1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
|
pam_tacplus v1.3.7
May 19 2012
This PAM module support the following functions:
* authentication
* authorization (account management)
* accounting (session management)
All are performed using TACACS+ protocol [1], designed by Cisco Systems.
This is remote AAA protocol, supported by most Cisco hardware.
A free TACACS+ server is available [2], which I'm using without any
major problems for about a year. Advantages of TACACS+ is that all
(unlike RADIUS) packets exchanged with the authentication server are
encrypted. This module is an attempt to provide most useful part of
TACACS+ functionality to applications using the PAM interface on Linux.
Recognized options:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Option Management group Description
--------------- ----------------------- ----------------------------------
debug ALL output debugging information via
syslog(3); note, that the debugging
is heavy, including passwords!
secret=STRING ALL can be specified more than once;
secret key used to encrypt/decrypt
packets sent/received from the server
server=HOSTNAME auth, session can be specified more than once;
server=IP_ADDR adds a TACACS+ server to the servers
list
timeout=INT ALL connection timeout in seconds
default is 5 seconds
login=STRING auth TACACS+ authentication service,
this can be "pap", "chap" or "login"
at the moment. Default is pap.
prompt=STRING auth Custom password prompt. If you want
to use a space use '_' character
instead.
acct_all session if multiple servers are supplied,
pam_tacplus will send accounting
start/stop packets to all servers
on the list
service account, session TACACS+ service for authorization
and accounting
protocol account, session TACACS+ protocol for authorization
and accounting
The last two items are widely described in TACACS+ draft [1]. They are
required by the server, but it will work if they don't match the real
service authorized :)
During PAM account the AV pairs returned by the TACACS+ servers are made available to the
PAM environment, so you can use i.e. pam_exec.so to do something with these AV pairs.
Example configuration:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#%PAM-1.0
auth required /lib/security/pam_tacplus.so debug server=1.1.1.1 secret=SECRET-1
account required /lib/security/pam_tacplus.so debug secret=SECRET-1 service=ppp protocol=lcp
account sufficient /lib/security/pam_exec.so /usr/local/bin/showenv.sh
password required /lib/security/pam_cracklib.so
password required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so shadow use_authtok
session required /lib/security/pam_tacplus.so debug server=1.1.1.1 server=2.2.2.2 secret=SECRET-1 secret=SECRET-2 service=ppp protocol=lcp
More on server lists:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1. Having more that one TACACS+ server defined for given management group
has following effects on authentication:
* if the first server on the list is unreachable or failing
pam_tacplus will try to authenticate the user against the other
servers until it succeeds
* the `first_hit' option has been deprecated
* when the authentication function gets a positive reply from
a server, it saves its address for future use by account
management function (see below)
2. The account management (authorization) function asks *only one*
TACACS+ server and it ignores the whole server list passed from command
line. It uses server saved by authentication function after successful
authenticating user on that server. We assume that the server is
authoriative for queries about that user.
3. The session management (accounting) functions obtain their server lists
independently from the other functions. This allows you to account user
sessions on different servers than those used for authentication and
authorization.
* normally, without the `acct_all' modifier, the extra servers
on the list will be considered as backup servers, mostly like
in point 1. i.e. they will be used only if the first server
on the list will fail to accept our accounting packets
* with `acct_all' pam_tacplus will try to deliver the accounting
packets to all servers on the list; failure of one of the servers
will make it try another one
this is useful when your have several accounting, billing or
logging hosts and want to have the accounting information appear
on all of them at the same time
Short introduction to PAM via TACACS+:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This diagram should show general idea of how the whole process looks:
+-----+
Authen -user/pass valid?----------> | T S |
/ | A e |
PAM- Author -service allowed?----------> | C r |
^ \ | A v |
| Acct ,-----start session----------> | C e |
| `----stop session-----------> | S r |
Application +-----+
*Client Host* *Network* *Server Host*
Consider `login' application:
1. Login accepts username and password from the user.
2. Login calls PAM function pam_authenticate() to verify if the
supplied username/password pair is valid.
3. PAM loads pam_tacplus module (as defined in /etc/pam.d/login)
and calls pam_sm_authenticate() function supplied by this module.
4. This function sends an encrypted packet to the TACACS+ server.
The packet contains username and password to verify. TACACS+ server
replied with either positive or negative response. If the reponse
is negative, the whole thing is over ;)
5. PAM calls another function from pam_tacplus - pam_sm_acct_mgmt().
This function is expected to verify whether the user is allowed
to get the service he's requesting (in this case: unix shell).
The function again verifies the permission on TACACS+ server. Assume
the server granted the user with requested service.
6. Before user gets the shell, PAM calls one another function from
pam_tacplus - pam_sm_open_session(). This results in sending an
accounting START packet to the server. Among other things it contains
the terminal user loggen in on and the time session started.
7. When user logs out, pam_sm_close_session() sends STOP packet to the
server. The whole session is closed.
Limitations:
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Many of them for now :)
* only subset of TACACS+ protocol is supported; it's enough for
most need, though
* utilize PAM_SERVICE item obtained from PAM for TACACS+ services
* clean options and configuration code
References:
~~~~~~~~~~~
TACACS+
1. ftp://ftpeng.cisco.com/pub/tacplus/tac_plus.rfc.1.76.txt
2. ftp://ftpeng.cisco.com/pub/tacplus/tac_plus.3.0.12.alpha.tar.Z
PAM
3. http://parc.power.net/morgan/Linux-PAM/index.html
Authors:
~~~~~~~
Pawel Krawczyk <pawel.krawczyk@hush.com>
http://ipsec.pl
Jeroen Nijhof <jeroen@jeroennijhof.nl>
|
