path: root/docs/configuration/loadbalancing/wan.rst

:lastproofread: 2023-01-27

.. _load-balancing:

WAN load balancing
==================

Outbound traffic can be balanced between two or more outbound interfaces.
If a path fails, traffic is balanced across the remaining healthy paths,
a recovered path is automatically added back to the routing table and used by 
the load balancer. The load balancer automatically adds routes for each path to
the routing table and balances traffic across the configured interfaces,
determined by interface health and weight.


In a minimal configuration, the following must be provided:

 * an interface with a nexthop
 * one rule with a LAN (inbound-interface) and the WAN (interface).

Let's assume we have two DHCP WAN interfaces and one LAN (eth2):

.. code-block:: none

    set load-balancing wan interface-health eth0 nexthop 'dhcp'
    set load-balancing wan interface-health eth1 nexthop 'dhcp'
    set load-balancing wan rule 1 inbound-interface 'eth2'
    set load-balancing wan rule 1 interface eth0
    set load-balancing wan rule 1 interface eth1

.. note::

    WAN Load Balacing should not be used when dynamic routing protocol is
    used/needed. This feature creates customized routing tables and firewall
    rules, that makes it incompatible to use with routing protocols.

Balancing Rules
---------------

Interfaces, their weight and the type of traffic to be balanced are defined in
numbered balancing rule sets. The rule sets are executed in numerical order
against outgoing packets. In case of a match the packet is sent through an
interface specified in the matching rule. If a packet doesn't match any rule
it is sent by using the system routing table. Rule numbers can't be changed.

Create a load balancing rule, it can be a number between 1 and 9999:

.. code-block:: none

    vyos@vyos# set load-balancing wan rule 1
    Possible completions:
    description             Description for this rule
    > destination           Destination
    exclude                 Exclude packets matching this rule from wan load balance
    failover                Enable failover for packets matching this rule from wan load balance
    inbound-interface       Inbound interface name (e.g., "eth0") [REQUIRED]
    +> interface            Interface name [REQUIRED]
    > limit                 Enable packet limit for this rule
    per-packet-balancing    Option to match traffic per-packet instead of the default, per-flow
    protocol                Protocol to match
    > source                Source information

Interface weight
****************

Let's expand the example from above and add weight to the interfaces.
The bandwidth from eth0 is larger than eth1. Per default, outbound traffic is
distributed randomly across available interfaces. Weights can be assigned to
interfaces to influence the balancing.

.. code-block:: none

    set load-balancing wan rule 1 interface eth0 weight 2
    set load-balancing wan rule 1 interface eth1 weight 1

66% of traffic is routed to eth0, eth1 gets 33% of traffic.

Rate limit
**********

A packet rate limit can be set for a rule to apply the rule to traffic above or
below a specified threshold. To configure the rate limiting use:

.. code-block:: none

    set load-balancing wan rule <rule> limit <parameter>

* ``burst``: Number of packets allowed to overshoot the limit within ``period``.
  Default 5.
* ``period``: Time window for rate calculation. Possible values:
  ``second`` (one second), ``minute`` (one minute), ``hour`` (one hour).
  Default is ``second``.
* ``rate``: Number of packets. Default 5.
* ``threshold``: ``below`` or ``above`` the specified rate limit.

Flow and packet-based balancing
*******************************

Outgoing traffic is balanced in a flow-based manner.
A connection tracking table is used to track flows by their source address,
destination address and port. Each flow is assigned to an interface according
to the defined balancing rules and subsequent packets are sent through the
same interface. This has the advantage that packets always arrive in order if
links with different speeds are in use.

Packet-based balancing can lead to a better balance across interfaces when out
of order packets are no issue. Per-packet-based balancing can be set for a
balancing rule with:

.. code-block:: none

    set load-balancing wan rule <rule> per-packet-balancing

Exclude traffic
***************

To exclude traffic from load balancing, traffic matching an exclude rule is not
balanced but routed through the system routing table instead:

.. code-block:: none

    set load-balancing wan rule <rule> exclude


Health checks
-------------

The health of interfaces and paths assigned to the load balancer is
periodically checked by sending ICMP packets (ping) to remote destinations,
a TTL test or the execution of a user defined script. If an interface fails the
health check it is removed from the load balancer's pool of interfaces.
To enable health checking for an interface:

.. code-block:: none

    vyos@vyos# set load-balancing wan interface-health <interface>
    Possible completions:
    failure-count    Failure count
    nexthop          Outbound interface nexthop address. Can be 'dhcp or ip address' [REQUIRED]
    success-count    Success count
    +> test          Rule number

Specify nexthop on the path to the destination, ``ipv4-address`` can be set to
``dhcp``

.. code-block:: none

    set load-balancing wan interface-health <interface> nexthop <ipv4-address>

Set the number of health check failures before an interface is marked as
unavailable, range for number is 1 to 10, default 1. Or set the number of
successful health checks before an interface is added back to the interface
pool, range for number is 1 to 10, default 1.

.. code-block:: none

    set load-balancing wan interface-health <interface> failure-count <number>
    set load-balancing wan interface-health <interface> success-count <number>

Each health check is configured in its own test, tests are numbered and
processed in numeric order. For multi target health checking multiple tests
can be defined:

.. code-block:: none

    vyos@vyos# set load-balancing wan interface-health eth1 test 0
    Possible completions:
    resp-time    Ping response time (seconds)
    target       Health target address
    test-script  Path to user defined script
    ttl-limit    Ttl limit (hop count)
    type         WLB test type

* ``resp-time``: the maximum response time for ping in seconds.
  Range 1...30, default 5
* ``target``: the target to be sent ICMP packets to, address can be an IPv4
  address or hostname
* ``test-script``: A user defined script must return 0 to be considered
  successful and non-zero to fail. Scripts are located in /config/scripts,
  for different locations the full path needs to be provided
* ``ttl-limit``: For the UDP TTL limit test the hop count limit must be
  specified. The limit must be shorter than the path length, an ICMP time
  expired message is needed to be returned for a successful test. default 1
* ``type``: Specify the type of test. type can be ping, ttl or a user defined
  script

Source NAT rules
----------------

Per default, interfaces used in a load balancing pool replace the source IP
of each outgoing packet with its own address to ensure that replies arrive on
the same interface. This works through automatically generated source NAT (SNAT)
rules, these rules are only applied to balanced traffic. In cases where this
behaviour is not desired, the automatic generation of SNAT rules can be
disabled:

.. code-block:: none

    set load-balancing wan disable-source-nat

Sticky Connections
------------------
Inbound connections to a WAN interface can be improperly handled when the reply
is sent back to the client.

.. image:: /_static/images/sticky-connections.jpg
   :width: 80%
   :align: center


Upon reception of an incoming packet, when a response is sent, it might be
desired to ensure that it leaves from the same interface as the inbound one.
This can be achieved by enabling sticky connections in the load balancing:

.. code-block:: none

    set load-balancing wan sticky-connections inbound

Failover
--------

In failover mode, one interface is set to be the primary interface and other
interfaces are secondary or spare. Instead of balancing traffic across all
healthy interfaces, only the primary interface is used and in case of failure,
a secondary interface selected from the pool of available interfaces takes over.
The primary interface is selected based on its weight and health, others become
secondary interfaces. Secondary interfaces to take over a failed primary
interface are chosen from the load balancer's interface pool, depending
on their weight and health. Interface roles can also be selected based on rule
order by including interfaces in balancing rules and ordering those rules
accordingly. To put the load balancer in failover mode, create a failover rule:

.. code-block:: none

    set load-balancing wan rule <number> failover

Because existing sessions do not automatically fail over to a new path,
the session table can be flushed on each connection state change:

.. code-block:: none

    set load-balancing wan flush-connections

.. warning::

    Flushing the session table will cause other connections to fall back from
    flow-based to packet-based balancing until each flow is reestablished.

Script execution
----------------

A script can be run when an interface state change occurs. Scripts are run
from /config/scripts, for a different location specify the full path:

.. code-block:: none

    set load-balancing wan hook script-name

Two environment variables are available:

* ``WLB_INTERFACE_NAME=[interfacename]``: Interface to be monitored
* ``WLB_INTERFACE_STATE=[ACTIVE|FAILED]``: Interface state

.. warning::

    Blocking call with no timeout. System will become unresponsive if script
    does not return!

Handling and monitoring
-----------------------


Show WAN load balancer information including test types and targets.
A character at the start of each line depicts the state of the test

* ``+`` successful
* ``-`` failed
* a blank indicates that no test has been carried out

.. code-block:: none

    vyos@vyos:~$ show wan-load-balance
    Interface:  eth0
    Status:  failed
    Last Status Change:  Tue Jun 11 20:12:19 2019
    -Test:  ping  Target:
        Last Interface Success:  55s
        Last Interface Failure:  0s
        # Interface Failure(s):  5

    Interface:  eth1
    Status:  active
    Last Status Change:  Tue Jun 11 20:06:42 2019
    +Test:  ping  Target:
        Last Interface Success:  0s
        Last Interface Failure:  6m26s
        # Interface Failure(s):  0

Show connection data of load balanced traffic:

.. code-block:: none

    vyos@vyos:~$ show wan-load-balance connection
    conntrack v1.4.2 (conntrack-tools): 3 flow entries have been shown.
    Type    State           Src                     Dst                     Packets Bytes
    tcp     TIME_WAIT       10.1.1.13:38040         203.0.113.2:80          203.0.113.2  192.168.188.71
    udp                     10.1.1.13:41891         198.51.100.3:53         198.51.100.3 192.168.188.71
    udp                     10.1.1.13:55437         198.51.100.3:53         198.51.100.3 192.168.188.71

Restart
*******

.. code-block:: none

    restart wan-load-balance