path: root/docs/automation/cloud-init.rst

:lastproofread: 2024-07-03

.. _cloud-init:

###############
VyOS cloud-init
###############

Cloud and virtualized instances of VyOS are initialized using the
industry-standard cloud-init. Via cloud-init, the system performs tasks such as
injecting SSH keys and configuring the network. In addition, the user can 
supply a custom configuration at the time of instance launch.

**************
Config Sources
**************

VyOS support three types of config sources.

* Metadata - Metadata is sourced by the cloud platform or hypervisor.
  In some clouds, there is implemented as an HTTP endpoint at
  ``http://169.254.169.254``.

* Network configuration - This config source informs the system about the
  network settings like IP addresses, routes, DNS. Available only in several
  cloud and virtualization platforms.

* User-data - User-data is specified by the user. This config source offers
  the ability to insert any CLI configuration commands into the configuration 
  before   the first boot.

*********
User-data
*********

Major cloud providers offer a means of providing user-data at the time of
instance launch. It can be provided as plain text or as base64-encoded text,
depending on cloud provider. Also, it can be compressed using gzip, which makes
sense with a long configuration commands list, because of the hard limit to
~16384 bytes for the whole user-data.

The easiest way to configure the system via user-data is the Cloud-config
syntax described below.

********************
Cloud-config modules
********************

In VyOS, by default, enables only two modules:

* ``write_files`` - this module allows to insert any files into the filesystem
  before the first boot, for example, pre-generated encryption keys,
  certificates, or even a whole ``config.boot`` file. The format is described 
  in the cloudinit documentation `Cloud-init-write_files`_.

* ``vyos_userdata`` - the module accepts a list of CLI configuration commands
  in a ``vyos_config_commands`` section, which gives an easy way to configure 
  the system during deployment.

************************
cloud-config file format
************************

A cloud-config document is written in YAML. The file must begin
with ``#cloud-config`` line. The only supported top-level keys are
``vyos_config_commands`` and ``write_files``. The use of these keys is 
described in the following two sections.


************************
Initial Configuration
************************


The key used to designate a VyOS configuration is ``vyos_config_commands``.
What follows is VyOS configuration using the "set-style" syntax. Both "set"
and "delete" commands are supported.

Commands requirements:

* One command per line.
* If command ends in a value, it must be inside single quotes.
* A single-quote symbol is not allowed inside command or value.

The commands list produced by the ``show configuration commands`` command 
on a VyOS router should comply with all the requirements, so it is easy 
to get a proper commands list by copying it from another router.

The configuration specified in the cloud-config document overwrites default
configuration values and values configured via Metadata.

After the ``vyos_config_commands`` are executed, cloud-init will 
automatically  perform a ``commit`` and ``save`` operation. 

Here is an example cloud-config that appends configuration at the time of
first boot.

.. code-block:: yaml

   #cloud-config
   vyos_config_commands:
     - set system host-name 'vyos-prod-ashburn'
     - set service ntp server 1.pool.ntp.org
     - set service ntp server 2.pool.ntp.org
     - delete interfaces ethernet eth1 address 'dhcp'
     - set interfaces ethernet eth1 address '192.0.2.247/24'
     - set protocols static route 198.51.100.0/24 next-hop '192.0.2.1'

-------------------------
System Defaults/Fallbacks
-------------------------

These are the VyOS defaults and fallbacks.

* SSH is configured on port 22.
* ``vyos``/``vyos`` credentials if no others specified by data source.
* DHCP on first Ethernet interface if no network configuration is provided.

All of these can be overridden using the configuration in user-data.


*********************************
Command Execution at Initial Boot
*********************************

VyOS supports the execution of operational commands and linux commands at
initial boot. This is accomplished using ``write_files`` to certain
files in the /opt/vyatta/etc/config/scripts directory. Commands specified
in opt/vyatta/etc/config/scripts/vyos-preconfig-bootup.script are executed
prior to configuration. The 
/opt/vyatta/etc/config/scripts/vyos-postconfig-bootup.script file contains
commands to be executed after configuration. In both cases, commands are
executed as the root user.

Note that the /opt/vyatta/etc/config is used instead of the /config/scripts
directory referenced in the :ref:`command-scripting` section of the 
documentation because the /config/script directory isn't mounted when the 
``write_files`` module executes.

The following example shows how to execute commands after the initial 
configuration.

.. code-block:: yaml

   #cloud-config
   write_files:
     - path: /opt/vyatta/etc/config/scripts/vyos-postconfig-bootup.script
       owner: root:vyattacfg
       permissions: '0775'
       content: |
         #!/bin/vbash
         source /opt/vyatta/etc/functions/script-template
         filename=/tmp/bgp_status_`date +"%Y_%m_%d_%I_%M_%p"`.log
         run show ip bgp summary >> $filename


If you need to gather information from linux commands to configure VyOS, you
can execute commands and then configure VyOS in the same script.

The following example sets the hostname based on the instance identifier
obtained from the EC2 metadata service.

.. code-block:: yaml


   #cloud-config
   write_files:
     - path: /opt/vyatta/etc/config/scripts/vyos-postconfig-bootup.script
       owner: root:vyattacfg
       permissions: '0775'
       content: |
         #!/bin/vbash
         source /opt/vyatta/etc/functions/script-template
         hostname=`curl -s http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/instance-id`
         configure
         set system host-name $hostname
         commit
         exit

*******
NoCloud
*******

Injecting configuration data is not limited to cloud platforms. Users can
employ the NoCloud data source to inject user-data and meta-data on
virtualization platforms such as VMware, Hyper-V and KVM.

While other methods exist, the most straightforward method for using the
NoCloud data source is creating a seed ISO and attaching it to the virtual
machine as a CD drive. The volume must be formatted as a vfat or ISO 9660
file system with the label "cidata" or "CIDATA".

Create text files named user-data and meta-data. On linux-based systems, 
the mkisofs utility can be used to create the seed ISO. The following
syntax will add these files to the ISO 9660 file system.

.. code-block:: none

  mkisofs -joliet -rock -volid "cidata" -output seed.iso meta-data user-data

The seed.iso file can be attached to the virtual machine. As an example,
the method with KVM to attach the ISO as a CD drive follows.

.. code-block:: none

  $ virt-install -n vyos_r1 \
     --ram 4096 \
     --vcpus 2 \
     --cdrom seed.iso \
     --os-type linux \
     --os-variant debian10 \
     --network network=default \
     --graphics vnc \
     --hvm \
     --virt-type kvm \
     --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/vyos_kvm.qcow2,bus=virtio \
     --import \
     --noautoconsole


For more information on the NoCloud data source, visit its 
page `nocloud`_ in the cloud-init documentation. 

***************
Troubleshooting
***************

If you encounter problems, verify that the cloud-config document contains
valid YAML. Online resources such as https://www.yamllint.com/ provide
a simple tool for validating YAML.

cloud-init logs to /var/log/cloud-init.log. This file can be helpful in
determining why the configuration varies from what you expect. You can fetch
the most important data filtering output for ``vyos`` keyword:

.. code-block:: none

    sudo grep vyos /var/log/cloud-init.log

*********************
Cloud-init on Proxmox
*********************

Before starting, please refer to cloud-init `network-config-docs`_ in order to
know how to import user and network configurations.

Most important keys that needs to be considered:

* VyOS configuration commands are defined in user-data file.

* Networking configurations shouldn't be passed in user-data file.

* If no networking configuration is provided, then dhcp client is going to be
  enabled on first interface. Bare in mind that this configuration will be
  injected at an OS level, so don't expect to find dhcp client configuration
  on vyos cli. Because of this behavior, in next example lab we will disable
  dhcp-client configuration on eth0.

  Also, this lab considers:
  
* Proxmox IP address: **192.168.0.253/24**

* Storaged used: volume local, which is mounted on directory **/var/lib/vz**,
  and contains all type of content, including snippets.

* Remove default dhcp client on first interface, and load other
  configuration during first boot, using cloud-init.

-------------------
Generate qcow image
-------------------

A VyOS qcow image with cloud-init options is needed. This can be obtained
using `vyos-vm-images`_ repo. After cloning the repo, edit the file
**qemu.yml** and comment the **download-iso** role.

In this lab, we are using 1.3.0 VyOS version and setting a disk of 10G.
Download VyOS .iso file and save it as ``/tmp/vyos.iso``. Command used for
generating qcow image:

.. code-block:: sh

  sudo ansible-playbook qemu.yml -e disk_size=10 \
   -e iso_local=/tmp/vyos.iso -e grub_console=serial -e vyos_version=1.3.0 \
   -e cloud_init=true -e cloud_init_ds=NoCloud

File generated with previous command:
``/tmp/vyos-1.3.0-cloud-init-10G-qemu.qcow2``

Now, that file needs to be copied to proxmox server:

.. code-block:: sh
  
  sudo scp /tmp/vyos-1.3.0-cloud-init-10G-qemu.qcow2 root@192.168.0.253:/tmp/


------------------------
Prepare cloud-init files
------------------------

In Proxmox server three files are going to be used for this setup:

* **network-config**: file that will indicate to avoid dhcp client on first
  interface.

* **user-data**: includes vyos-commands.

* **meta-data**: empty file (required).

In this lab, all files are located in ``/tmp/``. So, before going on, lets
move to that directory:

.. code-block:: sh
  
  cd /tmp/

**user-data** file must start with ``#cloud-config`` and contains
vyos-commands. For example:

.. code-block:: none

   #cloud-config
   vyos_config_commands:
     - set system host-name 'vyos-BRAS'
     - set service ntp server 1.pool.ntp.org
     - set service ntp server 2.pool.ntp.org
     - delete interfaces ethernet eth0 address 'dhcp'
     - set interfaces ethernet eth0 address '198.51.100.2/30'
     - set interfaces ethernet eth0 description 'WAN - ISP01'
     - set interfaces ethernet eth1 address '192.168.25.1/24'
     - set interfaces ethernet eth1 description 'Comming through VLAN 25'
     - set interfaces ethernet eth2 address '192.168.26.1/24'
     - set interfaces ethernet eth2 description 'Comming through VLAN 26'
     - set protocols static route 0.0.0.0/0 next-hop '198.51.100.1'

**network-config** file only has configuration that disables the automatic
dhcp client on first interface.


Content of network-config file:

.. code-block:: none

   version: 2
   ethernets:
     eth0:
       dhcp4: false
       dhcp6: false

Finally, file **meta-data** has no content, but it's required.

---------------
Create seed.iso
---------------

Once the three files were created, it's time to generate the ``seed.iso``
image, which needs to be mounted to the new VM as a cd.

Command for generating ``seed.iso``

.. code-block:: sh
  
  mkisofs -joliet -rock -volid "cidata" -output seed.iso meta-data \
  user-data network-config

**NOTE**: be careful while copying and pasting previous commands. Double
quotes may need to be corrected. 

---------------
Creating the VM
---------------

Notes for this particular example, that may need to be modified in other
setups:

* VM ID: in this example, VM ID used is 555.

* VM Storage: ``local`` volume is used. 

* ISO files storage: ``local`` volume is used for ``.iso`` file storage. In
  this scenario ``local`` volume type is set to **directory**, abd attached to
  ``/var/lib/vz``.

* VM Resources: these parameters can be modified as needed.

``seed.iso`` was previously created in directory ``/tmp/``. It's necessary to
move it to ``/var/lib/vz/template/iso``

.. code-block:: sh

  mv /tmp/seed.iso /var/lib/vz/template/iso/

On proxmox server:

.. code-block:: none

   ## Create VM, import disk and define boot order
   qm create 555 --name vyos-1.3.0-cloudinit --memory 1024 --net0 virtio,bridge=vmbr0
   qm importdisk 555 vyos-1.3.0-cloud-init-10G-qemu.qcow2 local
   qm set 555 --virtio0 local:555/vm-555-disk-0.raw
   qm set 555 --boot order=virtio0
   
   ## Import seed.iso for cloud init
   qm set 555 --ide2 media=cdrom,file=local:iso/seed.iso
   
   ## Since this server has 1 nic, lets add network intefaces (vlan 25 and 26)
   qm set 555 --net1 virtio,bridge=vmbr0,firewall=1,tag=25
   qm set 555 --net2 virtio,bridge=vmbr0,firewall=1,tag=26
   
-----------------------------
Power on VM and verifications
-----------------------------

From cli or GUI, power on VM, and after it boots, verify configuration


----------
References
----------

* VyOS `cloud-init-docs`_.

* Cloud-init `network-config-docs`_.

* Proxmox `Cloud-init-Support`_.

.. stop_vyoslinter

.. _network-config-docs: https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/topics/network-config.html
.. _vyos-vm-images: https://github.com/vyos/vyos-vm-images
.. _cloud-init-docs: https://docs.vyos.io/en/equuleus/automation/cloud-init.html?highlight=cloud-init#vyos-cloud-init
.. _Cloud-init-Support: https://pve.proxmox.com/pve-docs/pve-admin-guide.html#qm_cloud_init
.. _Cloud-init-write_files: https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/topics/examples.html#writing-out-arbitrary-files
.. _nocloud: https://cloudinit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/datasources/nocloud.html
.. start_vyoslinter