strongswan.org  192.168.0.100 -- 192.168.0.1 == 10.1.0.0/16
Jul 19 22:15:17 moon vpn:
    - @carol.strongswan.org  192.168.0.100 -- 192.168.0.1 == 10.1.0.0/16


11.3 Sample Linux 2.6 updown script for iptables < 1.3.5
     ---------------------------------------------------

If you are using a Linux 2.6 kernel older than 2.6.16 or an iptables version
older than 1.3.5 then the IPsec policy matching rules will not be available.
In order to make sure that only tunneled packets are accepted, a mark can be
set on incoming ESP packets. This "ESP" mark will be retained on the
decapsulated packet so that iptables rules inserted by the updown script can
check on the presence of this mark. For this purpose the template located in

   programs/_updown_espmark

can be used. Store a copy of _updown_espmark e.g. in /etc/ipsec.updown and load
the script with the line

  leftupdown=/etc/updown.ipsec.

In addition for the dynamic updown script to work the following static iptables rules
must be applied:

   iptables -t mangle -A INPUT -p 50 -j MARK --set-mark 50


12. Authentication with raw RSA public keys
    ---------------------------------------

FreeS/WAN, as it is available from www.freeswan.org does public key 
authentication with raw RSA public keys that are directly defined in
/etc/ipsec.conf

    rightrsasigkey=0sAq4c....

When version 1.x of standard FreeS/WAN receives a certificate request (CR),
it immediately drops the negotiation because it does not know how to answer
the request. As a workaround strongSwan does not send a CR if the RSA
key has been statically loaded using [right/left]rsasigkey. A problem
remains with roadwarriors initiating a connection. Since strongSwan
does not know the identity of the initiating peer in advance, it will always
send a CR, causing the rupture of the IKE negotiation if the peer is a
version 1.x  FreeS/WAN host. To circumvent this problem the configuration
parameter 'nocrsend' can be set in the config setup section of /etc/ipsec.conf:

    config setup:
        nocrsend=yes

With this entry no certificate request is sent in any connection.
The default setting is nocrsend=no.


13. Authentication with OpenPGP certificates
    ----------------------------------------

strongSwan also supports RSA based authentication using OpenPGP
certificates and OpenPGP V3 fingerprints used as an KEY_ID identifier.


13.1 OpenPGP certificates
     --------------------
     
OpenPGP certificates containing RSA public keys can now directly be loaded
in ASCII armored PGP format using the leftcert and rightcert parameters
in /etc/ipsec.conf:

  conn pgp
       right=%any
       righcert=peerCert.asc
       left=%defaultroute
       leftcert=gatewayCert.asc

The peer certificate must be stored locally (the default directory is
/etc/ipsec.d/certs) since currently no trust can be established for
PGP certificates received from a peer via the IKE protocol.


13.2 OpenPGP private keys
     --------------------
     
PGP private keys in unencrypted form can now directly be loaded in ASCII
armored PGP format via an entry in /etc/ipsec.secrets:

  : RSA gatewayKey.asc

Existing IDEA-encrypted RSA private keys can be unlocked with GnuPG and
the IDEA extension (see http://www.gnupg.org/gph/en/pgp2x.html) using
the commands

  gpg --import gatewayCert.asc

  gpg --allow-secret-key-import --import gatewayKey.asc

  gpg --edit-key <gateway ID>
  > passwd                    #change to empty password
  > save

  gpg -a --export-secret-key <gateway ID> gatewayKey.asc


13.3 Monitoring functions
     --------------------

The command ipsec listcerts shows all loaded PGP certificates
in the following format:

  Aug 28 09:51:55 2002, count: 1
         fingerprint:  0x1ccfca12d93467ffa9d5093d87a465dc
         pubkey:   1024 RSA Key ARHso6uKQ
         created:  Aug 27 08:51:39 2002
         until:    --- -- --:--:-- ---- ok (expires never)

The entries are

 - the date the certificate was loaded either in local time or UTC (--utc)
 - the V3 fingerprint consisting of the 16 byte MD5 hash of the public key
   which is used as an ID of type KEY_ID
 - the modulus size of the RSA key in bits
 - a keyID consisting of 9 base64 symbols representing the public exponent
   and the most significant bits of the modulus
 - the creation date of the public key (extracted from the certificate)
 - the optional expiration date of the public key (extracted from the
   certificate)


13.4 Suppression of certificate request messages
     -------------------------------------------

PGPnet configured to work with OpenPGP certificates aborts the IKE
negotiation when it receives a X.509 certificate. Therefore it is recommended
(mandatory for roadwarrior connections) to set

    config setup:
        nocrsend=yes

in /etc/ipsec.conf.


14. Additional Features
    -------------------


14.1 Authentication and encryption algorithms
     ----------------------------------------

strongSwan supports the following suite of encryption and authentication
algorithms for both IKE and ESP payloads.

+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| IKE algorithms (negotiated in Phase 1 Main Mode)                 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Encryption algorithms:  3des, aes, serpent, twofish, blowfish    |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Hash algorithms:        md5, sha, sha2                           |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| DH groups:              1024, 1536, 2048, 3072, 4096, 6144, 8192 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+

NOTE: For IKE the SHA-1 algorithm is denoted by "sha"

The cryptographic IKE algorithms listed above are a fixed part of the
strongSwan distribution. Particular algorithms can be added or removed
in the "programs/pluto/alg" directory.
  
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ESP algorithms (negotiated in Phase 2 Quick Mode)                |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Encryption algorithms:  3des, aes, serpent, twofish, blowfish    |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Hash algorithms:        md5, sha1, sha2                          |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|
| PFS groups:             1024, 1536, 2048, 3072, 4096, 6144, 8192 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+

The cryptographic ESP algorithms listed above are a fixed part of the
strongSwan distribution. If your Linux 2.4 or 2.6 kernel includes the
CryptoAPI then additional ESP algorithms can be added or deleted as
kernel modules.

The IKE and ESP cryptographic algorithms to be proposed to the peer
as an initiator can be specified on a per connection basis in the form

conn normal
     ...
     ike=aes128-sha-modp1536,3des-sha-modp1536
     esp=aes128-sha1,3des-sha1
     ...

or if you are more paranoid

conn paranoid
     ...
     ike=aes256-sha2_512-modp2048
     esp=aes256-sha2_512
     ...

If the the "ike" and "esp" configuration parameters are missing in
ipsec.conf, then the default settings
   
    ike=3des-md5-modp1536,3des-sha-modp1536,\
        3des-md5-modp1024,3des-sha-modp1024
    esp=3des-md5,3des-sha1

arre implicitly assumed. The 3DES encryption algorithm and the MD5 and
SHA-1 hash algorithms are hardcoded into strongSwan and cannot be removed.

If Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS is desired), then a PFS group can be
optionally specified:

conn make_sure
     ...
     pfs=yes
     pfsgroup=modp2048,modp1536
     ...

If the "pfs" parameter is missing then "pfs=yes" is assumed by default.
This means that PFS must be disabled explicitly by setting "pfs=no".

If the "pfsgroup" parameter is missing then the default is

    pfsgroup=<Phase1 DH group>
    
The "ike" and "esp" parameters are used to formulate one or several
transform proposals to the peer if the strongSwan VPN host is the initiator.
Attention! As a responder the first proposal from the peer is accepted that
is supported the by one of the registered algorithms listed by the command

    ipsec listalgs
    
If the responder wants to restrict the allowed cipher suites the '!' flag
can be used to do so. The configuration

conn normal_but_strict
     ...
     ike=aes128-sha-modp1536,3des-sha-modp1536!
     esp=aes128-sha1,3des-sha1!
     ...

will only permit the listed algorithms defined above but no other methods
even if they might be supported by the responder.


14.2 NAT traversal
     -------------

Currently please refer to README.NAT-Traversal document in the strongSwan
distribution.


14.3 Dead peer detection
    --------------------

strongSwan implements the RFC 3706 Dead Peer Detection (DPD) keep-alive
scheme. If an established IPsec SA has been idle (i.e. without any traffic)
for N seconds (dpddelay=N) then strongSwan side sends a "hello" message
(R_U_THERE) and the peer replies with an acknowledge message (R_U_THERE_ACK).
If no response is received, the R_U_THERE messages are repeated until a DPD
timeout of M seconds (dpdtimeout=M) has elapsed. If still no traffic or 
R_U_THERE_ACK packets were received, the peer is declared to be dead and all
SAs belonging to a common Phase 1 SA are deleted.

DPD support is tuneable on a per connection basis by using the dpdaction,
dpddelay and dpdtimeout directives:

   conn roadwarrior
	right=%any
	left=%defaultroute
	leftsubnet=10.1.0.0/16
	dpdaction=clear

   conn net-to-net
	right=192.168.0.2
	rightsubnet=10.2.0.0/16
	left=%defaultroute
	leftsubnet=10.1.0.0/16
	dpdaction=hold
	dpddelay=60
	dpdtimeout=500

In the first example dpdaction=clear activates the DPD mechanism under the
condition that the peer supports RFC 3706. The values dpddelay=30s and
dpdtimeout=120s are assumed by default in the absence of these parameters, so
that during idle periods an R_U_THERE packet is sent every 30 seconds. If no
traffic or a no R_U_THERE_ACK packet is received from the peer within a
120 second time span, the peer will be declared dead and all SAs and associated
eroutes will be cleared.

In the second example R_U_THERE packets are sent every 60 seconds and the
parameter setting dpdaction=hold will put the eroute of the ruptured connection
into a %trap state, so that when new outgoing traffic will occur, the
correspondig connection will be automatically renegotiated as soon as the
peer is up again.

It is recommended to use dpdaction=hold for statically defined connections and
dpdaction=clear for dynamic roadwarrior connections. The default value is
dpdaction=none, which disables DPD.


14.4 IKE Mode Config Pull Mode
     -------------------------

The IKE Mode Config protocol <draft-ietf-ipsec-isakmp-mode-cfg-04.txt> allows
the dynamic assignment of virtual IP addresses and optional DNS and WINS server
information to IPsec clients. As a default the "Mode Config Pull Mode" is
used where the client actively sends a Mode Config request to the server
in order to obtain a virtual IP. The server answers with a Mode Config reply
message containing the requested information.

Client side configuration (carol):

  conn home
       right=192.168.0.1
       rightsubnet=10.1.0.0/16
       rightid=@moon.strongswan.org
       left=%defaultroute
       leftsourceip=%modeconfig
       leftcert=carolCert.pem
       leftid=carol@strongswan.org
       auto=start

Server side configuration (moon):

  conn roadwarrior
       right=%any
       rightid=carol@strongswan.org
       rightsourceip=10.3.0.1
       left=%defaultroute
       leftsubnet=10.1.0.0/16
       leftcert=moonCert.pem
       leftid=@moon.strongswan.org
       auto=add

The wildcard %modeconfig or %modecfg used in the leftsourceip parameter of the
client will trigger a Mode Config request. Currently the server will return
the virtual IP address defined by the rightsourceip parameter. In the future
an LDAP-based lookup mechanism will be supported.


14.5 IKE Mode Config Push Mode
     -------------------------

Cisco VPN equipment uses the alternative "Mode Config Push Mode" where the
initiating clients waits for the server to push down a virtual address via
a Mode Config set message. The receipt is acknowledged by the client with a
Mode Config ack message.

Mode Config Push Mode is activated by the parameter

  modeconfig=push

as part of the connection definition in ipsec.conf. The default value is 
modeconfig=pull.


14.6 XAUTH - Extended Authentication
     -------------------------------

The XAUTH protocol <draft-beaulieu-ike-xauth-02.txt> allows an extended
client authentication using e.g. a username/password paradigm in addition
to the IKE Main Mode authentication. Thus XAUTH can be used in conjunction
with Pre-Shared Keys (PSK) by defining

  authby=xauthpsk

or with RSA signatures

  authby=xauthrsasig

in the connection definition, correspondingly. strongSwan can act either as
an XAUTH client with

  xauth=client

or as an XAUTH server with

  xauth=server

with xauth=client being the default value. strongSwan integrates a default
implementation where the XAUTH user credentials are stored on both the
server and the client in the /etc/ipsec.secrets file, using the syntax

  : XAUTH john "rT6q!V2p"

The client must not have more than one XAUTH entry whereas the server can
contain an unlimited number of user credentials in ipsec.secrets.

Either the prompting on the client side or the verification of the user
credentials on the server side can be implemented as a customized XAUTH
dynamic library module. The corresponding library interface is defined
by the pluto/xauth.h header file.


15. Copyright statement and acknowledgements
    ----------------------------------------


		     FreeS/WAN version base system:

			Copyright (c) 1999-2004
		     Henry Spencer, Richard Guy Briggs,
	    D. Hugh Redelmeier, Sandy Harris, Claudia Schmeing,
	 Michael Richardson, Angelos D. Keromytis, John Ioannidis,

     NAT-Traversal, ipsec starter, Delete SA and Notification messages:

		 Copyright (c) 2002-2003, Mathieu Lafon

		 Additional cryptoalgorithms (AES, etc):

		Copyright (c) 2002-2003, JuanJo Ciarlante
		
		         Dead Peer Detection:

			 Copyright (c) 2002-2004
		Ken Bantoft, JuanJo Ciarlante, Philip Craig,
		  Pawel Krawczyk, Srinvasan Venkataraman

		      Porting to Linux 2.6 kernel:

		     Copyright (c) 2003, Herbert Xu

			  Dynamic CRL fetching:

		   Copyright (c) 2002, Stephane Laroche

		        IKE Mode Config and XAUTH protocol:

		   Copyright (c) 2001-2002, Colubris Networks

		        Virtual IP and source routing: 

		     Copyright (c) 2003, Tuomo Soini

	      Port and protocol selectors for outbound traffic:

		   Copyright (c) 2002, Stephen J. Bevan

			  PGPnet-RSA parts of patch:

	               Copyright (c) 2000, Kai Martius

		   X.509, OCSP and smartcard functionality:

  Copyright (c) 2000, Andreas Hess, Patric Lichtsteiner, Roger Wegmann
  Copyright (c) 2001, Marco Bertossa, Andreas Schleiss
  Copyright (c) 2002, Uli Galizzi, Ariane Seiler, Mario Strasser
  Copyright (c) 2002, Martin Berner, Lukas Suter
  Copyright (c) 2003, Christoph Gysin, Simon Zwahlen
  Copyright (c) 2004, David Buechi, Michael Meier
  Copyright (c) 2000-2005, Andreas Steffen

      Zurich University of Applied Sciences in Winterthur, Switzerland

				scepclient:

               Copyright (c) 2005, Jan Hutter, Martin Willi
               Copyright (c) 2005-2007, Andreas Steffen

        University of Applied Sciences in Rapperswil, Switzerland

  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
  (at your option) any later version. See http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/gpl.txt.

  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
  or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
  for more details.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------